THERMODYNAMICS LINTRODUCTION (The branch of science in which the macroscopic properties such as Pressure, volume temperature lof a system are studied is defined as thermodynamics. ‘The branch of science in which the conversion (of heat into mechanical work and vice versa is studied is known as thermodynamics. 2. THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM Piston, A male as (Tae system which can be represented in of pressure (P), volume (V) and temperature (T), is known as thermodynamic (@ 1 mol of gas contained in a cylinder with Itictionless piston as shown in fig. s known as thesmodynannic system. (a) Thermodynamic systems are of three types on the basis of mass and energy wansfer - (2) Open system (b) Closed {¢) Isolated system, (4) Open system - The systom in which both heat ‘and matter ean be exchanged, is defined as open system (6) Closed system Wa> Wi. Hence the correct answer will be (A). In the following indicator diagram (Figure), the nt amoant of work done will be t e 7 (A) positive () negative (€)Zer0 (D) infinity ‘The cyclic process I is clackwise and the pracess 2s unilclockwise. Therefore W, will be positive land W) will be negative. Area 2> area 1, Hence the net work will he negative Hence the correct answer will he (B), In the following figure two indicator diagrams are shown, If Uie amounis of work done in them are W, and W, respectively, then — 1 ta pla (A) Wy > We BW, < Wp (OW, =W: (D) Wy = Wy ‘The ares enclosed by first P-V curve is greater than that of by the second curve, Therefore W) > W). Hence the correct answer will be (A) Im the following figure the work done by the system in the enclosed path ABCA is, L 3 Vd “Ws (B)Ze10 ©) y= PY W2-Vy 1 D)~ FP2~ PY 2 Vd Sal. p Mey wr Vr Work done in closed path ABCA Wanca = Atea of AABC 1 = PAB «Be W, ep. PW, -V, ianca =~ 7 p= PY W2- Vy) Hence the comect answer will be (D) 7.INTERNAL ENERGY ‘The cnergy associated with configuration and random motion of the atoms and molecules with in a body is called internal energy. Iti the property of the system which depends on the equilibriam state of a system ‘The internal energy of gas is defined as the sum of kinotic energy and intermolecular potential energy of the molecules of gas. For an ideal gas the intermolecular forces acting between the molecubes is negligible. So internal energy of an ideal gas is wholly Kinetic in nature, If f is degrees of freedom of a gas molecule than fT ‘Total kinetic energy of each molecule = —— 2 fRT ‘Total kinetic energy of one mole = SE By > Therefore intemal energy of a moles of a gas at temperature TK is, RT 2Tntemal energy depends only on the temperature “Therefore it is @ point property [If temperature ofa gas changes from T,, to T. Change in its internal energy is au aR Ty) ‘8. JOULE'S LAW (Whenever eats converted into mechanical work or mechanical work is converted into heat, then the ratio of work done to het producsd always remtns consent 1¢. W 2 Q w “ Q Hore = J This is Joule's law Joule's constant Mechanical equivalent of heat - (@) The amount of work done necessary to produce unit amount of heat is defined as the mechanical equivalent of heat. ic,ifQ = 1, then J = W, (b) J is neither a constant nor a physical (quantity, rather it is a conversion factor which used to convert Joule or erg into caloric or Kilocalorie and vice versa, (o) Values of J =4.2 joulelealone 4.2 x 107 ergiealerie 4.2 x 1083 Joule/Kilocalorie (@) The units ofJ are Joulelcalorie or erg caloie. FR _Joute's Law XS A lead bullet. when stopped by a target. just melis, If 25% of heat is absorbed by the target then the velocity of bullet will be if its initial temperature is 27°C. Melting point of lead = 327°C, spectic heat of lead = 0.03 calgnv°C, latent heat of fusion of lead = 6 cal/gm, (A) 40.98 m/s (B) 4098 mvs (C) 4.098 mis (D) 4098 mvs Sol. L m? 15 mL + ms (a4) = “3 399 Seas = 970031327 VPs 168 x 108(Cu ‘Taking square root v = 4.098 x 10* Cavs. 098 mis Hnce the correct ansiver will be (B) Ex xd A block of ice of mass 50 Ks. is pushed out on plane with a velocity of Duc to friction it comes to rest after @ horizontal 5 Mis covering a distance of 25 meter. How much ice will melt ? (4) 086 em (B) 186 (© 100 gm (©) 1000 gra Wnt 50x25 P= IL © om = 2x42x80 m= 1s6gm. Hence the comrect answer will be (A) M kilograms of a material are to be kopt in melted state at melting point and power required for this purpose is P. When the power source is disconnected then the sample completely solidifies in t second. The latent heat of fusion of the material will be - M PB OR wy © rm Dre Heat released in t second Q = ML ..(1) From equation (1) and @) P T a tow Hence she corect answer will be (B). A bullet, moving with velocity vis stopped by the target and then completely melts. Ifthe mass of bullat is m, its specific heat is s, initial temperature is 25°C, melting point is 475°C and latent heat is L. then the velocity v is given by the relation — A) aL = m5 28) + (B) ms (475 ~ 25) + mL. (©) ms (475 ~ 25) + mb (D) ms (475 25) = mL +and Q = mL + ms (8 ~ 6) [mL + ms (03 9) 1 mL + ms (475 ~ 25) Sr mb + ms 475 = 25) Hence the correct answer will be (B) (1) There are many processes possible © give heat to a gas. A specific heat can be associated 1 ‘each such process which depends on the nature of proves (@) Tae number of possible specific heats for « gas is infinite and the value of specific heats can very from ze10 (0) to infinity (=). @) Generally wo types of specific heat are mentioned for a gas ~ (6) specific heat at constant volume (C,) (b) specific heat at constant pressure (C,) (®) These specific heats can be molar or gram, depending on the amount of gas considered to define it ©) Tae molar heat capscitiss of gas are defined as the heat given per mole of the gas per unit rise in the temperature (6) Tae molar heat capacity at constant volume, 4Q -\nar ©) If at absolute temperature T , total energy of gas E, degree of freedam of gas =f denoted by Cy is C, Se RE = Oye ( Amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of n moles of gas by oT at constant ‘volume is AQ = ne, a7. ©) Amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of Igm of gos by °C at constant ‘volime is called gram specific heat at constant volume. Coote M oF) molar = MIC gran where M = molecules wt. of gas Cyr = (11) Amount of heat needed to increases temperature of ‘av gm of gas by dT at constant volume is =m (Clgan T= FC noe OT (12) Amount of heat needed to increase temperature of Imole of gas by I°C at constant pressure is called molar specific heat at constant pressure. (13) G, = Cy +R, for one mole. where R universal_gas constant (18, Amount of heat needed to increase temperatire of » moles of gas by dT is at constant pressure 4Q = nC, ar Note: If gas is heated a constant pressure, then C, ean be wplaced by C, in above discussion. Hence cy (9) (paren = Me eC =M Cae (15) Specific heat for other processes (s-nar (a) adiabatic value but AT has some das () isothermal s= as AT=0 but Q has some value 1, This Taw is based on law of conservation of enemy. 2. If DQ = Heat supplied to a thermodynamical system SW & Work done by thermodynamical system dU = Change in internal energy Thon if there is no energy loss, the First law of thermodynamics gives 9Q- aw +aNate o @ ® 9Q, OW and dU must be in the same units, Sign conventions Host supplied to the system ave Hat rejected to the system = (ve Work done by the system = (ve Work done on the system Le Uf temperature increases dU = (#]ve If temperature decreases dU= (ve Heat is the energy which is transferred between. a system and its envionment because of the temperature difference between them. It is given by. 8Q + acer where C is molar specific heat Work is defined as the energy that is uansferted from one body to the other owing to the force that acts between them, It is given by, aw = Pay RB _ Piss Law of Thermodynamic EX Sal. EX SolD) In 2 thermodynamic process, the pressure of a certain mass of gas is changed in such a way that 20 Joule hcat is released from it and B Joule work is done on the gas. ‘energy of the system is 30 Toule then the final internal energy will be - f the initial internal (A) 42 Joule (8)? Foule (©) 18 oute {D) 58 Joule dQ = di + aw 4Q-= Uns ~ Uaua +4 Vina = 8 ~ AW + Ups or Umi 20484 30 or Ugg = 18 Joule Hence the correct answer will be (C). IEPs the pressure, U the internal energy and dV the volume increase of a system, then by definition (dU =dQ+PaV By aU. (C)dU=dQ-VaP (Dy aU By IS law of thermodynamies eQ =U +uWw But aw = Pay 50, eg wu Ext Soli) Exis Sol. ‘The first law of thermodynamics is « statement of (A) Conservation of heat (B) Conservation of work (©) Conservation of momentum (D) Conservation of energy Paw is based on law of conservation of energy. Since heat imparted to the system is useful in raising the internal energy and doing external work. This is just the law of conservation of energy A gas is contained in a vessel fitted with a movable piston, The container is placed on s hot soove. A total of 100 cal of heat is given wo the gas and the gas docs 40) of work in the ‘expansion resulting fram heating, Csleulate the nerease in internal energy in the process. Heat given 10 the gas is 4Q = 100 cal = 4181 Work done by the gas is AW = 407 ‘The increase in intemal eneigy is AU = aQ- AW 4181 ~ 400 780 111 ISOCHORIC PROCESS (Volume of a gas remains constant. (a) Its valid for a given mass of a gas. (ai) Process equation is Fe Constant (iv) Ifa system undergoes change from A to B such that volume remaine constant i.e. under the ‘sochone process then, re eewena wry (PVT) B TT (v) In an isochoric process. work done by a gas is ie W = 0 [V = constant] (i) The change in internal energy is given by. aU = nyt, -T)) (vil Heat supplied to a gas by first law of thermodynamics becomes, dQ= au ney (Ty =Ty) Hence for an isochoric process, eat supplied 10 the system is completely utilized to increase the intemal energy.oi ) A graph is ploited between pressure versus volume and prossire versus temperature which we wo v—> ™ Isochorie Change 16 Isochoric change represented by ~ as oT ot o A ! as OTs Sol{A) Since volume if constant and pressure varies linearly with temperature so we obtain the P* ‘scaph, o Process equation is. FF = Constant Gi If 2 system undergoes change from A to B such that pressure remains constant ie. under the isobaric process then, Joiais 5 ey. ey,t) M_lM 7% Gv) In an isobaric process, work done by 2 g W=PW,-V)) = aR 7, -T) (9) The change in internal energy is dU = Cy (1-1) vi) Heat supplied to gas, dQ = aC, (T, -T)) (vii) From first law of thermodynamics oQ=aW + aU Cp (Tz = Ty) = aR (Ty = Ty) + Cy (Ty TY) Gey Iso! Process Ex7 The thermodynamical process in which pressure of the system semains constant, is called ~ (A) Lonetric (B) Isothermal (C) Isobar (D) Adiabatic Sol{C) This is the definition of isobaric process 13 ISOTHERMAL PROCESS In this process, temperature remains constant Gi) Process equation is, m1 Ca) asytem andergoes change from A to B, such that temperature Femains constant ie. in Constant ‘qed ayn V2) PV, =P.V, = oRT (iv) Work done by the gas is given by, awe PV But PV = K (constant) kK Pey = art n¥ x (6) The change in intemal energy ofa gas zero Le au =0 (63) By first law of thermodynamics, aQ= SW sa 2Q= aw Hence heat supplied in an isothermal process is used to do work against extemal surroundings.(si Specific heat of isothermal provess is ini (ili) Bulk modulus of isothermal process. Sinee py =K On differeatisting PAV + VeP = 0 Puy =—VoP ap “aN ~aP Bulk modulus wr ) Compressibility is given by Isothermal Process ExJ8 The thermodynsmical process, in which temperature of the sysiem remains constant is called ~ (A) Adiabatic (B) Isothermal (C) Isobarie (D) Isometric SoL{B) This is the definition of Isothermal process. Ex9 Isothermal curves are obtained by drawing ~ (A) P against V (C) PV against R (B) P against T (D) PV against V Sol{A) In an isothermal process, temperature remains constant and process equstion is, PV = constant So a graph is drawn between P and V, x20 The work done per mole in an isothermal process v. X A) RT logy ) RT logy yb y, vy (ORT Ing. MARTI, ye Sol{C) Wook done is given by, ow =r tog. Form one male ow =, 14 ADIABATIC PROCESS (Heat supplied or taken by the system is zero ie. the systom is well insulated so that no heat enters or leaves the system, (@ Process equation is, Pv Constant ART Using PV = aT and P= "Swe have, (a) TY TH = Constant (b)P" T= Constant (©) @9 T= Constant (4) Ped“! = Constant (ily Wa system undergoes change from A to B in an adiabatic process, then PMT) PNT) RY PV, 7 ond Py! (iv) Heat supplied to a gas is zer0 ie. aQ=0 (¥) The change in internal energy aR -T)) AU = ncyity = Ty= LEE (vi) Work done by the gas is aw = -au (from I low of thermodynamics) ARC 1) Y (oii) Specific heat for an adiabatic process is zero (vili) Bulk modulus of adiabatic process = y P (B) The equation of first law of thermodynamics is, ACUT = nCydT + PAV for adiabatic process dQ = nCdT = 0 = aT +PAV= 0.) Now PV =n (gives) aRT Pe Substitute the value of P in eqn. (1) RT neva “av eT ow acy FAR =0x22 A physical proce during which there is acither gain, nor loss of beat from the system is called ~ (A) Adiabatic (B) bothermal (©) Thermodynarical (D) None SoL{A) This is the definition of adiabatic process. (On intograting the above expression x23 An adiabatic change in represented by the a w equation — aR =~ yy Pr ‘constant pn WaT (ay ve" eer inP=U-pimvece ow (D) PV. = constant myrec SoL{D) This is the actual process equation PV! = constant MLS CYCLIC PROCESS In cyclic process, Final state of gas = Initial state of gas i) For one complete cycle in cyclic process () Work done is given by W wu (it) Work done by the gas is equal to the area But, Pye K enclosed by the curve on P-V chart P P| LW (ave P) w= Gye. ww ft. tt. =v 7 (0) Here net heat in the process is given by. Net heat = Total heat supply 4 total heat rejected (with sign) (i) Efficiency of eyelic process Total work done in eysle Tolal beat supplied 100% 12, GENERAL RESULTS FOR DIFFERENT PROCESS For same volume expansion, wotk done by the gas is maximum in isobarie process and least in acisbatic process icc. isothermal process is in between both of them, dU) = = dW is true for ~ (A) Isothermal process (B) Adiabatic process (©) Isobaric process (D) Isochoric process Sol(B) In an adiabatic process. heat cannot be exchanged between the system and surrounding on Isobaric ‘ dQ P ~>—Isothermal By Play of thermody ' diabatic dQ = dU + aw =v(@ For same compression in valiame, work dane by the gas is maximum in adiabatic Adiabat Isothermal _~ isobarie =v Gi) Two isothermal curve for given mass never inzersect each other. Pp TT —~r, (Gy) For a given mass, isothermal curve and adiabatic curve intersect cach other. Sr ~ Adiabatic =v ALA, Slope of isothermal curve = (slope of adiabatic curve) Slope of isothermal curv 2 Vv YP Vv Slope of adiabatic curve Note Adiabatic process is the fastest process