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2015 International Conference on Pervasive Computing (ICPC)

Review Paper on Histopathological Image Analysis


Approach for Automatic Detection of Glandular
Structures in Human Tissue
Prachi Kawalkar

PG Scholar
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering,
Nagpur (MS), India
prachikawalkar5@gmail.com
Abstract- In the last few decades, a dynamic growth within the
range of analysis works conducted within the space of organ
structure designation. This paper gives short reviews computer
assisted histopathology image analysis for gland detection,
segmentation and classification. The term Histopathology refers
to the study of changes in biopsy sample taken by a pathologist
under microscope. Main task of pathologist is to analyzing,
locating and classifying most of the diseases, similarly appear at
the tissue structure, distribution of cells in tissue, regularities of
cell shapes and determine benign and syndrome in image. It is
very important because the gland in human tissues is the area
where cancer can be experiential. But this process is too time
consuming and lead to intra and inter observer variability. To
remove this drawback automatic detection of images is needed
for quantitative diagnosis of Tissue. In this paper we have
consolidated such recent techniques and its unique features. The
survey done provides different approaches for detecting glands
and the parameters considered for same. Discussion is also made
on various Databases used for detection of glandular structure.
Keywords Cancer, Gleason Grading System, Graph Theory,
Medical Diagnosis, Texture Analysis

I. INTRODUCTION
Image processing [1] is a very big area in engineering
branch and successfully implemented on biomedical as well as
fundamentally can be viewed as a solo block in which image
or video as input and gives output either an image or a video
or set of parameters related with the images. Image processing
used in various field and one of the important field where
researchers focus now-a-days is medical image processing. It
saves time of pathologist by providing an automatic computer
aided diagnosis (CAD) to diagnosis problems. There are
hundreds of cases came to pathologist every day, with the help
of CAD its really time saving and also gives accurate
judgment than classical eye screening evaluation. CADS
include much basic functionality like image or picture
acquisition, image pre-processing, image segmentation, image
detection etc.
The recent investigate prove that the cancer is next reason
of fatality after cardiovascular diseases. And it caused just

978-1-4799-6272-3/15/$31.00(c)2015 IEEE

Girish Talmale

Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering,
Nagpur (MS), India
girishtalmale@gmail.com
because of the abnormal growth of glands in human tissues. If
early detection of malignancy glands found then there is a key
to survival. As a result, the development of a totally automatic
cancer designation scheme sustaining someone professional
has become associate convoluted duty. An analysis completed
by a diagnostician is commonly supported the subjective
judgment on some factors like the scale of nuclei, nucleoli and
chromatin granule clumps, roughness of chromatin granule
facade, form and efficiency of nuclear structures, and so on.
Numerous institution of higher education centers and
analysis laboratories are targeted on this issue as a result of
this remains a difficult drawback because the discrepancy in
fixation, coloring and sectioning measures cause a substantial
quantity of artifacts and variances in tissue sections, which can
outcome in massive variances in appearances. Gland is a
complex and closed structure present in the tissue. The major
quality of the segmentation method owes to the wholeness and
uncertainty of the knowledge restricted within the image.
While these days several biological sciences comes assume
full automation and time period method with a high degree of
competency, a way freed from drawbacks of the currently
legendary approaches has got to be created. In initial stage, if
malady is suspected, tissue samples are in use from the patient
and viewed beneath the magnifier by a specialist. In case, the
standard architecture of tissue pattern seems to be different
from sample taken patient-tissue then disease recognized by
pathologist. Sample of tissue sectioned in different ways in
pathology lab so the detection of accurate pixel structure of
gland in tissue seems to be very difficult. In tissue, cells
having complex anatomical units called gland. Various
protective and physiological function performed by tubular
structure of gland. In several sickness states the glands are
interrupted, usually during a characteristic style. If machinecontrolled image analysis is to be accustomed create simple
tissue diagnosing, then recognition of glands is crucial. Up till
now several detection ways are projected.
There are many automatic gland segmentation and detection
systems which are facing problems of irregular gland shape,
size and different way of tissue sectioned during sampling.
The creation of an absolutely automatic detection of glandular

structure in human tissue diagnosis method sustaining an


individual specialist has become a demanding job. The image
acquisition conjointly the manner of scene illumination also
has an effect on the image light and sharpness.
a.

Basic Structure of Gland: glands basically present in


tissues which usually consist of group of cells may
be in form of tubular or flak-shaped structure. Each
and Every gland composed of group of nuclei
surrounded by cytoplasm and lumen area. Lumen
area always an empty region. Positioned between
glands known as stroma which contain remote nuclei
without picky patterns of arrangement [2].

This paper heart on reviews various technologies up till now


develop for detection of glandular structures in human tissue.
The remnants of this paper are planned as follows:
Part II surveys related work, in which basic image
procedure system divided into four important parts namely
pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction and finally
classification. Each and every step demonstrates different
technologies developed until now in image processing. As
well as in section 2, central image analysis flow also
mentioned. Further in section II-A and II-B, explain preprocessing and segmentation techniques for images and
various researches on that are reviewed. Similarly section II-C
and II-D, includes brief review about the feature extraction
and selection for different segmented results, Brief discussion
on recompense and limitations of related technique mentioned
in fourth section as well as Proposed work and flow diagram
include in section V, Followed by, conclusion on the study is
given in section III.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Primarily step to recognition of any malignancy in image is
testing of a biopsy specimen which is processed and preset
onto glass slides. Basically there are two major staining
techniques available for image analysis which called H&E
(Hematoxylin and Eosin) and H-DAB (the combination of
Diaminobenzidine and Hematoxylin) [2].
a.

b.

H&E: Hematoxylin and Eosin staining technique


differentiate each and every component in the gland
with different colors. As shown in fig1 nuclei
represented with blue color and all other component
like cytoplasm connective tissue pink.
H-DAB: In contrast H-DAB stained images not
represented every component with specific colors,
only cancerous nuclei shown in brown color (fig 2).
Only benign nuclei shown with blue color.

Though this two techniques more popular but up till now most
of the research done on H & E stained images [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].
Very few research on H-DAB images [2]. This tissue samples
is made with wax and dyed with one or more stains for
observing their architecture and various components [9].

Fig.1. Hematoxylin and Eosin stained image

Fig.2. Diaminobenzidine and Hematoxylin stained image

This staining samples fixed into microscope to locate, analyze


and detection of any disease by the pathologist. Though
databases plays an important role in any image processing
project there is also different image processing techniques for
systematic execution of any project as shown in fig.3.
A. Preprocessing
To get good output of image segmentation and
classification it is compulsory to improve image feature by
removing hubbub, enhancing brightness, etc. Aim of preprocessing is an upgrading of the image data that suppresses
surplus distortions or enhances some image features crucial
for further processing. Removing low-frequency surroundings
noise, normalizing the intensity of the personage unit images,
removing reflections, and masking fraction of images are
indispensable parts of image processing. Image pre-processing
is the technique of ornamental data images prior to
computational processing.
In 2013, Hitesh Garge [10], in his research, suggested
AWMF (Adaptive Weighted Median Filter) [11] to reduce
speckle noise and morphological operations [1] to enhance
filtering result. AWMF allow removing outlier without
affecting the sharpness of image and also help to remove
inevitable speckle noise in US images. Farjam et al. [6] stated
that the first pre-processing step is to simply calculate the gray
scale image form given color images. Since color image differ
based on staining mediator used and not too much important
in segmentation.
B. Segmentation
Image segmentation is process of dividing image into
multiple segments, here segments represent as pixel or subpixels. To analyze image more easily and effortlessly,
segmentation changes the representation of an image and
locate objects and boundaries such as lines, curve etc as well
as assign label to each and every pixel having certain
characteristics. In Medical diagnosis, segmentation after preprocessing is one of the important steps to automatically
diagnosis of diseases.

Fig. 3. Basic Steps for Image Processing Technique

It separate object of interest from whole image by various


methods such as thresholding [5], morphological hierarchy,
morphological pyramid [3], etc. In cytology it is used to detect
nuclei, stroma, background so on and result of this may be
used to create 3D constructions with the help of assorted
algorithm.
According to previous survey basically gland segmentation
approach categorized into two types first is pixel based and
second one is object based [9].
1)

2)

Pixel Based Segmentation: As name suggest,


algorithm tries to detect gland or non gland for each
pixel semantic. It is significant if structure is regular
otherwise it will not produce high-quality end result
[4, 5, and 6].
Object Based Segmentation: It capture the inner
information of gland and treat as object [8, 12, and
14].

In 2007, According to Farjam et al. [6] research they detect


prostate glands to find malignancy in pathological images
purely based on pixel information. farjam commented that
completely different elements in tissue like stroma, nucleus
and Lumina have their own completely diverse structure
properties. In order that they used texture feature in
conjunction with cluster system (k-means clustering) to
differentiate part and find glands. In [12] all images are
assumed to be homogenous therefore in given paper they used
unsupervised segmentation approach in fully automated
system. In the recent research mention in paper [10] extract
pattern using feed-forward neural network which is trained by

back propagation. Architecture of


feed-forward neural
network tranquil of three tier such as input, output as well as
hidden layer(single layer with sigmoid activation
function)[10].
To detect intestinal gland in human tissues author H. In
2006, shan et al [13] introduces a biased median filtering
image segmentation algorithm perform operations as
differences in cell distributions. As research done on
segmentation [5] Wu HS and XuR prompt region growing
algorithmic rule for segmentation and procure initial seeding
regions supported the massive vacant regions (lumen within
the glands). After detecting seeding region they find out false
and true regions based on some parameters such as excessive
ages or insufficient thickness of dams shaped by the strings of
epithelial cell nuclei sitting instantaneously exterior the mature
regions, the contour then detected.
In object based loom, complicated objects are identified
with some or more attributes. The OCallaghan neighborhood
is one of a best medium for distinguish objects encompass of
numerous elements spatially linked to everyone in a particular
fashion [14]. Author Basavanhally used the OCallaghan
neighborhood to solve trouble of tubule (lumen, cytoplasm,
and nuclei) identification on stained breast malignancy
images. The cancer nuclei in every image square measure
found by means that of a tint deconvolution theme and
potential lumen square measure are mesmeric employing by a
HNCut method initialized CGAC called Color Gradient based
Active Contour model.
In year 2010, Author of paper [15] apply three stage
algorithm for segmentation, in very first step classify (by
using nearest neighbor classifier) pixels into different classes,
extraction of gland boundary in second stage and complete
gland structure in final phase.
C. Feature Extraction and Selection
To identify abnormalities or to classify images into
different grades of diseases, feature extraction and selection
plays an important role. Extraction of options applied on two
ways in which like cellular-level whose primarily aim to focal
point on quantifying the properties of entity cells while not
considering craving between them and tissue-level mining
quantify the sharing of the cells athwart the tissue.
In 2008, author Scot Doyel et al. [16] in his research apply
textural and nuclear architectural features for investigation of
breast cancer image. As shown in [12] they drew Delaunay
triangulation representation on centroids of cell nuclei. It
takes histopathology as an input and generate color graph in
which edges shown by different color based on component in
the image. Different papers suggest different techniques to
extract features from histopathological images such as
variance feature, roundness factor, skewness, first-order
histogram based features, kurtosis, hear wavelet feature,
average, max of lumen perimeter, quantity of lumen, relative
amount of lumen area to total segment area, nuclear
thickness, ratio of blue nuclei, multiple fractal-dimensionbased feature [6,10,15,17].

D. Classification
The distinctive classifiers are used to categorize images for
analyze irregularity in image after segmentation and feature
extraction process. They classify cells or tissues according to
some classes and then also detect the malignancy level in
particular samples. A lot of work is carry out on the
classification of medical images using machine learning
algorithms like neural network[10], logistic regression
method, k-nearest neighborhood algorithm, fuzzy systems etc.
Muthu Rama et al. [18] used SVM technique to classify oral
mucosa images. Identical SVM technique along with
multilayer perception and k-nearest neighbor classifier [15]
used as well as compare all tree classifier. To detect prostatic
cancer [17] author refer bayes classifier to classify each
regions to suitable grade. In [6] linear classifier applies to
determine final output. Linear classifier trained such that they
can classify malignant and benign samples.
III. COMPARISON
Histological image analysis is very recent and interested
area in image processing research, along with very difficult to
process as its having complicated and intricate structure. But
in each cytological image different methodologies applied to
obtain output. Different paper show that images goes through
diverse techniques like pre-processing, feature abstraction,
segmentation and classification.
Sr
No
1

Name

TABLE 1: COMPARATIVE STUDY


Organs
Advantages

C.Smochin
a,V.Manta,
andW.
Kropatsch[
3]

R. Farjam
et al[6]

Colon
gland

Prostate
gland

Hitesh
garg[10]

Thyroid
gland

D.
Altunbay[1
2]

Colon
gland

K Nguyen,
Anil
K.
Jain
et.al[15]

Prostate
gland

Not only techniques differ but also images also having


different magnificence and different staining method used for
getting maximum accurate and proper results. It is not possible
to apply same technique to same type of magnificence image.
Some paper shows only normal and abnormal effects, some
shows grade and many more shows only structures of
particular organs. If such variation check by manually result in
inter and intra observer variability. So to avoid such facts
color graphs, texture features, SVM used for segmentation,
classification respectively. A comparative study for different
algorithms takes place along with the limitations shown in
table 1.
IV. ANALYSIS
Thus according to summary, all the previous work only
bears on datasets called as H&E datasets and very little or we
can say negligible work on H-DAB datasets. For this reason
our contribution is to develop such system which based on
both staining technique (H&E and H-DAB).
Start
Input Images
(H&E and H-DAB staining)
Perform Preprocessing on
Input Images

Limitation

1.Memory use
decrease due
to
Morphological
pyramid
2.
Computation
time decrease

1.Give
false
negative result for
big
gaps
in
epithelial layer
2.Fails in Elongate
lumen

1.Automatic
approach for
detection
gland
2.Calculate
index
proportional
to malignancy
MRI and CT
images
segmented
and
obtain
result
Extract new
features from
color
graph
and use it for
classification
of tissues
extract glands
along
with
grading
information

1.Changes energy
and
entropy
features
when
images in low
magnification
2.Too
many
Produced features
Cannot calculate
estimation
of
segmented thyroid
area
Not possible to
use color graph
features
for
unsupervised
segmentation
Problem to detect
boundary of grade
3 and grade 4

Detect Possible Boundaries


of Gland
Segmenting Glandular
Regions
Label Segmented Region

Extracting Glandular
Feature
Compute Normal &
Abnormal Glands
Generate Report

End
Fig. 4. Flow of Proposed Work

Objective is to design decision support system to reduce


human efforts and time. Seek to create a formula for the
machine-driven detection of organ arrangement in human
tissues. For given approach we used Object-based Method for
gland segmentation. Hence, a lot of awareness within the
manufacture of the professional supporting identification
system needs to be paid to the detection and segmentation
stage. Sample of tissue sectioned in different ways in
pathology lab so the detection of accurate pixel structure of
gland in tissue seems to be very difficult. Therefore, our
second contribution not only finds glandular structure but also
calculate the exact, accurate pixel values of glands along with
index factor.
V. CONCLUSION
To recognize very precarious and crucial disease like cancer
by computer system with very short interval of time is not a
very easy assignment. Different types of databases of medical
image and different processing proves to be a troublesome in
image analysis. We have reviewed four basic stages to acquire
proper and accurate result. But techniques in given papers are
helpful but not enough because each method depends upon
nature of datasets or images going to be used. Segmentation
and feature extraction technique in brief. Similarly short but
momentous explanation of pre-processing and classification
procedure explains. And all this steps/stages reused in future
project which need such type of information. In this review
paper each and every modus operandi achieves automatic
approach with some advantages and limitations.
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