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CHEMICAL KINETICS

AND STABILITY

Reference
Sinko, P.J., 2011, Martins Physical
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, 6th ed

Additional references
Aulton, M.E., Pharmaceutics, 2nd ed
Connors, K.A., et.al., Chemical stability of
Pharmaceuticals, 2nd ed

At the conclusion, the student should


be able to:
1. Define reaction rate, reaction order, and molecularity.
2. Calculate half life and shelf life of pharmaceutical
products and drugs.
3. Interpret pH-rate profiles and kinetic data.
4. Describe the influence of temperature, ionic strength,
solvent, pH, and dielectric constant on reaction rates.
5. Calculate the increase in rate constant as a function of
temperature (Q10).
6. Identify and describe method for the stabilitizaton of
pharmaceutical agents.

Introduction
Basic requirements of pharmaceutical products
Efficacy :
Optimum therapeutic level for specified period of
time.
Safety:
Minimum or no side effects.
Stability:
The products should retain their properties during
storage.

Five stabilities of drug


must be considered
1. Physical
2. Chemical
3. Microbiological
4. Toxicological
5. Therapeutic

Stability testing
Aim:
To provide evidence on how the quality of
a drug substance or drug product varies
with time under the influence of a variety
of environmental factors, such as a
temperature, humidity, and light, and to
establish a retest period for the drug
substance or a shelf life for the drug
product and recommended storage
conditions.

Reaction kinetics:
kinetic originates from Greek kinetikos that, in
turn, originates from Greek kinetos which means
moving.
Kinetics is the study of how a system changes as
function of time.
Reaction kinetics is the study of rate of chemical
change and the way in which this rate is influenced by
conditions of concentration of reactants and
products, solvent, ionic strength and temperature

Reaction Rate
The rate of reaction is the velocity with
which a reactant or reactants undergo
chemical change.
The rate, velocity or speed of a reaction is
given by the expression dc / dt.
where dc is increase or decrease of
concentration over a time interval dt

LAJU REAKSI
Laju reaksi adalah perubahan konsentrasi C pereaksi
atau produk dalam suatu satuan waktu.
Laju reaksi dapat dinyatakan sebagai
laju berkurangnya konsentrasi suatu pereaksi atau
laju bertambahnya konsentrasi suatu produk persatuan waktu
dc/dt
A
B

d A
d B
Laju reaksi

dt
dt

Contoh reaksi :
2A

Persamaan di atas diartikan sebagai dua mol A berkurang


untuk setiap mol B yang terbentuk.
Atau laju berkurangnya A adalah dua kali lebih cepat
dibandingkan terbentuknya B. Sehingga laju reaksi tersebut :
1 d A
d B
Laju reaksi

2 dt
dt

Secara umum, untuk reaksi : aA + bB


Laju reaksi

cC + dD

1 d A
1 d B 1 d C 1 d D

a dt
b dt
c dt
d dt

REACTION RATES
According to the law of mass action:
The rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the
product of molar concentrations of the reactants
each raised to a power equal to the number of
molecules of the substance undergoing reaction.
aA + bB + .. = Products
Rate = k [A]a [B]b
Where k is rate constant

Half life and shelf life


The half-life is the time required for one-half of
the material to disappear; it is the time at which A
has decreased to A.
The shelf-life is the time required for 10% of the
material to disappear; it is the time at which A has
decreased to 90% of its original concentration (i.e.,
0.9A)

Shelf life and expiration dating


Shelf-life (expiration dating period)
is the time period during which a drug product is expected
to remain within the approved specification to use,
provide that is stored under the condition defined on the
container label.
Expiration date
is the date place on the container label of a drug product
designating the time prior to which a batch of the product
is expected to remain within the approved shelf-life
specification if stored under defined conditions, and after
which it must not be used.

Order reaksi
Orde reaksi adalah banyaknya faktor konsentrasi
zat reaktan yang mempengaruhi kecepatan
reaksi.
Penentuan orde reaksi tidak dapat diturunkan
dari persamaan reaksi tetapi hanya dapat
ditentukan berdasarkan percobaan.

Reaksi orde Nol :


d A

k0
dt

At

A0

dA k0 dt
t

At A0 k0t
At A0 k0t

Waktu paruh (t1/2)


Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk meluruh/hilangnya
zat, menjadi separuhnya.
Waktu paruh untuk orde nol :

Ao
t1 / 2
2k o

Waktu kadaluwarsa (t90)


Waktu suatu zat telah terurai sampai
tinggal 90% dari konsentrasi mula-mula
(yaitu , terurai 10%).
Untuk orde nol :

0,1 Ao
t90
ko

Reaksi orde pertama


d C

kc
dt

t
dC
c0 c k 0 dt
ln c ln c0 k (t 0)
ln c ln c0 kt
log c log c0 kt
2,303
c

Log konsentrasi

konsentrasi

slope
2,303/k

waktu

Plot konsentrasi dan log


konsentrasi terhadap waktu

waktu

t1/2 dan t90 Untuk orde pertama


0,693
t1 / 2
k

0,105
t90
k

Reaksi orde kedua


d A
d B

k AB
dt
dt

dx

k a x b x
dt
jika
dx
2
k a x
dt

t
dx
k dt
2
0
a x

1 1

kt
a x a0
x
kt
aa x
1 x
k

at a x

Reaksi orde kedua


jikaa b
x
t
dx
0 a x b x k 0 dt
2,303
b( a x )
log
kt
a b
a(b x)
2,303
b( a x )
k
log
t ( a b)
a(b x)

RATE AND HALF-LIFE EQUATIONS


Order

0
1
2
3

Integrated Rate Equations

Half-Life Equation

Satuan konstanta laju reaksi


Reaksi orde-nol :
k

d A mol / liter

mol / liter 1detik 1


dt
detik

Reaksi orde-pertama :
d A 1
mol / liter
1
k

detik 1
dt A detik mol / liter detik

Reaksi orde-kedua :
k

d A 1
mol / liter
liter
1
1

litermol
detik
dt A2 detik mol / liter 2 mol detik

Menentukan Orde reaksi


Metode substitusi
Metode grafik
Metode waktu paro

Metode substitusi
Data yang terkumpul dari hasil pengamatan
jalannya suatu reaksi disubstitusikan ke dalam
bentuk integral dari berbagai orde reaksi.
Jika menghasilkan k yang konstan , maka reaksi
dianggap berjakan sesuai orde tersebut

Metode Grafik
Plot data pada grafik
Untuk orde nol :
Konsentrasi diplot terhadap waktu linear
Untuk orde pertama :
Log konsentrasi diplot terhadap waktu linear
Untuk orde kedua :
1/konsentrasi diplot terhadap waktu linear

Metode waktu paruh


Hubungan antara waktu paruh dengan seluruh
konsentrasi jika seluruh reaktan sama :

1
t1 / 2 n 1
a
n adalah orde reaksi

Pengaruh Temperatur terhadap Laju


Reaksi
Kecepatan reaksi bertambah dua atau tiga kalinya
tiap kenaikan 10C.
Pengaruh temperatur terhadap laju, dikemukakan
oleh Arrhenius, yaitu :

k Ae

Ea

RT

Pengaruh Temperatur
Bentuk logaritma :

Ea 1
log k log A
2,303R T

Keterangan :
k : konstanta laju reaksi spesifik
A : konstanta, faktor frekuensi
Ea : Energi aktivasi
R : konstanta gas (1,987 kalori/derajat mol)
T : Temperatur absolut (K)

log K

Pengaruh Temperatur
slope
-Ea/2,303R

1/T

Plot log k terhadap 1/T

Pengaruh Temperatur
Jika percobaan dilakukan dengan 2 temperatur yang
ber beda yaitu T1 dan T2 sehingga konstanta
keseimbangan menjadi k1 dan k2 maka :

Ea 1
log k1 log A
2,303R T1
Ea 1
log k2 log A
2,303R T2

bila digabung
menjadi

Ea T2 T1
k2
log
k1 2,303R T1T2

Example 15-4 Half life


A solution of a drug contained 500 units/mL
when prepared. It was analyzed after 40
days and was found to contain 300
units/mL. Assuming the decomposition is
first order, what the time will the drug have
decomposed to one-half its original
concentration?

Shelf-life calculation
Example 15-9 - Increased Shelf-Life of Aspirin
Aspirin is most stable at pH 2.5. at this pH the apparent first-order
rate constant is 5 x 10-7 sec-1 at 250C. What is the shelf-life of
aspirin in solution under these condition?
Example 15-10
How Long Can a Product Be Left Out a Room Temperature?
Reconstituted ampicilin suspension is stable for 14 days when
stored in the refrigerator (50C). If the product is left at room
temperature for 12 hrs, what is the reduction in the expiration
dating?

Catalysis: Specific and General


Acid-Base and pH Effects
Specific Acid-Base Catalysis
Solutions of a number of drugs undergo accelerated
decomposition on the addition of acids or bases.

General Acid-Base Catalysis


Catalysis by one or more species of the buffer
components.

pH-rate profile

pH-rate profile
pH 0 - 4, spesific acid-base
catalysis and a pHindependent solvolysis, as first
reported by Edward.25
Above pH 4, there is a second,
pH-independent region, the
plateau extending over at
least 3 pH units.

Fresht and Kirby26 and others


have provided suggestion for
the presence of this plateau.

pH-rate profile

Stress testing
Stress testing aiming to elucidate the intrinsic
stability of the drug substance, normally carried
out under more severe conditions than those used
for accelerated testing.
The testing typically includes the effects of
temperature [in 100C increments (e.g., 500C to
600C) above that for accelerated testing], humidity
(e.g., 75% relative humidity or greater) where
appropriate, oxidation, and photolysis on the drug
substance.

Stress testing

Stress testing

LATIHAN-1
Pada suatu penelitian kinetika peruraian suatu produk obat yang
mengandung bahan obat X menghasilkan data sbb :
WAKTU (JAM)

[M] (MOL/L)

1
2
3
4
5
6

7,33
6,66
6,00
5,33
4,67
4,00

Tentukan orde reaksi , k, t1/2 dan waktu kadaluwarasa produk


tersebut peruraian tersebut

LATIHAN-2
WAKTU (JAM)

[M] (MOL/L)

0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
5,5
6

6,05
4,11
3,11
2,11
1,60
1,08
0,82
0,56
0,42
0,29
0,22
0,15

Pada suatu penelitian


kinetika peruraian
suatu produk obat
yang mengandung
bahan obat X
menghasilkan data
disamping kiri .
Tentukan orde reaksi ,
k, t1/2 dan waktu
kedaluwarasa produk
tersebut peruraian
tersebut

LATIHAN-3
WAKTU (JAM)

[M] (MOL/L)

0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
5,5
6

4,632
1,263
0,974
0,685
0,578
0,470
0,414
0,358
0,324
0,289
0,266
0,242

Pada suatu penelitian


kinetika peruraian
suatu produk obat
yang mengandung
bahan obat X
menghasilkan data
berikut:
Tentukan orde reaksi ,
k, t1/2 dan waktu
kedaluwarasa produk
tersebut peruraian
tersebut

LATIHAN-4
Kecepatan reaksi (konstanta) untuk dekomposisi 5fluoro-urasil pada pH 9,90.
a. Tentukan Ea pada pH itu
b. Ekstrapolasikan pada suhu kamar (25 oC) dan
tentukan konstanta kecepatan dan shelf-life
pada 25 o
o

t ( C)
80
70
60

K (detik)
-6
0,96 x 10
-6
0,32 x 10
-6
0,118 x 10

Jawab :
Buat Arrhenius plot
Slope = -5,35 x 103
(-Ea) / (2,303R) = -5,35 x 10-3
Ea = 24,5 Kcal / mol
Log k = Loga A ((Ea) / (2,303R) 1/T
Dari hasil ekstrapolasi diperoleh
Log k25C
= -8,86 k25C = 1,38 x 10-9 detik-1
t90
= 0,005 / k = 7,6 x 107 detik
t90
= 2,4 tahun waktu kadaluwarsa

harga A dapat pula diperoleh dari ekstrapolasi sehingga


memotong sumbu Y harga Log A diperoleh dan A dapat
dihitung.

LATIHAN-5
Waktu kadaluwarsa obat sitotoksik adalah waktu yang
diperlukan untuk 5% obat terdegradasi, sehingga
waktu kadaluwarsanya bukan t90 tetapi t95
Bila obat mengalami degradasi menurut orde 1 maka
berapakah harga t95 (nyatakan dalam k) ?

LATIHAN-6
Suatu obat A dalam larutan mengalami degradasi pada pH 5,8
dengan konstante kecepatan reaksi (K) sebagai berikut :
o

Temp ( C)

60
70
80

-1

k (detik )
-7

1,2 x 10

-7

3,2 x 10

-7

9,8 x 10

Hitung :
a. Energi aktivasi (Ea)
b. Waktu kadaluwarsa A (27 oC)
c. Bila konsentrasi A 200 mg/ml, maka berapa waktu paro A pada
60oC. Diketahui kelarutan A (60 oC) adalah (5 mg/ml)

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