Unit1Chapter1(BodyPlanandOrganization)

WHATYOUSHOULDDOFORTHISUNIT:
A.InthePrimalOnlineA&Ptext,loginanddothefollowing(purchaseonlinetextfollowing
directionsinsyllabusifyouhavenotalreadydonesoforreducedprice):
1.IntheUnitnamed"BodyPlanandOrganization",studymaterialinsectionsnamedIntroduction,
StructuralOrganization,BodySystems,PrinciplesofHomeostasis,AnatomicalLanguageandAging.
YoushouldusethePrimalOnlineA&PImaterialinplaceofatraditionalhardcopytextand
read/studyitfirstandthenread/studymylecturematerialinBlackboard.AfterstudyingthePrimal
OnlineA&PItextandmylecturenotes,thenconcentrateondoingtheQuizletsassociatedwiththis
unit.
2.ClickontheClinicalbuttoninthemodulenamed"BodyPlanandOrganization"andchooseone
clinicalconditionforstudyforClinicalStudy#1.Then,describethecondition,whatmightcauseitand
howitistreatedandsendmethepaperasanattachedMicrosoftWordfileusingtheBlackboardemail
tool.Ifyouhavetroubleattachingafile,copypastethepaperintheMessageboxofanemail.Besure
tofocusontheanatomicalproblem(structuralproblem)andhowithasaneffectonthephysiology
(function)oftheindividualwiththiscondition.Yourpostingshouldhaveaminimumof300wordsand
shouldbeinyourownwords,notjustcopypastedfromtheclinicaldescription.Thesubmissiondue
dateforfullcreditisendofdayonJune12.
3.ThequestionslistedinthebuttonsnamedModuleQuizandTopicQuizhavebeentransferredtothe
QuizletsinBlackboardwhichwillkeeptrackofhowmanytimesyoutaketheQuizletsso,itis
suggestedtonottakethequizzesintheonlinetextbutratherdotheQuizletsforthismaterialin
BlackboardlistedintheQuizletssection.
4.WewillnotbeusingCaseStudiesinthissectionoftheonlineA&PItext.
B.IntheBlackboardlecturenotesbelow,read/studythelecturenotesandwhendone,begintofocus
ontheQuizletswhichasdescribedinthesyllabus,areamethodofstudynamed"formative
assessment"or"retrievalpractice"designedtogiveyoufeedbackabouthowwellyouknowthe
materialundertimedconditionssimilartohowyouwillbetestedinthemajorlectureexamsand
comprehensivefinalexam.

Introduction
Thehumanbodysharesmanycharacteristicswithlivingorganismswhereveryoufindlifeonearth.
Let'slookatsomeofthesecharacteristicssothatwecanbegintobetterunderstandthedifference
betweenlivingandnonlivingentities.

CharacteristicsofLife
1.Irritability(Bodyorcell'sresponsetoenvironmentalchange)
2.Metabolism(Livingthingstakeinanduseenergyandmaterials)
3.Motility(Movement)
4.Growth(Increaseinmass)
5.Reproduction(Inheritancereflectsgeneticvariationofparents)
Variationcausedby:
a.MutationsleadingtoAdaptiveTraits(SickleCellAnemia)
b.Sexualmodeofreproduction

DifficultiesinDeterminingthePresenceofLife
Itappearstousatfirstthatitshouldberelativelyeasytodetermineifsomethingislivingornonliving.
Asmallchildmayseeafrogandreachouttotouchitandcausesthefrogtohopaway.Thechild
knowsthefrogisalivebecauseitmoved,i.e.,showsmotility.But,ifarockdislodgesfromahillside
nearthechildandrollsdownthehill,doesthechildthinkthattherockisalive?
Weknowtherockisnotalivebecauseithasnometabolism,doesnotrespondtoenvironmental
stimuli,doesnotmoveonitsown,doesn'texhibitgrowthanddoesn'treproducetogiverisetorock
"offspring."So,itshouldbeprettyeasytodeterminewhethersomethingisaliveornotliving,right?
Well,let'sseeifthat'sreallyso.
Assumeyouareanalienfromanotherplanetvisitingtheearthforthefirsttimeinyourspacevehicle
whichlookslikeaflyingplate(saucer?).YoulandinaresidentialneighborhoodonaTuesdayinthe
earlyafternoon.Youlookaroundfromyourspacevehicleandobservemanyrectangularstructures
thatfacealinearopenspace.(Wewouldcalltherectangularstructures"houses"andthelinearopen
spacea"street")Thereisnothingmovingintheneighborhoodbecauseallthechildrenareatpre
schoolorgradeschoolandalltheparentsareatwork.But,clickthefollowingmoviecliptoseewhat
thealienseesnext!(FreeAdobeFlashPlayerRequired)

Didthealiendetectlifeonearth?
Thealiengotreallyexcitedandsentbackthefollowingmessagetohishomeplanet."I'vejust
observedlifeonthisnewplanet.Afastmovingorganismcamedownalongflatspaceandthenoneof
thesessile(nonmotile)rectangularorganismsliningthislongspaceopenedit'smouthandthefast
movingorganismwasattractedtosomethinginsidethemouthandthenthemouthclosed,eatingthe
smallerorganism.Extremelyinteresting!"
So,howcouldthealienmistakeahousewithagaragedooropenerasbeingaliveandcaughtinthe
processoffeeding,i.e.,eatingthecarwhoseoccupantopenedthedoorwitharemoteandthendrove
in?Doesagaragedooropenerandthesurroundinghousehaveanypropertiesthataresimilarto
characteristicsfoundinlivingorganismssuchasirritability,metabolism,motility,growthand
reproduction?
Letmetakethesideofthealienforamomentandlookatthecharacteristicswe'velistedforlife.First,
doesthegaragedoorhavethepropertyofirritability?Hmmmm,itdoesrespondtoenvironmental
changedoesn'titbyopeningatthesignaloftheremotecontrol.Second,doesthegaragedoorhavea
metabolism?Well,notlikewehavebutyoumightarguethatithasanelectricalpoweredsystemthat
requiresenergytoopenandclosethedoorsomaybeitselectricalpowercouldbelikenedtoour
metabolism.Afterall,theybothuseenergy.Third,whataboutmotility?That'seasyisn'tit,thegarage
doordoesopenandclosesoit'sabilitytomovecanbeconfirmed.I'mstartingtoworrynowbecause
we'vefoundinagaragedoorthreeofthecharacteristicsoflife!Howaboutgrowthandreproduction?
Ahhhh,atlast,twocharacteristicsthatthealiencan'tfindinagaragedoor.Sothegaragedoorandthe
housethatsurroundsitarenotliving,right?
Well,whatifthealienleavestheplanetwithadetailedmapandphotosofthesuspectedliving
organismsdiscovered(garagedoorandthehouse).Then,manyyearslater,anotheralienexplorer
comesbacktoearthtoobserveanychangesatthesitefoundbythefirstobserver.And,loand
behold,theownersofthehousehaveaddedanextrabedroomandanicepatiowhichlooksnicetous
buttothealiencouldmeanthatthe"house"organismgrewinthetimebetweenthefirstandsecond
visit!And,tomakemattersworse,theemptylotnexttothesuspected"house"organismnowhasa
newhousebuiltonit,constructedduringtheinterveningtimebetweenalienvisits.Thesecondalien
getsexcitedthinkingthatheorsheormaybeithasdiscoveredthatthe"house"organismhas
reproduceditself!Oh,oh,nowthealienhasevidence(faultybutstillpreliminaryevidence)thatthese
"house"organismscangrowandreproduceabeitveryslowly.

Well,thismightbeaprettysillystoryifweashumansdidnotmakeasimilarmistakewhentryingto
determineifMarshadlivingorganismsonit.IntheearlydaysofMarsexploration,anexperimentwas
doneinwhichasmallshovelwasextendedfromacapsuleandasmallamountofMarsdirtwas
retrievedandplacedinawateryfluidtodetectanygasesthatmighteminatefromthefluidwhichcould
befromthemetabolismoforganismslikeprimitivebacteria.Surprisingly,alargeamountofgascould
bedetectedarisingfromtheculturemedium.Unfortunately,therewassomuchgasreleasedthatit
couldnothavebeenfromlivingorganismsandwaslikelyduetofreeradicalsinthesurfacedirt
exposedtoradiationwhichwereactingonthefluidmediumitself.Sorry,nolifeyetdetectedonMars
butitjustgoestoshowthatsometimes,it'shardtotelllifefromnonlifebecauselivingorganisms
sharemanyphysicalandchemicalpropertieswithnonlivingnaturallyoccuringreactionsinnature.

LevelsofOrganization:FromSmallesttoLargest
Familiarizeyourselfwiththetermsanddefinitionsthatfollow:
Subatomicparticleselectrons,protonsandneutrons
Atomsimilartoelement(smallestunit)
Moleculetwoormoreatomsjoinedtogether
Organellelargemoleculesformingcompartmentalizedstructuresincells
Cellsmallestunitoflife
Tissuetypesofcellshavingsimilarfunctionepithelium(lineexteriorandinteriorspaces),
muscle(contractivefunction),nervous(signalconduction)andconnectivetissue(fillsinbetween
theothertissues)
Organformedfromothertissuetypes
Systemorganshavingsimilarfunction
MulticellularOrganismdicreteunitofmacrolife
Populationgroupofsimilarorganisms(samespecies)
Communityallspecieslivinginacertainarea
Ecosystemacommunityanditsphysicalenvironment(lake,ocean,desert)
Biosphereallplacesonearthwhichsupportlife

ScientificMethod
Sciencegeneratesnewknowledgeandsolvesproblemsbyusingthescientificmethod.Thescientific
methodfollowsthefollowingstepsindesigningandperformingexperiments.Checkoutthesteps
belowandthenlookatanactualexperimentwhichdemonstrateshowthescientificmethodcanbeput
intoactiontotestanhypothesis.
1.ObservePhenomenonandposeQuestion
2.MakeHypothesis(Educatedguess)
3.MakePrediction(whatshouldyouobserve)
4.Designanddoexperiment.
5.Resultsmaysupportorrefutehypothesis
6.Redesignhypothesisandstartprocessagain
Example:RBCgrowthintissueculturewitherythropoietin.
Observation:ErythropoietininjectedintohumanswithlowRBCcountscanstimulateRBC
production.
HypothesisEpo(erythropoietin)stimulatesRBCstemcellstobecomematureRBCs
ExperimentgrowhumanbonemarrowinsoftgeltissueculturewithEpo(experimental)
andwithoutEpo(control).

Results:Allplateshaveculturefluidcontainingnutrientsforgrowth,similaracidity,bone
marrowcellstostartandgrowfor2weeksatsametemperature.

HypothesisComparedtoTheory
Atheoryisasetofhypothesesthatwhenlookedattogetherformabroadsupportivebasistoexplaina
naturalphenomenonsuchasEvolution,BigBangTheoryorPlateTectonicTheory.Inessence,a
theoryissupportedbyalargebodyofevidencegeneratedbymanyexperimentsandobservations.

LimitsofScience
AlthoughSciencehasexplainedmuchoverthepastseveralhundredyearsandcontinuestosolve
manyproblemsanddiseases,therearelimitstowhatSciencecandooroughttodo.
NaturalLimitswecannotknowtimebeforeBigBangandcannotmeasurethepositionandspeedofa
subatomicparticlebecausemeasuringoneparameterchangestheotherparameter(Heizenberg
PrincipleinPhysics)orwecannottravelfasterthanthespeedoflight.
SelfimposedLimitsfertilizingapeeggswithhumanspermisoneexampleofanethicaldecisionthat
canimposehumangeneratedlimitsonscientificendeavors.

HumanCreatedLife
InthemiddleofMay,2010,itwasannouncedthatJ.CraigVenterandhisteamofscientistsattheJ.
CraigVenterInstitutecreatedthefirstsyntheticcell,ahumancreationofabacterialcellwitha
computergeneratedgenome.WithintheDNAcodeofthisnewformofartificiallifearewatermark
codestodistinguishthisbacteriumfromnaturalbacteria.Thewatermarkcodecontainsthenamesof
the46researcherswhoworkedonthisprojectandquotationsfromJamesJoyce,physicistRichard
FeynmanandJ.RobertOppenheimerandaURLthatanyonewhodeciphersthecodecanemail.
BacteriaareprokaryoteswhichmeanstheylackanucleusandtheirsinglecircularDNAchromosome
isfloatingfreeintheircytoplasm.Maybeit'salsoimportanttoknowthatavirushasalreadybeen
"created"inthelabbutavirusisnotconsideredtobelivinginthatviruseshavetobewithinalivingcell
toreplicateandproducemoreviruses.Scientistslookatthecellasaninterrelatedmeshoffunctioning
biochemicalprocesseswhichbreakdownmoleculesforenergy(catabolism)andbuildupor
synthesizemoleculesforgrowth(anabolism).Allthereactionsfoundinacellarechemicallybasedso
itiseasytothinkthatifyoucouldbringtogetherthosereactions,i.e.,buildthemfromscratch,you
oughttobeabletobuildacell.Thiscanbeviewedasatypeofreverseengineeringsimilartohowthe
RussiansfollowingthedefeatofGermanyinWorldWarIIbuilttheirfirstrocketship.TheUnitedStates
capturedVonBraunandsomeotherGermanrocketscientistssocouldbuildrocketswiththeplans
andheadscientiststheycaptured.Russia,however,capturedtherocketsitesandsomeintactrockets
whichtheytookapart,i.e.,reverseengineered,tobuildtheirrocketsandifyourecallbeatusinto
spacewiththelaunchofSputnik.So,cellscientistslikeVenterandhisteamhavereverseengineered
abacterialcellgenomeandbuiltitfromscratchwiththehelpofcomputersmakingtheircreationthe

firstlifecreatedbyhumans.
Theideaofscientists"playingGod"creepsintothepicture.Scienceanditsprogressinthisareaand
otherareasleadsustoaskwhatdoesitmeantosaythatscientistsare"playingGod".Ithinkthat
manyofushaveascribedcertainthingsweseeinlifeandnatureascomingintobeingonlybyGod.
But,whatsciencedoesistoaskquestionsandfindoutifthereisevidencethatsupportsthatpointof
view.Theevidencecomesfromexperimentationandiftheresultsdonotsupportthehypothesis,then
adifferenthypothesisistriedandnewexperimentsfollow.So,ifsimplelifefirstappearedonthisplanet
billionsofyearsagoaccordingtoevolutionarytheory,thenitfollowsthatweoughttobeableto
duplicatetheeventsthatbroughtlifeaswehavedefinedit,i.e.,simplecells,intobeing.Startingfrom
thisbasis,scientistswouldarguethattheyarenotreally"playingGod"asmuchasattemptingto
duplicate(andverify)aprocessthatoccurredatleastonceinourhistoryoflifeonthisplanet.

SummaryforChapterorUnit1
YouhavebeenintroducedtosomebasictermsnecessarytotalkthelanguageofAnatomyand
Physiology.Anatomyreferstostructureandstructuresarelocatedinparticularbodyareassosome
landmarktermsanddirectionaltermsmustbeunderstoodtobeabletodescribeaparticularstructure
toanotherperson.Thebodyitselfisseenfirstofallasbeinginaparticularstanceknownasthe
anatomicposition.Palmsforward,headfacingforwardandfeetflatonthegrounddescribesthe
anatomicpositionandnowallstructuraltermsandlocationsareoverlaidontotheanatomicposition.
Thebodyhasfourlimbsandthesehavetheirowndirectionaltermssuchasdistal,beingfurtheraway
fromthemainbodyandproximal,beingclosertothemainbody.And,closelylinkedwiththeideaof
closerandfurtherawaymeansyouarecomparingonelocationofthebodywithanotherlocationofthe
bodysuchasthewristbeingdistaltotheelbowandtheupperarmbeingproximaltotheelbow.
Anatomycanalsobestudiedatseverallevelssuchasgrossanatomyorwhatonecanseewiththe
nakedeyeandmicroanatomyorwhatoneseesofstructurewiththehelpofamicroscope.
Anatomyisthestudyofstructureandisnecessaryforunderstandingthefunctionofthatstructure.
Physiologyisthestudyoffunctionatthegrosslevelandalsoatthemicrolevelorlevelofthecelland
molecule.Inmostcases,aproblemwithfunctioncanbeexplainedbyanabnormalstructureina
muscleorboneorinacellorsetofproteinsinacell.Thebodymustbeunderstoodatthefunctional
leveltoknowitsnormalstatesothatbettertreatmentcanbeappliedtoconditionsthatareabnormal.
Keepinmindthatwhatyouhavebeenexposedtowiththisfirstchapterorunitistheanatomicaland
physiologicalfoundationuponwhichwewillbuildamoredetailedunderstandingofthewaythat
structureandfunctioninteractfornormalaswellasabnormalconditionsinourbodies.