Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Biological
Classification
Important Points
1. The first attempt to classify organisms on scientific basis was
done by Aristotle. He classify the plants on the basis of their
morphological characters and categorise them into tree, shrubs
and herbs.
2. Two kingdom classification was given by Linnaeus. Plantae
and Animalia kingdom were developed including plants and
animals.
3. RH Whittaker (1969) proposed five kingdom classification
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
Classification was done on the basis of following characters
(i) Cell type Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
(ii) Cell wall Non-cellulosic/ cellulosic/ chitinaceous
(iii) Nuclear membrane Present or absent
(iv) Body organisation Unicellular/ multicellular
(v) Mode of nutrition Autotrophic/heterotrophic/ saprophytic.
4. KingdomMonera includes prokaryotic microorganism like
bacteria.
5. Bacteria are prokaryotes. They do not have well defined
nucleus. Membrane bound cell organelles are absent. They live
in extreme habitats like springs, snow, deep oceans as free
living or parasites.
17
18
www.arihantbooks.com
19
20
www.arihantbooks.com
54. In some fungi two haploid cells, results in diploid cells. In some
cases dikaryon stage occurs in which two nuclei are present
within a cell. This phase is known as dikaryophase of fungus.
55. Fungi is divided into various classes on the basic of mycelium
mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies.
56. Phycomycetes are obligate parasite on plants. The mycelium is
aseptate and coenocytic.
57. Asexual reproduction take place through zoospores, which are
motile or through non-motile aplanospores.
Gametes formed by these spores could be
(i) Isogamous (similar in morphology)
(ii) Oogamous (dissimilar in morphology female gamete is
bigger than male gamete).
(iii) Anisogamous, e. g. , in case of Mucor, Rhizopus and Albugo.
(iv) Ascomycetes are known as sac fungi usually multicellular
like Penicillium.
58. They are saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic or ceprophilous.
Mycelium is branched and septate.
59. Asexual spores are formed in special mycelium called
conidiophores.
60. Sexual spores are produced in fruiting body called ascospores
e. g. , Aspergillus claviceps and Neurospora crassa.
61. Basidiomycetes include mushrooms/bracket fungi/ puffballs.
62. Their mycelium is branched and septate.
63. Mode of reproduction is fragmentation sex organs are absent.
64. Vegetative or somatic cells fuses known as plasmogamy and
give rise to dikaryon.
65. Dikaryon give rise to basidium which produces four
basidiospores.
66. Basidiospores are produced on basidium.
67. The basidia are arranged in fruiting body called basidiocarp,
e. g. , Agaricus (mushroom), Ustilago (smut) and Puccinia.
68. Deuteromycetes are known as imperfect fungi, since sexual
reproduction is not reported in them.
69. They reproduce only by asexual spores known as conidia.
70. Mycelium is septate and branched, e. g. , Alternaria,
Colletotrichum and Trichoderma.
71. KingdomPlantae includes eukaryotic autotrophic chlorophyll
containing organisms.
21
22
www.arihantbooks.com
Exercises
Question 1. Discuss how classification systems have undergone
several changes over a period of time?
Answer
(i) Linnaeus proposed a two kingdom system of classification with
Plantae and Animalia kingdoms was developed that included all
plants and animals respectively. But as this system did not
distinguish between the eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and
multicellular organisms and photosynthetic (green algae) and
non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms, so scientists found it an
inadequate system of classification. Classification systems for the
living organisms have hence, undergone several changes over time.
(ii) The two kingdom system of classification was replaced by three
kingdom system, then by four and finally by five kingdom system of
classification of RH Whittaker (1969).
(iii) The five kingdoms included Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and
Animalia. This is the most accepted system of classification of living
organisms.
(iv) But, Whittaker has not described viruses lichens. Then, Stanley
described viruses, viroids, etc.
Thus, over a period of time, classification system have undergone several
changes.
(b) Archaebacteria
Answer
(a) Heterotrophic bacteria
23
The milk products such as butter, cheese, curd, etc., are obtained
by the action of bacteria. The milk contains bacterial forms like
Streptococcus lacti, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus lactis and
Clostridium sp., etc.
(b) Archaebacteria
Metanogens are responsible for the production of methane
(biogas) from the dung of these animals.
Question 4. Find out what do the term algal bloom and red tides
signify?
Answer Sometimes, green algae such as Chlorella, Scenedesmus and
Spirogyra, etc., grow in excess in water bodies and impart green colour to
the water. These are called algal blooms. Red dinoflagellates (Gonyaulax)
grow in abundance in sea and impart red colour to the ocean. This looks
like red tides. Both due to algal blooms and red tide the animal life
declines due to toxins and deficiency of oxygen inside water.
S.N. Virus
Viroids
1.
2.
3.
4.
24
www.arihantbooks.com
The body is covered by a firm pellicle. There is also present cyst
formation.
Examples
etc.
25
Mode of Nutrition
Heterotrophic and mostly
saprophytic
Phycomycetes
Mostly parasites
Zygomycetes
Mostly saprophytic
Ascomycetes
Saprophytes or parasites
Basidiomycetes Saprophytes or parasites
Deuteromycetes Saprophytes or parasites
Mode of Reproduction
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Asexual and sexual methods
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Asexual and sexual method
Only asexual reproduction
26
www.arihantbooks.com
use
of
27
organisms fix the soil nitrogen and make it available to the plants. Thus,
they increase the fertility of agricultural fields. Anabaena oryzae is an
important nitrogen fixer in rice fields.
high
28
www.arihantbooks.com
29
daily life.
Answer
Role of Fungi
(i) Some fungi are used as nutritious and delicious foods, e.g., Agaricus
bisporus and A. compestris (mushrooms). Morchella is an important
source of our food. Similarly, some yeasts are used as an important
source of vitamin-B. A food called sufu is produced from Mucor and
anti Mucor.
(ii) Saprophytic fungi live upon dead organic matter and thus breakdown
complex subtances into simple ones, which are again absorbed by
the plants.
(iii) Absidia, Aspergillus, Mucor, Penicillium and Rhizopus have soil
binding properties and they make the soil good.
30
www.arihantbooks.com
Nucleus
Pyrenoid
Zoospore of Chlamydomonas
31
Membrane
Aplanospore of Spirogyra
32
www.arihantbooks.com
Chemical
Medicine
1.
Algae
Porphyra,
Laminaria, Alaria,
Monostroma,
Undaria, Ulva,
Chlorella, Nostoc,
Durvillea, Codium,
Spirulina and
Scenedesmus
Macrocystis,
Chlorella, Cladophora,
Laminaria,
Lyngbya, Digenea, Codium,
Ascophyllum,
Alsidium and Durvillea
Lessonia, Ecklonia
and Eisenia
2.
Fungi
Agaricus
compestris,
Variela volvacea,
Armillaria mellea,
Agaricus
bisporus, Lentinus
edodes,
Lycoperdon,
Morchella,
Pleurotus,
Saccharomyces,
Rhizopogon,
Mucor
Aspergillus niger,
A. wentil and
Mucor (Citric
acid), Aspergillus
niger and
Penicillium
purpurogenum
(gluconic acid), P.
glacum and A.
gallomyces (gallic
acid), A. oryzae
(kojic acid),
Rhizopus stolonifer
(fumaric acid),
Fusarium
moniliforme
(gibberellic acid),
Saccharomyces
sp. (Vitamin-B
and D)
Penicillin (Penicillium
notatum and P.
chrysogenum), Glyotoxin
(Trichoderma sp.), Chitrinine
(Penicillium citrinine),
Baccatin-A (Gibberella
baccata),
Ergotine (Claviceps
purpurea], Clavicin
(Aspergillus clavatus),
Flavicin (Aspergillus flavus
and A. fumigatus), Fumigallin
(Aspergillus fumigatus),
Jawaharine (Aspergillus
niger), Chaetomin
(Chaetomium cochloides),
Proliferin (Aspergillus
proliferans), Griseofulvinium
[Penicillium griseofulvum
(used in skin diseases)]