INTRODUCTION TO

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Stephen W. Tsai
U.S. Air Force Materials Laboratory
H. Thomas Hahn
Washington University

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contents

chapter

page

stiffness of unidirectional composites

1. stress
2. strain
3. stress-strain relations
4. symmetry of compliance and stiffness
5. stiffness data for typical unidirectional composites
6. sample problems
7. conclusions
8. homework problems

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2
6
8
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25

transformation of stress and strain

1. background
2. transformation of stress
3. numerical exarflples of stress transformation
4. transformation <of strain
5. numerical examples of strain transformation
6. graphic interpretations of stress-strain relations
7. conclusions
'
8. homework problems

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35
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49
54
56
60
62

off-axis stiffness of unidirectional composites

1. off-axis stiffness modulus
2. examples of off-axis stiffness
3. off-axis compliance
4. examples of off-axis compliance
5. inverse relationship between stiffness and compliance

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66
77
88
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95

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6. off-axis engineering constants

7. conclusions
8. homework problems
in-plane stiffness of symmetric laminates
1. laminate code
2. in-plane stress-strain relations for laminates
3. evaluation of in-plane stiffness modulus
4. cross-ply laminates
5. angle-ply laminates
6. quasi-isotropic laminates
7. general Pi/4 laminates
8. general bidirectional laminates
9. ply stress and ply strain analysis
10. conclusions
11. homework problems

IV

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flexural stiffness of symmetric sandwich laminates

1. laminate code
2. moment-curvature relations
3. evaluation of flexural stiffness modulus
4. flexural behavior of unidirectional laminates
5. flexural modulus of cross-ply laminates
6. flexural modulus of angle-ply laminates
7. ply stress and ply strain analysis
8. conclusions
<
9. homework problenjs

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213

properties of general laminates

1. index and matrix notations
2. stiffness and compliance of general laminates
3. evaluation of components of stiffness
4. unsymmetric cross-ply laminates
5. antisymmetric laminates
6. the parallel axis theorem
7. transformation of the coupling stiffness and compliance
8. conclusions
9. homework problems

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strength of composite materials

1. failure criteria
2. quadratic failure criterion
3. sample strength data
4. transformation equations for strength parameters
5. strength/stress or strength ratios
6. in-plane strength of laminates
7. approximate first ply failure envelope
8. conclusions
9. homework problems

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306
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329

hygrothermal behavior
1. heat conduction and moisture diffusion
2. stress-strain relations including hygrothermal strains
3. fabrication stresses
4. residual stresses resulting from environmental change
5. unsymmetric cross-ply laminates
6. antisymmetric angle-ply laminates
7. effect of residual stress on failure
8. effects of temperature and moisture on properties of
unidirectional composites
9. sample problems
10. conclusions
11. homework problems
references

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330
342
345
349
355
357
359

micromechanics
1. general remarks)
2. density of composite
3. composite stresses and strains
4. elastic moduli of composite
5. modified rule-of-mixtures equations for
transverse and shear moduli
6. hygrothermal properties
7. strengths
8. sample problems
9. conclusions
10. homework problems

<

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appendix 9.1
appendix 9.2
references

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appendix A

transformation equations

433

appendix B

unit conversion tables

445

appendix C

general references

449

index

VI

451