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ThomasPaine
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ThomasPaine(orPain[1]February9,1737[O.S.
January29,1736][Note1]June8,1809)wasanEnglish
Americanpoliticalactivist,philosopher,politicaltheorist,
andrevolutionary.OneoftheFoundingFathersofthe
UnitedStates,heauthoredthetwomostinfluential
pamphletsatthestartoftheAmericanRevolution,andhe
inspiredtherebelsin1776todeclareindependencefrom
Britain.[2]HisideasreflectedEnlightenmenterarhetoric
oftransnationalhumanrights.[3]Hehasbeencalled"a
corsetmakerbytrade,ajournalistbyprofession,anda
propagandistbyinclination."[4]
BorninThetford,England,inthecountyofNorfolk,
PainemigratedtotheBritishAmericancoloniesin1774
withthehelpofBenjaminFranklin,arrivingjustintime
toparticipateintheAmericanRevolution.Virtually
everyrebelread(orlistenedtoareadingof)hispowerful
pamphletCommonSense(1776),proportionallytheall
timebestselling[5][6]Americantitle,whichcrystallized
therebelliousdemandforindependencefromGreat
Britain.HisTheAmericanCrisis(177683)wasapro
revolutionarypamphletseries.CommonSensewasso
influentialthatJohnAdamssaid,"Withoutthepenofthe
authorofCommonSense,theswordofWashington
wouldhavebeenraisedinvain."[7]
PainelivedinFranceformostofthe1790s,becoming
deeplyinvolvedintheFrenchRevolution.Hewrote
RightsofMan(1791),inpartadefenseoftheFrench
Revolutionagainstitscritics.HisattacksonAngloIrish
conservativewriterEdmundBurkeledtoatrialand
convictioninabsentiain1792forthecrimeofseditious
libel.In1792,despitenotbeingabletospeakFrench,he
waselectedtotheFrenchNationalConvention.The
Girondistsregardedhimasanally.Consequently,the
Montagnards,especiallyRobespierre,regardedhimasan
enemy.

ThomasPaine

PortraitbyAugusteMillire(1880)
Born

ThomasPain
February9,1737
Thetford,Norfolk,England

Died

June8,1809(aged72)
GreenwichVillage,NewYorkCity,
UnitedStates

Religion

Seebelow

Era

AgeofEnlightenment

School

Enlightenment,liberalism,
republicanism

Main
interests

Politics,ethics,religion

Influences
Influenced

Signature

InDecember1793,hewasarrestedandwastakento
LuxembourgPrisoninParis.Whileinprison,he
continuedtoworkonTheAgeofReason(179394).
FuturePresidentJamesMonroeusedhisdiplomaticconnectionstogetPainereleasedinNovember1794.
HebecamenotoriousbecauseofhispamphletsTheAgeofReason,inwhichheadvocateddeism,promoted
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reasonandfreethought,andarguedagainstinstitutionalizedreligioningeneralandChristiandoctrinein
particular.HealsopublishedthepamphletAgrarianJustice(1797),discussingtheoriginsofproperty,and
introducedtheconceptofaguaranteedminimumincome.In1802,hereturnedtotheU.S.wherehediedon
June8,1809.Onlysixpeopleattendedhisfuneralashehadbeenostracizedforhisridiculeof
Christianity.[8]

Contents
1 Earlylifeandeducation
2 AmericanRevolution
2.1 CommonSense(1776)
2.2 TheAmericanCrisis(1776)
2.3 Foreignaffairs
2.3.1 TheSilasDeaneAffair
2.4 FundingtheRevolution
3 RightsofMan
4 TheAgeofReason
4.1 CriticismofGeorgeWashington
5 Lateryears
6 Death
7 Ideas
7.1 Slavery
7.2 AgrarianJustice
8 Religiousviews
9 Legacy
9.1 Lincoln
9.2 Edison
9.3 SouthAmerica
9.4 Memorials
10 Inpopularculture
11 Seealso

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11 Seealso
12 Notes
13 References
13.1 Bibliography
13.2 Fiction
13.3 Primarysources
14 Externallinks

Earlylifeandeducation
PainewasbornonJanuary29,1736(NSFebruary9,1737),[Note1]thesonofJosephPain(orPaine)and
Frances(neCocke),inThetford,Norfolk,England.JosephwasaQuakerandFrancesanAnglican.[9]Born
ThomasPain,despiteclaimsthathechangedhisfamilynameuponhisemigrationtoAmericain1774,[1]he
wasusingPainein1769,whilestillinLewes,Sussex.[10]
HeattendedThetfordGrammarSchool(174449),atatimewhen
therewasnocompulsoryeducation.[11]Attheageof13,hewas
apprenticedtohisstaymakerfather.Paineresearcherscontendhis
father'soccupationhasbeenwidelymisinterpretedtomeanthathe
madethestaysinladies'corsets,whichlikelywasaninsultlater
inventedbyhispoliticalfoes.Actually,thefatherandapprentice
sonmadethethickropestays(alsocalledstayropes)usedonsailing
ships.[12]Thetfordhistoricallyhadmaintainedabrisktradewiththe
downriver,thenmajor,porttownofKing'sLynn.[13]
Aconnectiontoshippingandtheseaexplainswhy,inlate
adolescence,Thomasenlistedandbrieflyservedasa
privateer,[14][15]beforereturningtoBritainin1759.There,he
becameamasterstaymaker,establishingashopinSandwich,
Kent.[16]OnSeptember27,1759,ThomasPainemarriedMary
Lambert.Hisbusinesscollapsedsoonafter.Marybecamepregnant
and,aftertheymovedtoMargate,shewentintoearlylabor,in
whichsheandtheirchilddied.

OldSchoolatThetfordGrammar
School,wherePainewaseducated.

InJuly1761,PainereturnedtoThetfordtoworkasasupernumeraryofficer.InDecember1762,hebecame
anExciseOfficerinGrantham,LincolnshireinAugust1764,hewastransferredtoAlford,alsoin
Lincolnshire,atasalaryof50perannum.OnAugust27,1765,hewasdismissedasanExciseOfficerfor
"claimingtohaveinspectedgoodshedidnotinspect."OnJuly31,1766,herequestedhisreinstatement
fromtheBoardofExcise,whichtheygrantedthenextday,uponvacancy.Whileawaitingthat,heworked
asastaymaker.Again,hewasmakingstayropesforshipping,notstaysforcorsets.[17]
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In1767,hewasappointedtoapositioninGrampound,Cornwall
subsequently,heaskedtoleavethisposttoawaitavacancy,thus,he
becameaschoolteacherinLondon.

ThomasPaine'shouseinLewes

OnFebruary19,1768,hewasappointedtoLewesinSussex,atown
withatraditionofoppositiontothemonarchyandprorepublican
sentimentsgoingbacktotherevolutionarydecadesofthe17th
century.[18]HerehelivedabovethefifteenthcenturyBullHouse,
thetobaccoshopofSamuelOlliveandEstherOllive.

There,Painefirstbecameinvolvedincivicmatters,andheappears
intheTownBookasamemberoftheCourtLeet,thegoverningbodyforthetown.Hewasalsoamember
oftheparishvestry,aninfluentiallocalchurchgroupwhoseresponsibilitiesforparishbusinesswould
includecollectingtaxesandtithestodistributeamongthepoor.OnMarch26,1771,attheageof34,he
marriedElizabethOllive,hislandlord'sdaughter.
From1772to1773,PainejoinedexciseofficersaskingParliament
forbetterpayandworkingconditions,publishing,insummerof
1772,TheCaseoftheOfficersofExcise,atwentyonepagearticle,
andhisfirstpoliticalwork,spendingtheLondonwinterdistributing
the4,000copiesprintedtotheParliamentandothers.Inspringof
1774,hewasagaindismissedfromtheexciseserviceforbeing
absentfromhispostwithoutpermissionhistobaccoshopfailed,
too.OnApril14,toavoiddebtors'prison,hesoldhishousehold
possessionstopaydebts.OnJune4,1774,heformallyseparated
PlaqueattheWhiteHartHotel,
fromhiswifeElizabethandmovedtoLondon,where,inSeptember,
Lewes,EastSussex,southeast
mathematician,FellowoftheRoyalSociety,andCommissionerof
England
theExciseGeorgeLewisScottintroducedhimtoBenjamin
Franklin,[19]whosuggestedemigrationtoBritishcolonialAmerica,
andgavehimaletterofrecommendation.InOctober,ThomasPaineemigratedfromGreatBritaintothe
Americancolonies,arrivinginPhiladelphiaonNovember30,1774.
Hebarelysurvivedthetransatlanticvoyage.Theship'swatersupplieswerebad,andtyphoidfeverkilled
fivepassengers.OnarrivingatPhiladelphia,hewastoosicktodisembark.BenjaminFranklin'sphysician,
theretowelcomePainetoAmerica,hadhimcarriedoffshipPainetooksixweekstorecover.Hebecamea
citizenofPennsylvania"bytakingtheoathofallegianceataveryearlyperiod."[20]InJanuary1775,he
becameeditorofthePennsylvaniaMagazine,apositionheconductedwithconsiderableability.

AmericanRevolution
CommonSense(1776)
ThomasPainehasaclaimtothetitleTheFatheroftheAmericanRevolution,[21][22]whichrestsonhis
pamphlets,especiallyCommonSense,whichcrystallizedsentimentforindependencein1776.Itwas
publishedinPhiladelphiaonJanuary10,1776andsignedanonymously"byanEnglishman."Itbecamean
immediatesuccess,quicklyspreading100,000copiesinthreemonthstothetwomillionresidentsofthe13
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colonies.Inallabout500,000copiestotalincludingunauthorizededitionsweresoldduringthecourseof
theAmericanRevolution.[5][23]Paine'soriginaltitleforthepamphletwasPlainTruthPaine'sfriend,pro
independenceadvocateBenjaminRush,suggestedCommonSenseinstead.
ThepamphletcameintocirculationinJanuary1776,aftertheRevolutionhadstarted.Itwaspassedaround,
andoftenreadaloudintaverns,contributingsignificantlytospreadingtheideaofrepublicanism,bolstering
enthusiasmforseparationfromBritain,andencouragingrecruitmentfortheContinentalArmy.Paine
providedanewandconvincingargumentforindependenceby
advocatingacompletebreakwithhistory.CommonSenseis
orientedtothefutureinawaythatcompelsthereadertomakean
immediatechoice.ItoffersasolutionforAmericansdisgustedwith
andalarmedatthethreatoftyranny.[24]
Paine'sattackonmonarchyinCommonSenseisessentiallyan
attackonGeorgeIII.Whereascolonialresentmentswereoriginally
directedprimarilyagainsttheking'sministersandParliament,Paine
laidtheresponsibilityfirmlyattheking'sdoor.CommonSensewas
themostwidelyreadpamphletoftheAmericanRevolution.Itwasa
clarioncallforunityagainstthecorruptBritishcourt,soasto
realizeAmerica'sprovidentialroleinprovidinganasylumfor
liberty.Writteninadirectandlivelystyle,itdenouncedthe
decayingdespotismsofEuropeandpilloriedhereditarymonarchyas
anabsurdity.Atatimewhenmanystillhopedforreconciliation
withBritain,CommonSensedemonstratedtomanytheinevitability
ofseparation.[25]
Painewasnot,onthewhole,expressingoriginalideasinCommon
CommonSense,publishedin1776
Sense,butratheremployingrhetoricasameanstoarouse
resentmentoftheCrown.Toachievetheseends,hepioneereda
styleofpoliticalwritingsuitedtothedemocraticsocietyheenvisioned,withCommonSenseservingasa
primaryexample.PartofPaine'sworkwastorendercomplexideasintelligibletoaveragereadersofthe
day,withclear,concisewritingunliketheformal,learnedstylefavoredbymanyofPaine's
contemporaries.[26]Scholarshaveputforwardvariousexplanationstoaccountforitssuccess,includingthe
historicmoment,Paine'seasytounderstandstyle,hisdemocraticethos,andhisuseofpsychologyand
ideology.[27]
CommonSensewasimmenselypopularindisseminatingtoaverywideaudienceideasthatwerealreadyin
commonuseamongtheelitewhocomprisedCongressandtheleadershipcadreoftheemergingnation,
whorarelycitedPaine'sargumentsintheirpubliccallsforindependence.[28]Thepamphletprobablyhad
littledirectinfluenceontheContinentalCongress'decisiontoissueaDeclarationofIndependence,since
thatbodywasmoreconcernedwithhowdeclaringindependencewouldaffectthewareffort.[29]Paine's
greatcontributionwasininitiatingapublicdebateaboutindependencewhichhadpreviouslybeenrather
muted.
OnedistinctiveideainCommonSenseisPaine'sbeliefsregardingthepeacefulnatureofrepublicshis
viewswereanearlyandstrongconceptionofwhatscholarswouldcometocallthedemocraticpeace
theory.[30]
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LoyalistsvigorouslyattackedCommonSenseoneattack,titledPlainTruth(1776),byMarylanderJames
Chalmers,saidPainewasapoliticalquack[31]andwarnedthatwithoutmonarchy,thegovernmentwould
"degenerateintodemocracy."[32]EvensomeAmericanrevolutionariesobjectedtoCommonSenselatein
lifeJohnAdamscalledita"crapulousmass."Adamsdisagreedwiththetypeofradicaldemocracy
promotedbyPaine(thatmenwhodidnotownpropertyshouldstillbeallowedtovoteandholdpublic
office),andpublishedThoughtsonGovernmentin1776toadvocateamoreconservativeapproachto
republicanism.
SophiaRosenfeldarguesthatPainewashighlyinnovativeinhisuseofthecommonplacenotionof
"commonsense."Hesynthesizedvariousphilosophicalandpoliticalusesoftheterminawaythat
permanentlyimpactedAmericanpoliticalthought.HeusedtwoideasfromScottishCommonSense
Realism:thatordinarypeoplecanindeedmakesoundjudgmentsonmajorpoliticalissues,andthatthere
existsabodyofpopularwisdomthatisreadilyapparenttoanyone.Painealsousedanotionof"common
sense"favoredbyphilosophesintheContinentalEnlightenment.Theyheldthatcommonsensecouldrefute
theclaimsoftraditionalinstitutions.Thus,Paineused"commonsense"asaweapontodelegitimizethe
monarchyandoverturnprevailingconventionalwisdom.Rosenfeldconcludesthatthephenomenalappeal
ofhispamphletresultedfromhissynthesisofpopularandeliteelementsintheindependencemovement.[33]
AccordingtohistorianRobertMiddlekauff,CommonSensebecameimmenselypopularmainlybecause
Paineappealedtowidespreadconvictions.Monarchy,hesaid,waspreposterous,andithadaheathenish
origin.Itwasaninstitutionofthedevil.PainepointedtotheOldTestament,wherealmostallkingshad
seducedtheIsraelitestoworshipidolsinsteadofGod.Painealsodenouncedaristocracy,whichtogether
withmonarchywere"twoancienttyrannies."Theyviolatedthelawsofnature,humanreason,andthe
"universalorderofthings,"whichbeganwithGod.Thatwas,Middlekauffsays,exactlywhatmost
Americanswantedtohear.HecallstheRevolutionarygeneration"thechildrenofthetwiceborn,"[34]
becauseintheirchildhoodtheyhadexperiencedtheGreatAwakening,which,forthefirsttime,hadtied
Americanstogether,transcendingdenominationalandethnicboundariesandgivingthemasenseof
patriotism.[35][36]

TheAmericanCrisis(1776)
Inlate1776,PainepublishedTheAmericanCrisispamphletseriestoinspiretheAmericansintheirbattles
againsttheBritisharmy.HejuxtaposedtheconflictbetweenthegoodAmericandevotedtocivicvirtueand
theselfishprovincialman.[37]Toinspirehissoldiers,GeneralGeorgeWashingtonhadTheAmerican
Crisis,firstCrisispamphlet,readaloudtothem.[38]Itbegins:
Thesearethetimesthattrymen'ssouls:Thesummersoldierandthesunshinepatriotwill,in
thiscrisis,shrinkfromtheserviceoftheircountrybuthethatstandsitnow,deservesthelove
andthanksofmanandwoman.Tyranny,likeHell,isnoteasilyconqueredyetwehavethis
consolationwithus,thatthehardertheconflict,themoregloriousthetriumph.Whatweobtain
toocheap,weesteemtoolightly:itisdearnessonlythatgiveseverythingitsvalue.Heaven
knowshowtoputaproperpriceuponitsgoodsanditwouldbestrangeindeedifsocelestial
anarticleasfreedomshouldnotbehighlyrated.

Foreignaffairs
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In1777,PainebecamesecretaryoftheCongressionalCommitteeonForeignAffairs.Thefollowingyear,
healludedtosecretnegotiationunderwaywithFranceinhispamphlets.Hisenemiesdenouncedhis
indiscretions.TherewasscandaltogetherwithPaine'sconflictwithRobertMorrisandSilasDeaneitledto
Paine'sexpulsionfromtheCommitteein1779.[39]
However,in1781,heaccompaniedJohnLaurensonhismissiontoFrance.Eventually,aftermuchpleading
fromPaine,NewYorkStaterecognizedhispoliticalservicesbypresentinghimwithanestate,atNew
Rochelle,NewYork,andPainereceivedmoneyfromPennsylvaniaandfromCongressatWashington's
suggestion.DuringtheRevolutionaryWar,Paineservedasanaidetotheimportantgeneral,Nathanael
Greene.
TheSilasDeaneAffair
Inwhatmayhavebeenanerror,andperhapsevencontributedtohisresignationasthesecretarytothe
CommitteeofForeignAffairs,PainewasopenlycriticalofSilasDeane,anAmericandiplomatwhohad
beenappointedinMarch1776bytheCongresstotraveltoFranceinsecret.Deane'sgoalwastoinfluence
theFrenchgovernmenttofinancethecolonistsintheirfightforindependence.PainelargelysawDeaneas
awarprofiteerwhohadlittlerespectforprinciple,havingbeenundertheemployofRobertMorris,oneof
theprimaryfinanciersoftheAmericanRevolution,andworkingwithPierreBeaumarchais,aFrenchroyal
agentsenttothecoloniesbyKingLouistoinvestigatetheAngloAmericanconflict.PainelabelledDeane
asunpatriotic,anddemandedthattherebeapublicinvestigationintoMorris'financingoftheRevolution,
ashehadcontractedwithhisowncompanyforaround$500,000.
Unfortunately,Paine'scriticismsturnedagainsthim.Amongsthiscriticisms,hehadwritteninthe
PennsylvaniaPacketthatFrancehad"prefaced[their]alliancebyanearlyandgenerousfriendship,"
referringtoaidthathadbeenprovidedtoAmericancoloniespriortotherecognitionoftheFranco
Americantreaties.ThiswaseffectivelyanembarrassmenttoFrance,whichpotentiallycouldhave
jeopardisedthealliance.JohnJay,thePresidentoftheCongresswhohadbeenaferventsupporterof
Deane,immediatelyspokeoutagainstPaine'scomments.Thecontroversyeventuallybecamepublic,and
PainewasthendenouncedasunpatrioticforcriticisinganAmericanrevolutionary.Hewasevenphysically
assaultedtwiceinthestreetbyDeanesupporters.ThismuchaddedstresstookalargetollonPaine,who
wasgenerallyofasensitivecharacter,andresignedassecretarytotheCommitteeofForeignAffairsin
1779.[40]

FundingtheRevolution
PaineaccompaniedCol.JohnLaurenstoFranceandiscreditedwithinitiatingthemission.[41]Itlandedin
FranceinMarch1781andreturnedtoAmericainAugustwith2.5millionlivresinsilver,aspartofa
"present"of6millionandaloanof10million.ThemeetingswiththeFrenchkingweremostlikely
conductedinthecompanyandundertheinfluenceofBenjaminFranklin.UponreturningtotheUnited
Stateswiththishighlywelcomedcargo,ThomasPaineandprobablyCol.Laurens,"positivelyobjected"
thatGeneralWashingtonshouldproposethatCongressremuneratehimforhisservices,forfearofsetting
"abadprecedentandanimpropermode."PainemadeinfluentialacquaintancesinParis,andhelped
organizetheBankofNorthAmericatoraisemoneytosupplythearmy.[42]In1785,hewasgiven$3,000by
theU.S.Congressinrecognitionofhisservicetothenation.[43]

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HenryLaurens(fatherofCol.JohnLaurens)hadbeentheambassadortotheNetherlands,buthewas
capturedbytheBritishonhisreturntripthere.WhenhewaslaterexchangedfortheprisonerLord
Cornwallis(inlate1781),PaineproceededtotheNetherlandstocontinuetheloannegotiations.There
remainssomequestionastotherelationshipofHenryLaurensandThomasPainetoRobertMorrisasthe
SuperintendentofFinanceandhisbusinessassociateThomasWillingwhobecamethefirstpresidentofthe
BankofNorthAmerica(inJanuary1782).TheyhadaccusedMorrisofprofiteeringin1779andWilling
hadvotedagainsttheDeclarationofIndependence.AlthoughMorrisdidmuchtorestorehisreputationin
1780and1781,thecreditforobtainingthesecriticalloansto"organize"theBankofNorthAmericafor
approvalbyCongressinDecember1781shouldgotoHenryorJohnLaurensandThomasPainemorethan
toRobertMorris.[44]
Paineboughthisonlyhousein1783onthecornerofFarnsworth
AvenueandChurchStreetsinBordentownCity,NewJersey,andhe
livedinitperiodicallyuntilhisdeathin1809.Thisistheonlyplace
intheworldwherePainepurchasedrealestate.
In1787abridgeafterPaine'sdesignwasbuilttheSchuylkillRiver
BridgeatPhiladelphia.Atthistimehisworkonsinglearchiron
bridgesledhimbacktoEurope.

RightsofMan
BackinLondonby1787,Painebecameengrossedintheongoing
FrenchRevolutionthatbeganin1789.HevisitedFrancein1790.
Meanwhile,conservativeintellectualEdmundBurkelauncheda
counterrevolutionaryblastagainsttheFrenchRevolution,entitled
ReflectionsontheRevolutioninFrance(1790)itstronglyappealed
tothelandedclassandsold30,000copies.Painesetouttorefuteit
InFashionbeforeEaseor,A
inhisRightsofMan(1791).Hewroteitnotasaquickpamphletbut
goodConstitutionsacrificedfora
asalong,abstractpoliticaltractof90,000wordsthattoreapart
FantastickForm(1793),James
monarchiesandtraditionalsocialinstitutions.OnJanuary31,he
GillraycaricaturedPainetightening
gavethemanuscripttopublisherJosephJohnson.Avisitby
thecorsetofBritanniaprotruding
governmentagentsdissuadedJohnson,soPainegavethebookto
fromhiscoatpocketisameasuring
publisherJ.S.Jordan,thenwenttoParis,perWilliamBlake's
tapeinscribed"RightsofMan"
advice.Hechargedthreegoodfriends,WilliamGodwin,Thomas
BrandHollis,andThomasHolcroft,withhandlingpublication
details.ThebookappearedonMarch13andsoldnearlyamillioncopies.Itwas,"eagerlyreadby
reformers,Protestantdissenters,democrats,Londoncraftsman,andtheskilledfactoryhandsofthenew
industrialnorth."[45]
Undeterredbythegovernmentcampaigntodiscredithim,PaineissuedhisRightsofMan,ParttheSecond,
CombiningPrincipleandPracticeinFebruary1792.Itdetailedarepresentativegovernmentwith
enumeratedsocialprogramstoremedythenumbingpovertyofcommonersthroughprogressivetax
measures.Radicallyreducedinpricetoensureunprecedentedcirculation,itwassensationalinitsimpact
andgavebirthtoreformsocieties.Anindictmentforseditiouslibelfollowed,forbothpublisherandauthor,
whilegovernmentagentsfollowedPaineandinstigatedmobs,hatemeetings,andburningsineffigy.A
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fiercepamphletwaralsoresulted,inwhichPainewasdefendedandassailedindozensofworks.[46]The
authoritiesaimed,withultimatesuccess,tochasePaineoutofGreatBritain.Hewasthentriedinabsentia
andfoundguiltythoughneverexecuted.
Insummerof1792,heansweredtheseditionandlibelchargesthus:
"If,toexposethefraudandimpositionofmonarchy...topromote
universalpeace,civilization,andcommerce,andtobreakthechains
ofpoliticalsuperstition,andraisedegradedmantohisproperrank
ifthesethingsbelibellous...letthenameoflibellerbeengravedon
mytomb."[47]
PainewasanenthusiasticsupporteroftheFrenchRevolution,and
wasgranted,alongwithAlexanderHamilton,GeorgeWashington,
BenjaminFranklinandothers,honoraryFrenchcitizenship.Despite
TheFriendsofthePeoplecaricatured
hisinabilitytospeakFrench,hewaselectedtotheNational
byIsaacCruikshank,November15,
1792,JosephPriestleyandThomas
Convention,representingthedistrictofPasdeCalais.[48]Hevoted
Painearesurroundedbyincendiary
fortheFrenchRepublicbutarguedagainsttheexecutionofLouis
items(ChemicalHeritageFoundation
XVI,sayingthatheshouldinsteadbeexiledtotheUnitedStates:
Museum)
firstly,becauseofthewayroyalistFrancehadcometotheaidofthe
AmericanRevolutionandsecondlybecauseofamoralobjectionto
capitalpunishmentingeneralandtorevengekillingsinparticular.HeparticipatedintheConstitution
Committee[49]thatdraftedtheGirondinconstitutionalproject.[50]
RegardedasanallyoftheGirondins,hewasseenwithincreasingdisfavorbytheMontagnardswhowere
nowinpower,andinparticularbyRobespierre.Adecreewaspassedattheendof1793excluding
foreignersfromtheirplacesintheConvention(AnacharsisClootswasalsodeprivedofhisplace).Paine
wasarrestedandimprisonedinDecember1793.
ThomasPainewrotethesecondpartofRightsofManonadeskinThomas'Clio'Rickman'shouse,with
whomhewasstayingin1792beforehefledtoFrance.ThisdeskiscurrentlyondisplayinthePeople's
HistoryMuseuminManchester.[51]

TheAgeofReason
ArrestedinFrance,PaineprotestedandclaimedthathewasacitizenoftheU.S.,whichwasanallyof
RevolutionaryFrance,ratherthanofGreatBritain,whichwasbythattimeatwarwithFrance.However,
GouverneurMorris,theAmericanministertoFrance,didnotpresshisclaim,andPainelaterwrotethat
Morrishadconnivedathisimprisonment.Painenarrowlyescapedexecution.Achalkmark,supposedtobe
leftbythegaolertodenotethattheprisonerinthiscellwastobecollectedforexecution,wasleftonthe
insideofhisdoor,ratherthantheoutside,asthedoorhappenedtobeopenasthegaolermadehisrounds,
becausePainewasreceivingofficialvisitors.Butforthisquirkoffate,hewouldhavediedthefollowing
morning.HekepthisheadandsurvivedthefewvitaldaysneededtobesparedbythefallofRobespierreon
9Thermidor(July27,1794).[52]
PainewasreleasedinNovember1794largelybecauseoftheworkofthenewAmericanMinistertoFrance,
JamesMonroe,[53]whosuccessfullyarguedthecaseforPaine'sAmericancitizenship.[54]InJuly1795,he
wasreadmittedintotheConvention,aswereothersurvivingGirondins.Painewasoneofonlythree
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dputstoopposetheadoptionofthenew1795constitution,becauseiteliminateduniversalsuffrage,
whichhadbeenproclaimedbytheMontagnardConstitutionof1793.[55]
In1796abridgehedesignedwaserectedoverthemouthoftheWearRiveratSunderland,TyneandWear,
England.[56]Thisbridge,theSunderlandarch,wasafterthesamedesignashisSchuylkillRiverBridgein
Philadelphiaanditbecametheprototypeformanysubsequentvoussoirarchesmadeinironandsteel.[57][58]
InadditiontoreceivingaBritishpatentforthesinglespanironbridge,Painewoulddevelopasmokeless
candle,[59]andwouldworkwithinventorJohnFitchindevelopingsteamengines.
In1797,TomPainelivedinPariswithNicholasBonnevilleandhiswife.Paine,aswellasBonneville's
othercontroversialguests,arousedthesuspicionsofauthorities.BonnevillehidtheRoyalistAntoineJoseph
BarruelBeauvertathishome.Beauverthadbeenoutlawedfollowingthecoupof18Fructidoron
September4,1797.PainebelievedthatAmerica,underPresident
JohnAdams,hadbetrayedrevolutionaryFrance.[60]Bonnevillewas
thenbrieflyjailedandhispresseswereconfiscated,whichmeant
financialruin.
In1800,stillunderpolicesurveillance,Bonnevilletookrefugewith
hisfatherinEvreux.Painestayedonwithhim,helpingBonneville
withtheburdenoftranslatingthe"CovenantSea."Thesameyear,
PainepurportedlyhadameetingwithNapoleon.Napoleonclaimed
hesleptwithacopyofRightsofManunderhispillowandwentso
farastosaytoPainethat"astatueofgoldshouldbeerectedtoyou
ineverycityintheuniverse."[61]PainediscussedwithNapoleon
howbesttoinvadeEnglandandinDecember1797wrotetwo
essays,oneofwhichwaspointedlynamedObservationsonthe
ConstructionandOperationofNavieswithaPlanforanInvasion
ofEnglandandtheFinalOverthrowoftheEnglishGovernment,[62]
inwhichhepromotedtheideatofinance1,000gunboatstocarrya
FrenchinvadingarmyacrosstheEnglishChannel.In1804Paine
returnedtothesubject,writingTothePeopleofEnglandonthe
InvasionofEnglandadvocatingtheidea.[60]

TitlepagefromthefirstEnglish
editionofPartI

OnnotingNapoleon'sprogresstowardsdictatorship,hecondemned
himas:"thecompletestcharlatanthateverexisted."[63]Paine
remainedinFranceuntil1802,returningtotheUnitedStatesonlyatPresidentJefferson'sinvitation.

CriticismofGeorgeWashington
PainebelievedthatU.S.PresidentGeorgeWashingtonhadconspiredwithRobespierretoimprisonhim.He
hadfeltlargelybetrayedthatWashington,whohadbeenalifelongfriend,didnothingwhilePainesuffered
inprison.WhilestayingwithMonroe,heplannedtosendWashingtonaletterofgrievanceontheformer
President'sbirthday.Monroestoppedtheletterfrombeingsentjustintime,and,afterPaine'scriticismof
theJayTreaty,MonroesuggestedthatPaineresidesomewhereelse.[64]

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Stillembitteredbytheperceivedbetrayal,PainetriedtoruinWashington'sreputationbycallinghima
treacherousmanunworthyofhisfameasamilitaryandpoliticalhero.Hesentastingingletterto
Washington,inwhichhedescribedhimasanincompetentcommanderandavainandungratefulperson.
Paineneverreceivedareply,sohecontactedhislifelongpublisher,theantiFederalistBenjaminBacheto
publishthisLettertoGeorgeWashingtonin1796.Inthisscathingpublication,Painewrote:"theworldwill
bepuzzledtodecidewhetheryouareanapostateoranimpostorwhetheryouhaveabandonedgood
principlesorwhetheryoueverhadany."[65]HefurtherwrotethatwithouttheaidofFrance,Washington
couldnothavesucceededintheRevolutionandhad"butlittleshareinthegloryofthefinalevent."Healso
commentedonWashington'spoorcharacter,sayingthatWashingtonhadnosympatheticfeelingsandwasa
hypocrite.[66]

Lateryears
In1802or1803,PaineleftFrancefortheUnitedStates,paying
passagealsoforBonneville'swife,MargueriteBrazierandtheir
threesons,sevenyearoldBenjamin,Louis,andThomas,towhom
Painewasgodfather.PainereturnedtotheUnitedStatesintheearly
stagesoftheSecondGreatAwakeningandatimeofgreatpolitical
partisanship.TheAgeofReasongaveampleexcuseforthe
religiouslydevouttodislikehim,andtheFederalistsattackedhim
forhisideasofgovernmentstatedinCommonSense,forhis
associationwiththeFrenchRevolution,andforhisfriendshipwith
PresidentJefferson.Alsostillfreshinthemindsofthepublicwas
hisLettertoWashington,publishedsixyearsbeforehisreturn.This
wascompoundedwhenhisrighttovotewasdeniedinNew
RochelleonthegroundsthatGouverneurMorrisdidnotrecognize
himasanAmerican,andWashingtonhadnotaidedhim.[67]

OilpaintingbyLaurentDabos,circa
1791

BraziertookcareofPaineattheendofhislifeandburiedhimafter
hisdeathonJune8,1809.Inhiswill,PaineleftthebulkofhisestatetoMarguerite,including100acres
(40.5ha)ofhisfarmsoshecouldmaintainandeducateBenjaminandhisbrotherThomas.In1814,thefall
ofNapoleonfinallyallowedBonnevilletorejoinhiswifeintheUnitedStateswhereheremainedforfour
yearsbeforereturningtoParistoopenabookshop.

Death
Painediedattheageof72,at59GroveStreetinGreenwichVillage,NewYorkCity,onthemorningof
June8,1809.Althoughtheoriginalbuildingisnolongerthere,thepresentbuildinghasaplaquenotingthat
Painediedatthislocation.
Afterhisdeath,Paine'sbodywasbroughttoNewRochelle,buttheQuakerswouldnotallowittobeburied
intheirgraveyardasperhislastwill,sohisremainswereburiedunderawalnuttreeonhisfarm.In1819,
theEnglishagrarianradicaljournalistWilliamCobbett,whoin1793hadpublishedahostile
continuation[68]ofFrancisOldys(GeorgeChalmer)'sTheLifeofThomasPaine,[69]duguphisbonesand
transportedthembacktoEnglandwiththeintentiontogivePaineaheroicreburialonhisnativesoil,but
thisnevercametopass.TheboneswerestillamongCobbett'seffectswhenhediedovertwentyyearslater,
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butwerelaterlost.Thereisnoconfirmedstoryaboutwhathappenedtothemafterthat,althoughvarious
peoplehaveclaimedthroughouttheyearstoownpartsofPaine'sremains,suchashisskullandright
hand.[70][71][72]
Atthetimeofhisdeath,mostAmericannewspapersreprintedtheobituarynoticefromtheNewYork
EveningPostthatwasinturnquotingfromTheAmericanCitizen,[73]whichreadinpart:"Hehadlived
long,didsomegood,andmuchharm."Onlysixmournerscametohisfuneral,twoofwhomwereblack,
mostlikelyfreedmen.ThewriterandoratorRobertG.Ingersollwrote:
ThomasPainehadpassedthelegendarylimitoflife.Onebyonemostofhisoldfriendsand
acquaintanceshaddesertedhim.Malignedoneveryside,execrated,shunnedandabhorred
hisvirtuesdenouncedasviceshisservicesforgottenhischaracterblackened,hepreserved
thepoiseandbalanceofhissoul.Hewasavictimofthepeople,buthisconvictionsremained
unshaken.Hewasstillasoldierinthearmyoffreedom,andstilltriedtoenlightenandcivilize
thosewhowereimpatientlywaitingforhisdeath.Eventhosewholovedtheirenemieshated
him,theirfriendthefriendofthewholeworldwithalltheirhearts.Onthe8thofJune
1809,deathcameDeath,almosthisonlyfriend.Athisfuneralnopomp,nopageantry,no
civicprocession,nomilitarydisplay.Inacarriage,awomanandhersonwhohadlivedonthe
bountyofthedeadonhorseback,aQuaker,thehumanityofwhoseheartdominatedthecreed
ofhisheadand,followingonfoot,twonegroesfilledwithgratitudeconstitutedthefuneral
cortegeofThomasPaine.[74]

Ideas
BiographerEricFoneridentifiesautopianthreadinPaine'sthought,writingthat"Throughthisnew
languagehecommunicatedanewvisionautopianimageofanegalitarian,republicansociety."[75]Paine's
utopianismcombinedcivicrepublicanism,beliefintheinevitabilityofscientificandsocialprogressand
commitmenttofreemarketsandlibertygenerally.ThemultiplesourcesofPaine'spoliticaltheoryall
pointedtoasocietybasedonthecommongoodandindividualism.Paineexpressedaredemptivefuturism
orpoliticalmessianism.[76]Paine,writingthathisgeneration"wouldappeartothefutureastheAdamofa
newworld,"exemplifiedBritishutopianism.[77]
ThomasPaine'snaturaljusticebeliefsmayhavebeeninfluencedbyhisQuakerfather.[78]
Later,hisencounterswiththeIndigenouspeoplesoftheAmericasmadeadeepimpression.Theabilityof
theIroquoistoliveinharmonywithnaturewhileachievingademocraticdecisionmakingprocesshelped
himrefinehisthinkingonhowtoorganizesociety.[79]

Slavery
Paineissometimescreditedwithwriting"AfricanSlaveryinAmerica,"thefirstarticleproposingthe
emancipationofAfricanslavesandtheabolitionofslavery.ItwaspublishedonMarch8,1775,inthe
PostscripttothePennsylvaniaJournalandWeeklyAdvertiser(akaThePennsylvaniaMagazineand
AmericanMuseum).[80]CitingalackofevidencethatPainewastheauthorofthisanonymouslypublished
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essay,somescholars(EricFonerandAlfredOwenAldridge)nolongerconsiderthisoneofhisworks.By
contrast,JohnNicholsspeculatesthathis"ferventobjectionstoslavery"ledtohisexclusionfrompower
duringtheearlyyearsoftheRepublic.[81]

AgrarianJustice
Hislastpamphlet,AgrarianJustice,opposedtoAgrarianLaw,and
toAgrarianMonopoly,publishedinthewinterof1795,further
developedhisideasintheRightsofMan,abouthowlandownership
separatedthemajorityofpeoplefromtheirrightful,natural
inheritanceandmeansofindependentsurvival.TheUSSocial
SecurityAdministrationrecognizesAgrarianJusticeasthefirst
Americanproposalforanoldagepensionandbasicincomeor
citizen'sdividendperAgrarianJustice:
Inadvocatingthecaseofthepersonsthusdispossessed,
itisaright,andnotacharity...[Governmentmust]
createanationalfund,outofwhichthereshallbepaid
toeveryperson,whenarrivedattheageoftwentyone
years,thesumoffifteenpoundssterling,asa
compensationinpart,forthelossofhisorhernatural
inheritance,bytheintroductionofthesystemoflanded
property.Andalso,thesumoftenpoundsperannum,
duringlife,toeverypersonnowliving,oftheageof
fiftyyears,andtoallothersastheyshallarriveatthat
age.

PortraitofThomasPainebyMatthew
Pratt,17851795

Notethat10and15wouldbeworthabout800and1,200($1,200and$2,000)whenadjustedfor
inflation(2011BritishPoundsSterling).[82]
LambarguesthatPaine'sanalysisofpropertyrightsmarksadistinctcontributiontopoliticaltheory.His
theoryofpropertydefendsalibertarianconcernwithprivateownershipthatshowsanegalitarian
commitment.Paine'snewjustificationofpropertysetshimapartfromprevioustheoristssuchasHugo
Grotius,SamuelvonPufendorf,andJohnLocke.ItdemonstratesPaine'scommitmenttofoundational
liberalvaluesofindividualfreedomandmoralequality.[83]

Religiousviews
BeforehisarrestandimprisonmentinFrance,knowingthathewouldprobablybearrestedandexecuted,
Paine,followinginthetraditionofearlyeighteenthcenturyBritishdeism,wrotethefirstpartofTheAgeof
Reason,anassaultonorganized"revealed"religioncombiningacompilationofthemanyinconsistencies
hefoundintheBible.
Abouthisownreligiousbeliefs,PainewroteinTheAgeofReason:

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IbelieveinoneGod,andnomoreandIhopeforhappinessbeyondthislife.

IdonotbelieveinthecreedprofessedbytheJewishchurch,bytheRomanchurch,bythe
Greekchurch,bytheTurkishchurch,bytheProtestantchurch,norbyanychurchthatIknow
of.Myownmindismyownchurch.
Allnationalinstitutionsofchurches,whetherJewish,ChristianorTurkish,appeartomeno
otherthanhumaninventions,setuptoterrifyandenslavemankind,andmonopolizepowerand
profit.[84]
ThoughthereisnoevidencehehimselfwasaFreemason,[85]uponhisreturntoAmericafromFrance,
Painealsopenned"AnEssayontheOriginofFreeMasonry"(18031805),aboutFreemasonrybeing
derivedfromthereligionoftheancientDruids.[86]Intheessay,hestatedthat"TheChristianreligionisa
parodyontheworshipofthesun,inwhichtheyputamancalledChristintheplaceofthesun,andpayhim
theadorationoriginallypaidtothesun."MargueritedeBonnevillepublishedtheessayin1810,after
Paine'sdeath,butshechosetoomitcertainpassagesfromitthatwerecriticalofChristianity,mostofwhich
wererestoredinan1818printing.[87]
WhilePaineneverdescribedhimselfasadeist,[87]hedidwritethefollowing:
TheopinionsIhaveadvanced...aretheeffectofthemostclearandlongestablished
convictionthattheBibleandtheTestamentareimpositionsupontheworld,thatthefallof
man,theaccountofJesusChristbeingtheSonofGod,andofhisdyingtoappeasethewrathof
God,andofsalvation,bythatstrangemeans,areallfabulousinventions,dishonorabletothe
wisdomandpoweroftheAlmightythattheonlytruereligionisDeism,bywhichIthen
meant,andmeannow,thebeliefofoneGod,andanimitationofhismoralcharacter,orthe
practiceofwhatarecalledmoralvirtuesandthatitwasuponthisonly(sofarasreligionis
concerned)thatIrestedallmyhopesofhappinesshereafter.SosayInowandsohelpme
God.[44]

Legacy
Paine'swritinggreatlyinfluencedhiscontemporariesand,especially,theAmericanrevolutionaries.His
booksprovokedanupsurgeinDeisminAmerica,butinthelongterminspiredphilosophicandworking
classradicalsintheUKandUS.Liberals,libertarians,feminists,democraticsocialists,socialdemocrats,
anarchists,freethinkers,andprogressivesoftenclaimhimasanintellectualancestor.Paine'scritiqueof
institutionalizedreligionandadvocacyofrationalthinkinginfluencedmanyBritishfreethinkersofthe
nineteenthandtwentiethcenturies,suchasWilliamCobbett,GeorgeHolyoake,CharlesBradlaugh,
ChristopherHitchensandBertrandRussell.
Thequote"Lead,follow,orgetoutoftheway"iswidelybutincorrectlyattributedtoPaine.Thiscanbe
foundnowhereinhispublishedworks.
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In2002,Painewasvotednumber34of"100GreatestBritons"inapublicpoll
conductedbytheBBC.

Lincoln
WhenAbrahamLincolnwas26yearsoldin1835,hewroteadefenseofPaine's
deismapoliticalassociate,SamuelHill,burnedittosaveLincoln'spolitical
career.[88]HistorianRoyBasler,theeditorofLincoln'spapers,saidPainehada
stronginfluenceonLincoln'sstyle:
Nootherwriteroftheeighteenthcentury,withtheexceptionofJefferson,
parallelsmorecloselythetemperorgistofLincoln'slaterthought.In
style,Paineaboveallothersaffordsthevarietyofeloquencewhich,
chastenedandadaptedtoLincoln'sownmood,isrevealedinLincoln's
formalwritings.[89]

In1969,aProminent
Americansseriesstamp
honoringPainewas
issued.

Edison
TheinventorThomasEdisonsaid:
IhavealwaysregardedPaineasoneofthegreatestofallAmericans.Neverhavewehada
sounderintelligenceinthisrepublic...ItwasmygoodfortunetoencounterThomasPaine's
worksinmyboyhood...itwas,indeed,arevelationtometoreadthatgreatthinker'sviewson
politicalandtheologicalsubjects.Paineeducatedme,then,aboutmanymattersofwhichIhad
neverbeforethought.Iremember,veryvividly,theflashofenlightenmentthatshonefrom
Paine'swritings,andIrecallthinking,atthattime,'Whatapitytheseworksarenottodaythe
schoolbooksforallchildren!'MyinterestinPainewasnotsatisfiedbymyfirstreadingofhis
works.Iwentbacktothemtimeandagain,justasIhavedonesincemyboyhooddays.[90]

SouthAmerica
In1811,VenezuelantranslatorManuelGarciadeSenapublishedabookinPhiladelphiawhichconsisted
mostlyofSpanishtranslationsofseveralofPaine'smostimportantworks.[91]Thebookalsoincluded
translationsoftheDeclarationofIndependence,theArticlesofConfederation,theU.S.Constitution,and
theconstitutionsoffiveU.S.states.[91]ItsubsequentlycirculatedwidelyinSouthAmerica,andthroughit,
UruguayannationalheroJosGervasioArtigasbecamefamiliarwithandembracedPaine'sideas.[91]In
turn,manyofArtigas'swritingsdrewdirectlyfromPaine's,includingtheInstructionsof1813,which
Uruguayansconsidertobeoneoftheircountry'smostimportantconstitutionaldocumentsitwasoneofthe
earliestwritingstoarticulateaprincipledbasisforanidentityindependentofBuenosAires.[91]

Memorials
ThefirstandlongeststandingmemorialtoThomasPaineisthecarvedandinscribed12footmarble
columninNewRochelle,NewYorkorganizedandfundedbypublisher,educatorandreformerGilbert
Vale(17911866)andraisedin1839bytheAmericansculptorandarchitectJohnFrazeetheThomas
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PaineMonument(seeimagebelow).[92]
NewRochelleisalsotheoriginalsiteofThomasPaine'sCottage,which,alongwitha320acre(130ha)
farm,werepresentedtoPainein1784byactoftheNewYorkStateLegislatureforhisservicesinthe
AmericanRevolution.[93]
ThesamesiteisthehomeoftheThomasPaineMemorialMuseum.ThomasA.Edisonhelpedtoturnthe
firstshovelofearthforthemuseumwhichservesasamuseumtodisplaybothPainerelicsaswellasothers
oflocalhistoricalinterest.Alargecollectionofbooks,pamphlets,andpicturesiscontainedinthePaine
library,includingmanyfirsteditionsofPaine'sworks,aswellasseveraloriginalmanuscripts.These
holdings,thesubjectofaselloffcontroversy,weretemporarilyrelocatedtotheNewYorkHistorical
SocietyandhavesincebeenmorepermanentlyarchivedintheIonaCollegelibrarynearby.[94]
Painewasoriginallyburiednearthecurrentlocationofhishouseandmonumentuponhisdeathin1809.
Thesiteismarkedbyasmallheadstoneandburialplaqueeventhoughhisremainsweresaidtohavebeen
removedtoEnglandyearslater.
Inthetwentiethcentury,JosephLewis,longtimepresidentoftheFreethinkersofAmericaandanardent
Paineadmirer,wasinstrumentalinhavinglargerthanlifesizedstatuesofPaineerectedineachofthethree
countrieswithwhichtherevolutionarywriterwasassociated.Thefirst,createdbyMountRushmore
sculptorGutzonBorglum,waserectedinParisjustbeforeWorldWarIIbegan(butnotformallydedicated
until1948).ItdepictsPainestandingbeforetheFrenchNationalConventiontopleadforthelifeofKing
LouisXVI.Thesecond,sculptedin1950byGeorgJ.Lober,waserectednearPaine'sonetimehomein
Morristown,NewJersey.ItshowsaseatedPaineusingadrumheadasamakeshifttable.Thethird,
sculptedbySirCharlesWheeler,PresidentoftheRoyalAcademy,waserectedin1964inPaine's
birthplace,Thetford,England.WithquillpeninhisrighthandandaninvertedcopyofTheRightsofManin
hisleft,itoccupiesaprominentspotonKingStreet.ThomasPainewasranked#34inthe100Greatest
Britons2002extensiveNationwidepollconductedbytheBBC.[95]
AbronzeplaqueattachedtothewallofThetford'sTomPainehotelgivesdetailsofPaine'slife.Itwas
placedtherein1943byvoluntarycontributionsfromUSairmenfromanearbybomberbase.Texas
folkloristandfreethinkerJ.FrankDobie,thenteachingatCambridgeUniversity,participatedinthe
dedicationceremonies.[96]
BronxCommunityCollegeincludesPaineinitsHallofFameofGreatAmericans,andtherearestatuesof
PaineinMorristownandBordentown,NewJersey,andintheParcMontsouris,inParis.[97][98]
InParis,thereisaplaqueinthestreetwherehelivedfrom1797to1802,thatsays:"ThomasPAINE/
17371809/Englishmanbybirth/Americanbyadoption/Frenchbydecree."
Yearly,betweenJuly4and14,theLewesTownCouncilintheUnitedKingdomcelebratesthelifeand
workofThomasPaine.[99]
Intheearly1990s,largelythroughtheeffortsofcitizenactivistDavidHenleyofVirginia,legislation
(S.Con.Res110,andH.R.1628)wasintroducedinthe102ndCongressbyideologicaloppositesSen.Steve
Symms(RID)andRep.NitaLowey(DNY).Withover100formallettersofendorsementbyUSand
foreignhistorians,philosophersandorganizations,includingtheThomasPaineNationalHistoricalSociety,
thelegislationgarnered78originalcosponsorsintheSenateand230originalcosponsorsintheHouseof
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Representatives,andwasconsequentlypassedbybothhouses'unanimousconsent.InOctober1992the
legislationwassignedintolaw(PL102407&PL102459)byPresidentGeorgeH.W.Bushauthorizingthe
construction,usingprivatefunds,ofamemorialtoThomasPainein"Area1"ofthegroundsoftheUS
Capitol.AsofJanuary2011,thememorialhasnotyetbeenbuilt.
TheUniversityofEastAnglia'sNorwichBusinessSchoolishousedintheThomasPaineStudyCentreon
itsNorwichcampus,inPaine'shomecountyofNorfolk.[100]
TheCookesHouseisreputedtohavebeenhishomeduringtheSecondContinentalCongressatYork,
Pennsylvania.[101]

JohnFrazee'sThomasPaine
MonumentinNewRochelle

StatueinBordentown,NewJersey PlaquehonoringPaineat10ruede
l'Odon,Paris

StatueinThetford,Norfolk,
England,Paine'sbirthplace

PlaqueonThomasPaineHotel,
Thetford

Commemorativeplaqueonthe
siteoftheformerresidenceof
PaineinGreenwichVillage,New
YorkCity

Inpopularculture
The1982FrenchItalianfilmThatNightinVarennesisaboutafictionalmeetingofCasanova,
ChevalierdeSeingalt(playedbyItalianactorMarcelloMastroianni),NicolasEdmRestifdela
Bretonne,CountessSophiedelaBorde,andThomasPaine(playedbyAmericanactorHarveyKeitel)
astheyrideinacarriageafewhoursbehindthecarriagecarryingtheKingandQueenofFrance,
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LouisXVIandMarieAntoinette,ontheirattempttoescapefromrevolutionaryFrancein1791.
JackShepherd'sstageplayInLambethdramatizedavisitbyThomasPainetotheLambethhomeof
WilliamandCatherineBlakein1789.
In1995,EnglishfolksingerGrahamMoore,fromDorset,wrote"TomPaine'sBones"whichhe
recordedonhisalbumofthesamename.[102][103]In2001theScottishmusicianDickGaughan
includedthesongonhisalbumOutlawsandDreamers.
In2005thewriterTrevorGriffithspublishedThesearetheTimes:ALifeofThomasPaine,originally
writtenasascreenplayforRichardAttenboroughProductions.Althoughthefilmwasnotmade,the
playwasbroadcast,asatwopartdrama,onBBCRadio4in2008[104]witharepeatin2012.[105]In
2009GriffithsadaptedthescreenplayforaproductionentitledANewWorldatShakespeare'sGlobe
theatreonLondon'sSouthBank.[106]
In2009Paine'slifewasdramatizedintheplayThomasPaineCitizenoftheWorld,[107]producedfor
the"TomPaine200Celebrations"festival[108]inThetford,thetownofhisbirth.
Paine'sroleinthefoundationoftheUnitedStatesisdepictedinapseudobiographicalfashioninthe
educationalanimatedseriesLiberty'sKidsproducedbyDICEntertainment.
PaineisacharacterintheBobDylansong"AsIWentOutOneMorning,"featuredonDylan's1968
album,JohnWesleyHarding.
Paineisalsomentionedinthesong"RenegadesofFunk"byAfrikaBambaataainwhichheis
referredtoas"TomPaine"amongothernotable"renegades"ChiefSittingBull,MartinLutherKing
Jr.andMalcolmX.ThesongwaslatercoveredbyrapmetalbandRageAgainsttheMachine,with
Paine'snamestillincluded.
PaineisreferredtoonseveraloccasionsinPhilipRoth's1998novelIMarriedaCommunist.
Paineisacharacterinthestory"Thermidor"inTheSandman:Fables&Reflections,whereheis
shownhavingacolloquywithLouisAntoinedeSaintJust.
Paineisreferredtointhesong"ThinkAboutIt"bySemiHendrix,acollaborationalbumbyRasKass
andJackSplash.
PaineandCommonSensearereferencedinthesong"TheSchuylerSisters"fromthe2015musical
Hamilton.

Seealso
Assetbasedegalitarianism
Britishphilosophy
Contributionstoliberaltheory
Liberty
ListofAmericanphilosophers
ListofBritishphilosophers
Listofcivilrightsleaders
SocietyoftheFriendsofTruth

Notes
1. Conway,MoncureD.(1908).TheLifeofThomasPaine.I..Cobbett,William,Illustrator.G.P.Putnam'sSons.
RetrievedOctober2,2013.InthecontemporaryrecordasnotedbyConway,Paine'sbirthdateisprintedin
VolumeI,page3,asJanuary29,173637.Commonpracticewastouseadashoraslashtoseparatetheold
styleyearfromthenewstyleyear.Paine'sbirthdate,betweenJanuary1,andMarch25,advancesbyelevendays
andhisyearincreasesbyonetoFebruary9,1737.TheO.S.linkgivesmoredetailifneeded.
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References
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2. Henretta,JamesA.etal.(2011).America'sHistory,Volume1:To1877.Macmillan.p.165.
ISBN9780312387914.
3. JasonD.Solinger."ThomasPaine'sContinentalMind."EarlyAmericanLiterature(2010)45#3,Vol.45Issue3,
pp.593617
4. SaulK.Padover,Jefferson:AGreatAmerican'sLifeandIdeas,(1952),p.32.
5. Hitchens,Christopher(2008).ThomasPaine'sRightsofMan.GrovePress.p.37.ISBN0802143830.
6. BiographerHarveyKayewrites,"Withinjustafewmonths150,000copiesofoneoranothereditionwere
distributedinAmericaalone.Theequivalentsalestodaywouldbefifteenmillion,makingit,proportionally,the
nation'sgreatestbestsellerever."inKaye,HarveyJ.(2005).ThomasPaineAndThePromiseofAmerica.Hill&
Wang.p.43.ISBN0809093448.
7. TheSharpenedQuill(http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/10/16/061016crbo_books),TheNewYorker.
AccessedNovember6,2010.
8. Conway,MoncureD.(1892).TheLifeofThomasPaine(http://thomaspaine.org/aboutpaine/lifeofthomaspain
evoliibymoncureconway.html).Vol.2,pp.41718.
9. Crosby,Alan(1986).AHistoryofThetford(1sted.).Chichester,Sussex:Phillimore&Co.pp.4484.ISBN0
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15. ThomashadintendedtoserveundertheillfatedCaptainWilliamDeathbutwasdissuadedbyhisfather.Bring
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16. "ThomasPaine".SandwichPeople&History.OpenSandwich.RetrievedApril2,2010.
17. Conway,MoncureDaniel(1892)."TheLifeofThomasPaine:WithaHistoryofLiterary,Political,and
ReligiousCareerinAmerica,France,andEngland".ThomasPaineNationalHistoricalAssociation.p.20,vol.I.
RetrievedJuly18,2009.
18. Kaye,HarveyJ.(2000).ThomasPaine:FirebrandoftheRevolution.OxfordUniversityPress.p.36.
ISBN0195116275.
19. "LettertotheHonorableHenryLaurens"inPhilipS.Foner'sTheCompleteWritingsofThomasPaine(New
York:CitadelPress,1945),2:116065.
20. Conway,MoncureDaniel,1892.TheLifeofThomasPainevol.1,p.209.
21. K.M.Kostyal.FundingFathers:TheFightforFreedomandtheBirthofAmericanLiberty(2014)ch.2
22. DavidBraff,"ForgottenFoundingFather:TheImpactofThomasPaine,"inJoyceChumbley,ed.,Thomas
Paine:InSearchoftheCommonGood(2009).
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Bibliography
Aldridge,A.Owen(1959).ManofReason:TheLifeofThomasPaine.Lippincott..Regardedby
Britishauthoritiesasthestandardbiography.
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Butler,Marilyn(1984).BurkePaineandGodwinandtheRevolutionControversy.
Claeys,Gregory(1989).ThomasPaine,SocialandPoliticalThought.London:UnwinHyman..
ExcellentanalysisofPaine'sthought.
Conway,MoncureDaniel(1892)."TheLifeofThomasPaine".G.P.Putnam'sSons..Longhailedas
thedefinitivebiography,andstillvaluable.
Ferguson,RobertA.(July2000)."TheCommonalitiesofCommonSense".WilliamandMary
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Foner,Eric(1976).TomPaineandRevolutionaryAmerica.OxfordUniversityPress..Thestandard
monographtreatingPaine'sthoughtandworkwithregardtoAmerica.
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Griffiths,Trevor(2005).TheseAretheTimes:ALifeofThomasPaine.SpokesmanBooks.
Hawke,DavidFreeman(1974).Paine.Philadelphia.RegardedbymanyAmericanauthoritiesasthe
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Hitchens,Christopher(2007).ThomasPaine's"RightsofMan":ABiography.London:Atlantic
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Kates,Gary(1989)."FromLiberalismtoRadicalism:TomPaine'sRightsofMan".Journalofthe
HistoryofIdeas.
Kaye,HarveyJ.(2005).ThomasPaineandthePromiseofAmerica.HillandWang.
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recentstudies.
Lamb,Robert(2010)."Liberty,Equality,andtheBoundariesofOwnership:ThomasPaine'sTheory
ofPropertyRights".ReviewofPolitics.72(3).
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Left.BasicBooks.ISBN9780465062980..TheirdebateovertheFrenchRevolution.
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Lewis,JosephL.(1947).ThomasPaine:TheAuthoroftheDeclarationofIndependence.NewYork:
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membership(http://www.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/)required.)

Powell,David(1985).TomPaine,TheGreatestExile.Hutchinson.
Russell,Bertrand(1934)."TheFateofThomasPaine".
Solinger,JasonD.(November2010)."ThomasPaine'sContinentalMind".EarlyAmerican
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Vincent,Bernard(2005).TheTransatlanticRepublican:ThomasPaineandtheageofrevolutions.
Wilensky,Mark(2008).TheElementaryCommonSenseofThomasPaine.AnInteractiveAdaptation
forAllAges.Casemate.ISBN9781932714364.
Washburne,E.B.(May1880)."ThomasPaineandtheFrenchRevolution".Scribner'sMonthly.XX.

Fiction
Fast,Howard(1946).CitizenTomPaine.(historicalnovel,thoughsometimesmistakenas
biography).

Primarysources
Paine,Thomas(1896).Conway,MoncureDaniel,ed.TheWritingsofThomasPaine,Volume4.New
York:G.P.Putnam'ssons.p.521.,E'book(https://archive.org/details/writingsthomasp00paingoog)
Foot,MichaelKramnick,Isaac(1987).TheThomasPaineReader.PenguinClassics.ISBN014
0444963.
Paine,Thomas(1993).Foner,Eric,ed.Writings.Philadelphia:LibraryofAmerica..Authoritative
andscholarlyeditioncontainingCommonSense,theessayscomprisingtheAmericanCrisisseries,
RightsofMan,TheAgeofReason,AgrarianJustice,andselectedbrieferwritings,withauthoritative
textsandcarefulannotation.
Paine,Thomas(1944).Foner,PhilipS.,ed.TheCompleteWritingsofThomasPaine.CitadelPress.
WebadlyneedacompleteeditionofPaine'swritingsonthemodelofEricFoner'seditionforthe
LibraryofAmerica,butuntilthatgoalisachieved,PhilipFoner'stwovolumeeditionisaserviceable
substitute.VolumeIcontainsthemajorworks,andvolumeIIcontainsshorterwritings,both
publishedessaysandaselectionofletters,butconfusinglyorganizedinaddition,Foner'sattributions
ofwritingstoPainehavecomeinforsomecriticisminthatFonermayhaveincludedwritingsthat
PaineeditedbutdidnotwriteandomittedsomewritingsthatlaterscholarshaveattributedtoPaine.

Externallinks
ThomasPaineSociety(UK)(http://www.thomaspainesocietyuk.org.uk/)
ThomasPaineSociety(US)(http://www.thomaspainesociety.org/)
"ArchivalmaterialrelatingtoThomasPaine".UKNationalArchives.
PortraitsofThomasPaine(http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp03422)
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WorksbyThomasPaine(http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Paine,+Thomas)atProjectGutenberg
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ine%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomas%20Paine%22%20OR%20creator%3
A%22Paine%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomas%20Paine%22%20OR%20cre
ator%3A%22Paine%2C%20T%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Thomas%20Paine%22%20OR%20
description%3A%22Paine%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomas%20Pain
e%22%29%20OR%20%28%2217371809%22%20AND%20Paine%29%29%20AND%20%28medi
atype:software%29)atInternetArchive
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DeisticandReligiousWorksofThomasPaine(http://deism.com/paine.htm)
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ThetheologicalworksofThomasPainetowhichareappendedtheprofessionoffaithofasavoyard
vicarbyJ.J.Rousseau(https://archive.org/details/theologicalwork00rousgoog)
CommonSense(http://www.gutenberg.org/files/147/147h/147h.htm)byThomasPaineHTML
format,indexedbysection
RightsofMan(https://archive.org/details/rightsman00paingoog)
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