An Experimental Study on the Quality of Drinking Water in Barangay Baybay,

Alubijid, Misamis Oriental

A Project Proposal Presented to the

Dr. Jose P. Rizal School of Medicine, Xavier University
Cagayan de Oro City

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Course
Preventive and Community Medicine II

Proponents:
Agustin, Alyssa Marie D.
Amamio, Andre R.
Balhon, Ikea Marie J.
Diocampo, Nikki J.
Jayma, Marielle May C.
Namoc, Glen John B.
Okit, Kristine R.
Peneza, Dolores Monique S.
Santos, Johanna D.
December 9, 2016
Table of Contents
I. Introduction

A. Background and Significance of

the Study
B. Objectives
II. Literature Review
III. Definition of Terms
IV.Subjects and Methods
A. Study Design
B. Research Setting
C. Sampling
D. Sterilization of Materials
E. Testing Parameters
V. Work Plan
VI.
Budget Plan
VII.
References
VIII. Appendices
A. Dummy Tables
B. DOH Standard Values
IX.
Curriculum Vitae

2
4
5
13
14

18
19
20
22
26
30

I. Introduction
A. Background and Significance of the Study
Water, being fundamental for life, remains to face a challenge with regards to
safety especially in rural areas. Pathogenic organisms occurring in water range from
ultra small viruses to microscopic bacteria to relatively large protozoa. These can
potentiate waterborne diseases which are linked to significant burden worldwide 3.
Diarrhea, for example, is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in
developing countries in which there is an estimated 1 billion episodes and
approximately 5 million deaths occurring in children under 5 years of age per year 1.
In the Philippines, diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of morbidity
and sixth leading cause of mortality for all ages. It is the third leading cause of infant
deaths. Most diarrheal illnesses are acute, usually lasting no more than 3-5 days and
are secondary to infectious diseases (bacterial, viral, and parasites). Infectious
agents that cause diarrheal disease are usually spread by the fecal-oral route,
specifically by ingestion of contaminated food or water and contact with
contaminated hands1.
Diarrhea is commonly linked to water and sanitation. This occurs when people
live in conditions where there are poor water and sanitation facilities, poor health
promotion, poor personal hygiene practices and lack of safe water sources 4. The
most common causative agents are Rotavirus and Escherichia coli that are
transmitted through feces which explains their prevalence in contaminated water, for
example, from sewage, septic tanks and latrines 2. Moreover, domestic animals
contribute heavily to the bacterial population in water. Many coliform bacteria may be
directly deposited into natural streams from waste in water and runoff from areas
with high concentrations of animals and humans. In addition, due to these factors,
fecal coliforms may access drinking water when reduced pressure or suction in long
water lines draws in bacteria-laden water or soil into pipes through joints 3.
According to a recent interview with MEEDO or the water works system
representative in Alubijid, Misamis Oriental, there are 31 level 2 and 157 level 3 endpoint water sources in barangay Baybay with 2 deep wells as the main water source.
In relation to this, a recent survey conducted in barangay Baybay, Alubijid, Misamia
Oriental showed that 41% of the population practice boiling and 28% use filtering as
2

a means of sanitizing water, while 30% consider other practices or none at all.
Furthermore, excreta disposal was predominantly through septic tanks (80%), but pit
latrines (17%) and cartage (1%) still exist. Open type of drainage (86%) has been
observed as well. As for handling of domestic animals, 61% are free of range while
39% are fenced. In terms of morbidity, diarrhea is responsible for 20% of common
illness in children.
Diarrhea may not be the leading cause of illness in the barangay as compared
to pneumonia and measles, but it can still pose a significant risk in the community
given its current water sanitation status. In addition, the latter are highly
communicable diseases which probably explains its higher rate. Statistics may not
be that alarming at present, but the fact that recent studies show strong correlation
between poor water sanitation and diarrhea, the barangays current situation
warrants special attention as an act of preventing further spread of possible waterborne diseases. Given all these relevant data, this study is initiated not only to
address risks associated with poor water sanitation but to improve the quality of life
of the people in barangay Baybay.
This study aims to assess the quality of Level II and Level III water sources as
well

as deep

wells of Barangay Baybay. It specifically determines the

physicochemical, microbiological, and radiologic quality of these drinking water

sources and examine the differences, if there are any, with the standards set by
Department of Health as per AO 2007-0012 .

B. Objectives
General Objectives
To determine the quality of drinking water in Barangay Baybay, Misamis
Oriental
Specific Objectives

To determine the quality of water in Barangay Baybay, Alubijid, Misamis

Oriental in terms of the following:
o Physicochemical properties
o Microbiological properties
o Radiological properties

II. Literature Review

Global Water Situation
Per UNICEF, there are 663 million people who still do not have access to
clean drinking water, even though the Millennium Development Goal target for clean
water is achieved last 2010 5. But since dimensions of safety, reliability and
sustainability are not reflected in the proxy indicator used, it is said that these figures
could be an overestimate of the actual number of the safe water supplies that people
use. In developing regions, nearly half of the population (about 2.5 billion), despite
having access to improved sanitation facilities, still lacks access 6. Utilization of
untreated lakes and rivers are considered the most unsafe water sources and
considerably 159 million people use these water source 5.
Philippine Water Situation
In a study done by WHO in the Philippines, it is found that, there is presence
of shortage of good quality water sources. The study shows that coliform is
contaminated in up to 58% of ground water and 50 out of 421 of the major rivers in
the country are found seriously polluted and untreated household waste 7. Another
study by WEPA shows that 36% or a third of the countrys river systems are
classified as sources of public water supply wherein 58% of sampled groundwater is
contaminated with coliform and necessitate treatment. In addition, in a five-year
period monitoring, it was found that about 31% of illness were from water-borne
sources8.
Local Water Situation
The Contamination of drinking water is a continuing problem in the rural areas
in the Philippines where the sources of drinking water are deep wells, common
faucets and sometimes water direct from streams or springs. Most of these sources
does not undergo proper water treatment before it is consumed 9. The water supply of
the province (Misamis Oriental) is sourced from deep and shallow wells and spring.
In a study conducted by GREENPEACE, there were four sampling events of
107 water bodies. 47% were found to show good water quality, 41% have fair water
quality, while the remaining 12% have poor water quality which is recorded at the
downstream section of Bulua Creek in Region X. As what was stated, the said creek
5

has a high organic discharges from manufacturing facilities, runoff from livestock
production, and discharges from households10.
Waterborne Diseases
Diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, and helminthiasis are clinically manifested in
waterborne diseases. In the Philippines, one of the top five causes of morbidity
remains to be acute watery diarrhea. Recent studies of DOH shows that there is a
decline in the morbidity which was largely due to an increase in the access to safe
water and sanitation services, and the promotion of hygienic practices such as hand
washing. Other water- and sanitation-related diseases such as typhoid and cholera,
also shows a decline11,12,13,14. In addition, one-sixth of the reported disease cases are
due to exposure to water pollution and poor sanitation conditions and hygiene
practices and accounts for nearly 6,000 premature deaths per year. The lack of basic
sanitation consists of 25 million and those that lack water sources consists of about
13 million and should be provided with improved drinking water and hygiene 15.
Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water
Last 2007, the national Department of Health published during the Philippines
National standards for drinking water 16. It is based on criterias and guidelines by
well-known institutions such as the WHO and USEPA. This aims to understanding
more on the issues related to water quality, it pushes for a water quality surveillance
system that is efficient by putting first the factors that is needed to monitor for the
reason of protecting public health, safety of the people by ensuring that drinking
water is of quality standards17. This standards covers waterworks officials, the one
operating and developing water supply systems may it be government or a public
agency,other private distributors, sanitation departments, the public and other people
who may be concerned16.
Microbiological Indicators of Drinking-Water Quality
In the mandate of the Philippine Standards for Drinking Water it is stated that
drinking-water supplies should be free from contamination by human and animal
excreta, which can contain a variety of microbial contaminants. There are
microbiological parameters that is indicative of waterborne diseases and, in general,
are limited to bacteria, viruses and pathogenic protozoa 16.
6

The potential consequences of microbial contamination are of great

significance that should not be overlooked. Water providers should adhere to the
proper sanitation and delivery of water to prevent the contamination of drinking-water
that would lead to public health concerns such as waterborne diseases. It is of great
significance to prevent or reduce the entry of pathogens into water sources rather
than to depend on treatment processes to remove these disease-causing
pathogens16.
The most sensitive and specific way of assessing the hygienic quality of water
is frequent examinations for fecal indicator organisms. An indicator organism
essentially provides evidence of fecal contamination from humans or warm-blooded
animals. No organism fulfils all the criteria for an indicator organism, but the coliform
bacteria fulfills most. Their detection in water supply may mean false positive for
fecal contamination. False negatives can occur when coliforms are present along
with high populations of Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) bacteria. The presence of
HPC bacteria may restrict the activities of coliform group bacteria. Thermotolerant
fecal coliforms are a subgroup of total coliforms that are differentiated from the total
coliforms through laboratory examinations using elevated temperature (43 to
44.5C). Fecal coliforms provide stronger evidence of fecal contamination than total
coliforms, but they could not be distinguished as human or animal origin. E. coli is
the indicator organism of choice for fecal contamination. Water intended for human
consumption should contain no indicator organisms. However, pathogens more
resistant to conventional environmental conditions or treatment technologies may be
present in treated drinking-water in the absence of E. coli or total coliforms 16.
Chemical
There are acute health problems that stems from a few chemical constituents.
These certain inorganic constituents leach out of piping or plumbing materials which
may be present in drinking water. On the other hand, organic constituents in water
could stem out from various sources such as the decomposition of organic debris,
domestic, agricultural and industrial activities and contamination that occur during
water treatment and distribution. In connection to these incidents, water usually
becomes an unacceptable taste, odor, and appearance, thus, undrinkable owing 16.

Radiological Quality
Naturally-occurring radionuclides present in rocks, soils and from man-made
radionuclide from nuclear energy are sources of radioactive contaminants in drinking
water. Deep wells, groundwater and mineral springs are known to be sources of
natural radioactivity, primarily radium and radon. Even though radioactivity
contribution in drinking water is very minimal, monitoring radioactivity to protect the
public from undue exposure to radiation it is still important 16.

Guidelines in Identifying Priority Drinking-Water Quality Parameters for

Monitoring
It is the task of the local government to choose the parameters in which to test
the potability of the water in their area. Including a systematic assessment of all the
parameters listed in the 2007 Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water
(PNSDW 2007) in conjunction with, but not limited to, the following authorities:
health, water resources, water supply provision, environment, agriculture, geological
services/mining, industry, and radiological services 16.
In situations where resources are limited, a matter of judicious public health
decision to give priority to ensuring availability and accessibility of water supply all
individuals over rendering treatment to water for the benefit of few individuals. The
following priority parameters shall be tested based on its health significance and
acceptability. These parameters are: microbiological, arsenic, cadmium, lead, nitrate,
benzene, color, turbidity, iron, pH, manganese, chloride, sulfate, TDS 16.
Sample Collection, Handling and Storage
The sample should be representative of the water under examination.
Contamination during collection and before examination should be avoided. The tap
should be cleaned and free from attachments and fully opened with water allowed to
waste for a sufficient time to permit the flushing/clearing of the service lines. Flaming
is not necessary. Taps with a history of previous contamination may be disinfected
with hypochlorite solution (NaOCl 100 mg/L). No samples shall be taken from leaking

taps.The sampling bottle should be kept unopened until it is ready for filling. Remove
stopper or cap as a unit; do not contaminate inner surface of stopper or cap and
neck of bottle. Fill container without rinsing, it should be filled without rinsing and
ample space (at least 2.5 cm) must be left to facilitate mixing by shaking. Replace
stopper or cap immediately. Water samples should be processed promptly or within
six (6) hours after collection or if not possible the use of ice coolers for storage of
water samples during transport to the laboratory is recommended. The time elapsed
between collections and processing should in no case exceed 24 hours 16.
Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality (WHO, 2011)
The recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) in managing
risks from hazards that may compromise the safety of drinking-water are provided in
the Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality with a primary purpose of protecting the
public health from exposures to hazards, such as waste, air, food and consumer
products. Since water is essential to sustain life, every effort should be done to
achieve drinking-water that is safe and practicable. Infants and young children,
people who are debilitated and the elderly, especially those living under unsanitary
conditions, are at greatest risk of waterborne disease and may need to take
additional steps to protect themselves against exposure to waterborne pathogens,
such as boiling their drinking-water. Safe drinking-water is required for all usual
domestic purposes, including drinking, food preparation and personal hygiene.
Hence, the Guidelines are applicable to packaged water and ice intended for human
consumption17.
The Guidelines are made to support the development and implementation of
risk management strategies that ensure the safety of drinking-water supplies by
controlling the hazardous constituents of water. It is referred to a reasonable
minimum requirements of safety practices in order to protect consumers health.
Also, it is derived from the numerical guideline values for components of water or
indicators of water quality. In terms of risk assessment and risk management of a
drinking water supply, it said to be a holistic approach. From the catchment and its
source water through the consumer, this necessitates systematic assessment of
risks all through a drinking-water supply and the ways in which these risks can be

managed is identified, including the approaches that guarantee that control

measures are working effectively17.
The Guidelines also provide a range of supporting information as part of the
framework for safe drinking-water, which includes microbial aspects, chemical
aspects, radiological aspects and acceptability aspects. These are applicable to
large metropolitan and small community piped drinking-water systems and to nonpiped drinking-water systems in communities and in individual dwellings 17.
Microbial Aspect
The principal concerns in setting health-based targets for microbial safety are
fecally-derived pathogens. There is a rapid and wide range variation in microbial
water quality. A possibility of a substantial increase in disease risks and prompt
outbreaks of water-borne diseases are due to short-term peaks in pathogen
concentration. Likewise, there could be an exposure of many people by the time it
takes microbial contamination to be detected. In line with this, no matter how
frequent, exclusive reliance cannot be placed on end-product testing to determine
that drinking-water is safe from microbes. Failure with this results in risk of outbreaks
of intestinal and other infectious diseases due to its exposure of the community.
Simultaneous infection of a large number of persons and potentially a high
proportion of the community are the result if outbreaks of waterborne disease are not
avoided. Indicator organisms include Escherichia coli and thermotolerant coliform
bacteria, Heterotrophic plate counts, Intestinal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens,
Coliphages, Bacteroides fragilis phages and Enteric viruses 17.
Hazardous Chemical Constituents of Water
There are few chemical constituents of water that can lead to health problems
resulting from a single exposure. There are Guideline values (Appendix 3) that are
derived for many chemical constituents of drinking-water. These values represent the
concentration of a constituent that does not result in any significant risk to health
over a lifetime of consumption and these provide a standard for the development of
local water quality targets for chemicals. Health concerns arises after extended
exposure of years, rather than months with most chemicals, except nitrate, in
drinking-water. With prolonged exposure through drinking-water, adverse health

10

effects are due to these few chemical contaminants and thus constitute only a very
small proportion17.
Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of 2016 (DENR
Administrative Order No. 2016-08)
Based on RA 9275 or the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, the DENR
released new water quality guidelines and effluent standards 12 years after RA 9275
passed. The former guidelines contained in DENR DAO-34 and 35 series of 1990
are now out-dated. These adopts and promulgates the Water Quality Guidelines
(WQD) and General Effluent Standards (GES) 18.
The DENR administrative Order provides guidelines for to help in the
classification of water bodies in the Philippines including the evaluation of water
quality. These Water Quality Guidelines apply to all bodies of water in the
Philippines. Water Quality Management Area or WQMA are certain areas designated
using appropriate physiographic units and are similar in terms of hydrological,
hydrogeological,

meteorological

or

geographic

conditions

which

affect

the

physiochemical, biological and bacteriological reactions and diffusion of pollutants in

the water bodies or otherwise share common interest or face similar development
programs, prospects or problems18.
For the maintenance of Water Quality The DENR classified bodies of water
according to it beneficial usage. For freshwater there are five classifications. First,
Class AA this is for all Public Water Supply Class I- primarily watersheds,
uninhabited or declared protected areas only require approved disinfection to meet
latest PNSDW or Philippine National Drinking Water Standards. Next is Class A for
Public Water Supply Class II- sources of water supply that require conventional
treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection). To meet the
PNSDW. Class B under this is Recreational Water Class I, which is intended for
primary contact (bathing, swimming). Class C freshwater has 3 uses: first, Fishery
Water for the propagation and growth of fish; second, is Recreational Water Class II
for boating, fishing or similar activities; and third, is for agriculture, irrigation and
livestock watering. And the last classification which is Class D is for naviable waters.
(For the table see Appendix 1). In case of ground water used for the source of

11

potable water and other domestic use Class A water quality guidelines will be used
exept BOD and Dissolved Oxygen (Appendix 2) 18.
Other Related Local Studies
Misamis Oriental is the center of industry, trade and commerce in Region X,
despite the fact that the budding economy the system of drinking water treatment is
not that advanced. The said treatment is only limited to disinfection through
chlorination. Through this method, the microorganisms found in the water will be
killed but other compounds and contaminants remain. These contaminants pose a
threat to the health of the residents20.
The study conducted by R. L. Besagas et al last 2015 concluded that the
upland and coastal freshwaters in Misamis Oriental are not totally safe since both
are high in total coliform and positive in E. coli. This is an obvious manifestation of
fecal pollution and possible pathogenic contamination in the water systems 21.
There was a study conducted in western Misamis Oriental that tested the
water quality from deep wells in the area and led to the findings which implies that of
the seven municipalities all well waters fail in total coliform count. In addition, well
waters from four (4) municipalities namely Laguindingan, Lugait, Gitagum, and
Libertad were found to have Escherichia coli21.

12

III. Definition of Terms

Bacteriologic property - refers to the presence or absence of fecal coliforms
Clean water water that is free of pathogens
Coliform group of bacteria - (also called as total coliforms) is defined as all
the aerobic and facultative anaerobic, gram-negative, non-sporeforming, rodshaped bacteria that ferment lactose with gas formation within 48 h at 35C
(e.g. E. coli, species belonging to the genera Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and

Citrobacter)15
Family composed of a father, a mother and their offspring
Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) - describes a broad group of bacteria that
include pathogens, non-pathogens and opportunistic microorganisms 15
Household one or more families living under the same house
Level II a system composed of source, a reservoir, piped distribution
network and communal faucets
Level III waterworks system or individual house connections
Potability drinkability of water based on the assessment of its physical
properties, chemical properties and bacteriologic property set by the

researchers
Safe drinking-water - does not represent any signicant risk to health over a
lifetime of consumption, including different sensitivities that may occur

between life stages15

Sampling station water source randomly selected by the researchers
Water safety type of water free of contaminants that may cause illness
Water sanitation practice of proper handling and storage of water
Water source any body or origin of water that can be used as a drinking
source

13

IV. Subjects and Methods

A. Study Design
To describe and compare the data gathered and correlate it to standards set
by DOH.
B. Research Setting
Baybay is a barangay of Alubijid, which is a fourth (4th) class municipality in
the province of Misamis Oriental, Philippines. It is approximately located at
coordinates 835'15 N, 12428'46 E. It covers a total area of 203.8 hectares. The
area has a total population of 2066 and 464 households 19.
C. Sampling
The researchers will send a letter to the Mayor of Alubijid and the Barangay
Captain of Barangay Baybay to ask permission for the collection of samples needed
in the study. A letter will also be sent to the
There will be four (4) sampling stations namely two (2) deep wells, a level II
and a level III water source from the barangay. Sampling stations for both level II and
level III will be randomly selected on site. The selected station will represent each
water source.
2.1 liters of water will be collected from each sampling station on the month of
January 2017. The sterile containers will be used. Water samples from the deep well
will be collected from the pump but should be pumped sufficiently to ensure that the
samples represent the quality of groundwater that feeds the well. For the collection
of water from level II and level III sources, water will be allowed to flow freely before
samples will be taken.
Each of the obtained samples will be tested for the selected parameters.
Analysis for physicochemical, except for the turbidity, will be performed by the
researchers in the Biology Laboratory at Xavier University - Ateneo De Cagayan.
Turbidity will be tested in a different facility because it is not available in the former.
Testing for bacteriological and radiologic property will be performed in the
Department of Health (DOH).

14

D. Sterilization of Materials
Sterile sampling bottles will be provided by the DOH for the testing of
bacteriological property. For the physicochemical properties to be tested by the
researchers and the selected private facility, 8 1-liter polyethylene terephthalate
(PET) bottles will be purchased and sterilized. For the sterilization of bottles that will
be used in collecting water from Level II and III water sources it will be done by
initially adding 0.1 ml of a 3% solution of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) into the PET
bottles then sterilized by immersing in a 1:100 diluted bleach solution containing 5%
sodium hypochlorite for 30 minutes. On the other hand, for the sterilization of bottles
that will be used in collecting water samples from deep well it will be done by
immersing the PET bottles in a 1:100 diluted bleach solution containing 5% sodium
hypochlorite for 30 minutes. Then store the PET bottles in a clean environment to
avoid contamination prior to use.
E. Collection of Samples
Microbiological Quality
The samples for microbiological examination will be collected using the bottles
provided by DOH. The sample will serve as a representative of the water under
examination. If the source is a faucet type, the tap should be cleaned and free from
attachments and fully opened with water allowed to waste for a sufficient time to
permit the flushing or clearing of the service lines. Flaming will be not necessary.
Taps with a history of previous contamination may be disinfected with hypochlorite
solution (NaOCl 100 mg/L). No samples will be taken from leaking taps.
The sampling bottle will be kept unopened until it is ready for filling. The stopper or
cap as a unit will then be removed and it must not be contaminated especially the
inner surface and neck of bottle. Subsequently, the container will be filled without
rinsing and ample space (at least 2.5 cm) must be left to facilitate mixing by shaking.
Then the stopper or cap will be replaced immediately.
The water samples will be processed promptly or within six (6) hours after collection
or if not possible, ice coolers for storage of water samples will be used during
transport to the laboratory as recommended. The time elapsed between collections
and processing should in no case exceed 24 hours.
15

If the water source is a deep well or an open body of water, the sampling
bottle will be fully submerged then uncapped using a gloved hand. It will be allowed
to fill up to the neck of the bottle, recapped, and will be sent to the laboratory for
analysis. The results will then be compared with the DOH standard for drinking
water.
Chemical and Physical Quality
Samples from wells will be collected using sterilized PET bottles after the well has
been pumped sufficiently to ensure that the samples represent the quality of
groundwater that feeds the well. New wells will require sufficient utilization and
abstraction before sampling. Collect samples from open shallow wells by taking a
composite sample.
Testing of Parameters
The selection of parameters to be tested are based on the criteria set for class
A water according to the PNSDW. The microbial parameters will be tested by the
DOH. The results obtained will be compared with the DOH water potability standards
total

coliforms,

fecal

coliforms,

heterotrophic

plate

count,

E.

coli.

The

physicochemical properties will be tested by the researcher and these include odor,
taste, color, turbidity, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, copper, chloride,
aluminum, sodium, sulfate, hydrogen sulfide, zinc, iron, manganese. The radiological
constituents include gross alpha activity, gross beta, and radon. All gathered results
will be assessed if it has met the standards set by the DOH.
Data Analysis
Averages of the data gathered of replicates of same parameter will be computed and
will be used to assess whether the result will pass the standards set by DOH.
Graphs will be made showing the result of the study.

16

Figure 1: Sampling Flowchart

17

V. Work Plan

18

VI. Budget Plan

Particulars
I. Operating Expenses
A. Transportation
B. Materials and Supplies
A4-sized Bond Papers
Folders
PET Bottles for Sampling
C. Services
Sample Testing for

Microbial Test
Sample Testing for

Chemical Properties
Laboratory Rental
Printing

Binding
II. Administrative Expenses
A. Snacks
III. Miscellaneous
A. Contingency Fund

Unit Price

Quantit

(P)

200.00 9 People

Total

1,800.00

200.00
20.00
50.00

1 rim
5 pcs
8 pcs

200.00
100.00
400.00

300.00

1,200.00

300.00

samples
4

1,200.00

1,000.00
1.00

samples
1
500

1,000.00
500.00

200.00

pages
5 copies

1,000.00

450.00

7 mos

3,150.00

200.00

1,800.00

persons
TOTAL

12,350.00

19

VII.

References
1 Carlos C, Saniel M. Etiology and Epidemiology of Diarrhea [Internet].
Available
2

from:

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?

doi=10.1.1.544.3015&rep=rep1&type=pdf
World Health Organization. Diarrhoeal Disease [Internet]. World Health
Organization;

2013.

Available

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/
3 Treyens C. Bacteria and Private Wellls [Internet].

from:
Available

from:

https://www.google.com.ph/search?
site=&source=hp&q=bacteria+and+private+wells&oq=bacteria+and+private+&
gs_l=hp.1.0.0i22i30k1l2.27469.32648.0.35897.24.22.0.0.0.0.390.3206.0j1j7j4.
12.0....0...1c.1.64.hp..12.9.2420.0..0j0i131k1.WfWVgToUPZI
4 Su G. Water-borne illness from contaminated drinking water sources in close
proximity to a dumpsite in Payatas, The Philippines. Journal of Rural and
Tropical Public Health 2005; 4: 43-48.
5

Water [Internet]. UNICEF. 2016 [cited 18 November 2016]. Available from:

https://www.unicef.org/wash/3942_4456.html
United Nations. The Millenium Development Goals Report [Internet]. New
York;
2012 p. 47-57. Available from:

%20Report%202012.pdf
World Health Organization. The Philippines [Internet]. World Health
Organization;

2011.

Available

from:

http://www.wpro.who.int/topics/water_sanitation/wsp_case_study_phl.pdf
State of water : Philippines [Internet]. Wepa-db.net. 2016 [cited 18 November
2016].

http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG

Available

from:

http://www.wepa-

db.net/policies/state/philippines/overview.htm
Tonog M. Poblete M. Drinking Water Quality Assessment in Selected

Barangays in Laoang, Northern Samar, Philippines. IJESD. 2015;6(1):29-33.

10 Baconguis B. The state of water resources in the Philippines. Quezon City,
Philippines: Greenpeace Southeast Asia; 2007 p. 15.
11 Water Usage and Classification for Fresh Water Systems used by the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Class C Category means
a good fishery and industrial water supply.
12 World Bank. 2007. Philippines Environment Monitor. Manila.
13 Government of the Philippines, Department of Health. National Objectives for
Health 20052010. http://www2.doh.gov.ph/noh2007/NohMain.htm

20

14 Government of the Philippines, Department of Health. 2009. Philippine Health

Statistics 2009. http://www.doh.gov.ph/serial
15 Water pollution, sanitation and health. PHILIPPINES ENVIRONMENT
MONITOR. 1st ed. DENR; 2006.
16 Department of Health. Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water. 2007.
17 World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality [electronic
resource] : incorporating first addendum, 3rd Ed. Vol. 1, Recommendations.
Geneva 2008.
18 Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Water Quality Guidelines
and General Effluent Standards of 2016. 2016.
19 About Alubijid |Municipality of Alubijid. http://www.alubijidmisor.gov.ph/aboutalubijid/ (accessed November 22, 2016).
20 Delgado MCanters F. Measuring the accessibility of different household

income groups to basic community services in upland Misamis Oriental,

Northern Mindanao, Philippines. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography.
2011;32(2):168-184.
21 Leopoldo G. Water Quality Assessment of Deep Wells in Western Misamis

Oriental,

Philippines

[Internet].

2015.

Available

from:

http://waset.org/pdf/books/22699?pageNumber=253

21

VIII.

Appendices
A. Dummy Tables

Table 1. Physical Properties of the Drinking Water Sources of Barangay Baybay,

Alubijid, Misamis Oriental
Sampling

Type of

station

Water

Taste

Odor

Average

pH (Range)

Turbidity

Color

Source
True

TDS

Hardness

(ppm)

Apparent

Table 2. Chemical Properties of the Drinking Water Sources of Barangay Baybay,

Alubijid, Misamis Oriental
Sampling
station

Type of
Water

Aluminum

Source

Chloride

Coppe

Hydrogen

sulfide

Iron

Manganese

Sodium

Sulfate

Table 3. Fecal Coliform of the Drinking Water Sources of Barangay Baybay, Alubijid,
Misamis Oriental

22

Zinc

Sampling Station

Type of Water Source

Fecal Coliform (+ or -)

Interpretation

Table 4. Table of the Radiological Constituents

Sampling
Station

Type of Water Source

Gross alpha activity

Gross beta

Radon

Table 5. Table of the average research data and DENR standard

Parameters
Physical Property

Research Data

DENR Standard

Color
23

Hardness
Odor
pH (Range)
Turbidity
Total Suspended
Solids
Aluminium
Chloride
Copper
Hydrogen sulfide
Chemical Property

Iron
Manganese
Sodium
Sulfate
Zinc

Bacteriologic
Property

Fecal Coliform

Gross Alpha activity

Radiological
Property

Gross beta
Radon

24

25

B. DOH Standard Values

Table 6. Physicochemical Properties

26

27

Table 7. Microbiological Properties

28

Table 9. Radiological Constituents

IX. Curriculum Vitae

ALYSSA MARIE D. AGUSTIN
Address: Block 2, Lot 2, Lopez Subdivision, Barangay Matiao, Mati City, Davao
Oriental
29

Contact information: 09336197978

Email address: alyssamarie.agustin@yahoo.com

Personal Data
Nationality: Filipino
Gender: Female
Marital Status: Single
Date of Birth: 12 November 1992

Education
2015 Present

Xavier University Dr. Jose P. Rizal School of Medicine

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan
Cagayan de Oro City

2009 2013

Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science

San Pedro College
Davao City

2005 2009

Immaculate Heart of Mary Academy

Mati City, Davao Oriental

1999 2005

Immaculate Heart of Mary Academy

Mati City, Davao Oriental

Skills and Accomplishments

2013

Philippine Medical Technologist Licensure Exam

2013

Cum Laude Bachelor in Medical Laboratory Science

San Pedro College
Davao City

30

ANDRE R. AMAMIO
Address: #20 Seahorse St. Villa Ernesto Phase 2, Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City
Contact information: 09369535418
Email address: andre.amamio@gmail.com

Personal Data
Nationality: Filipino-American
Gender: Male
Marital Status: Single
Date of Birth: 14 July 1992

Education
2015 Present

Xavier University Dr. Jose P. Rizal School of Medicine

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan
Cagayan de Oro City

2009 2014

Bachelor of Science in Biology

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan
Cagayan de Oro City

2005 2009

Corpus Christi High School

1999 2005

Corpus Christi Grade School

31

IKEA MARIE J.BALHON

Address: Zone 8 Bulua Cagayan de Oro City
Contact information: 09177050124
Email address: ikeabalhon@gmail.com

Personal Data
Nationality: Filipino
Gender: Female
Marital Status: Single
Date of Birth: 01 March 1994

Education
2015 Present

Xavier University Dr. Jose P. Rizal School of Medicine

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan
Cagayan de Oro City

2010 2014

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan
Cagayan de Oro City

2006 2010

Lourdes College High School

Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City

2000 2006

Lourdes College Grade School

Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City

Skills and Accomplishments

2014

Philippine Nurse Licensure Examination Passer

32

NIKKI J. DIOCAMPO
Address: Zone 8, Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City
Contact information: 09177122585
Email address: njdiocampo@gmail.com

Personal Data
Nationality: Filipino
Gender: Female
Marital Status: Single
Date of Birth: 05 December 1993

Education
2015 Present

Xavier University Dr. Jose P. Rizal School of Medicine

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan
Cagayan de Oro City

2010 2014

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan
Cagayan de Oro City

2006 2010

Corpus Christi School

Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City

2000 2006

Corpus Christi School

Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City

Skills and Accomplishments

2014

Philippine Nursing Licensure Exam

33

MARIELLE MAY C. JAYMA

Address: Block 4, Lot 9, Santa Barbara, Kauswaga, Cagayan de Oro City
Contact information: 0917 773 8162
Email address: mariellemayjayma@gmail.com

Personal Data
Nationality: Filipino
Gender: Female
Marital Status: Single
Date of Birth: 27 April 1994

Education
2015 Present

Xavier University Dr. Jose P. Rizal School of Medicine

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan
Cagayan de Oro City

2010 2014

Bachelor of Science in Biology

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan
Cagayan de Oro City

2006 2010

Mindanao State University Wao Community College

Wao, Lanao del Sur

2003 2006

Western Wao Pilot Elementary School

Wao, Lanao del Sur

2000 2003

Kong Hua School

Cagayan de Oro City

Skills and Accomplishments

2010 2011

Deans List Biology Department

34

GLEN JOHN B. NAMOC

Address: Block 11, Lot 2, Soldiers Hill Subdivision, Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City
Contact information: 09055205173
Email address: glenjohn_namoc@yahoo.com

Personal Data
Nationality: Filipino
Gender: Male
Marital Status: Single
Date of Birth: 16 August 1993

Education
2015 Present

Xavier University Dr. Jose P. Rizal School of Medicine

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan
Cagayan de Oro City

2009 2013

Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Science

Liceo de Cagayan University
Cagayan de Oro City

2005 2009

Immanuel Mission International School

Upper Carmen, Cagayan de Oro City

2003 2005

Immanuel Mission International School

Upper Carmen, Cagayan de Oro City

35

KRISTINE R. OKIT
Address: Tubigon, Maramag, Bukidnon
Contact information: 09357462102
Email address: okitkristine@yahoo.com

Personal Data
Nationality: Filipino
Gender: Female
Marital Status: Single
Date of Birth: 15 April 1994

Education
2015 Present

Xavier University Dr. Jose P. Rizal School of Medicine

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan
Cagayan de Oro City

20011 2015

Bachelor of Science in Biology

Central Mindanao University
Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon

2007 20011

Central Mindanao University Laboratory High School

Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon

2002 2007

Musuan Elementary School

Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon

2001 2002

Bukidnon State College Elementary Laboratory School

Malaybalay, Bukidnon

Skills and Accomplishments

2011-2012

Deans List Biology Department

36

DOLORES MONIQUE S. PENEZA

Address: Block 2, Lot 2, Lopez Subdivision, Barangay Matiao, Mati City, Davao
Oriental
Contact information: 09336197978
Email address: alyssamarie.agustin@yahoo.com

Personal Data
Nationality: Filipino
Gender: Female
Marital Status: Single
Date of Birth: 27 November 1994

Education
2015 Present

Xavier University Dr. Jose P. Rizal School of Medicine

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan
Cagayan de Oro City

2009 2013

Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science

San Pedro College
Davao City

2005 2009

Immaculate Heart of Mary Academy

Mati City, Davao Oriental

1999 2005

Immaculate Heart of Mary Academy

Mati City, Davao Oriental

Skills and Accomplishments

2013

Philippine Medical Technologist Licensure Exam

2013

Cum Laude Bachelor in Medical Laboratory Science

San Pedro College
Davao City

37

JOHANNA D. SANTOS
Address: Block 19, Lot 3, Mockingbird Street, Morning Mist Village, Cagayan de Oro
City
Contact information: 09151301700
Email address: preensantos@ymail.com

Personal Data
Nationality: Filipino
Gender: Female
Marital Status: Single
Date of Birth: 13 April 1994

Education
2015 Present

Xavier University Dr. Jose P. Rizal School of Medicine

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan
Cagayan de Oro City

2010 2014

Bachelor of Science in Psychology

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan
Cagayan de Oro City

2006 2010

Saint Columban College High School Department

Pagadian City, Zamboaga del Sur

2000 2006

Pagadian City Pilot School

Pagadian City, Zamboanga del Sur

Skills and Accomplishments

2014

Civil Service Exam October 2014

2011-2014

Deans List Psychology Department

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan
Cagayan de Oro City

38