TIUS

Charles H. Kraft. Ph.D.

Departhent of jinguitics, tlniaerrty ol Cdl;lorn;d
iD 8ociationwith

A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, M.A.(Cantab.)
Senor Rsee'ch IAI@ n Araatu Std,!' St. Aons's Colwc,
o"od Unlcft;ts
,
IorncIy Ha o tke DeIWtmmI oi LarqMg.s,
Ak'"'i,r Bello Uni.tsiv. zdria, N;se
Son tane Mennei oJ tha EMa hr.gaqe Board ann
Cteir,"nr o the Higher StandMd Eth8a Boa o E4min.rc

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Pnnmcn

vll

PEnt ONn-IxrRoDUcrroN
I The llausa Language
2 Hausa Pronunciation f: Consonants and
Yowels
3 lfausa PronunciationfI: Toneantl fnbnation

7
13

Plnr Two-GneMMIr
4 GreeingsI
Genderof Nouns
6 'To be': [, Gand K nan
7 CompleedAcion
I The Genitival Link
9 PossessivePronouns
10 Specifiers-'This', 'That', 'These', ' Those'
ll Quantifiers
12 Subjunative Aspect and Commands
13 Non-aspeotYerbals; 'Yes' and,'No'
14 Inransitive Yerbs
f ftansitive Yerbs; ObjecPronouns
16 The X'uture Aspectsand ZE.
l7 Relaters and Relational Nouns
l8 Continuative Aspec
19 Verbal Nouns
20 The 'Relative' Aspecs; Relative Constructions.
21 Interrogative and Indefinite Nominals
22 Noun Plurals
23 Adjectival Nominals ; Comparison
24 dverbial Nominals and deophones
25 Yerb 'orrns

2g
27
32
36
41
46
1
67
61
66
7l
74
81
85
93
98
104

rl2
LzL
t29
r37
r45

26 The }Iabiual Aspect; 'Auxiliary' Verbs;

Exclamations
27 LYses
ofAspects
28 Reduplicaion
29 The RelatersSai and D
30 Prefixes and Suffixes

176
185
I92

P.En'r Tnnns -REFEBDNcD

3l GnietingsII
32 Numbers
33 Time
34 llone,v and llarketing
35 Farnily and Kinship'Ienns
36 Person-spec
Pronounsand Pronoun Tables
37 l'erbals
38 Nominals

206
212
216
2r9
222
225
232
24L

Plnr Foun.-S uppr,DuoNl'anr*

ll.l,rr:nrers
39 Letter \{riting
40 Proverbs and Riddlcs
4l Addit'ional Conversations
42 Additional Texts
43 Bibliography

265
258
266
282
289

Panl' Frvr: --AppENDrcES

Ke.y to Exercises
Translaionsof Dialoguesand Fables
Hausa-English Vocabulary
Engli sh-HausaYocabulary

303
317
982
373

r57
r67

helace
lV'ore it not for the fac that we have three matters to
teood, no prefatory note would be necessaryin a volume
in the well-establishedTeach Yourself series.
First, a note on the history of the materials in this
Hausa grammr. The original lessonswere used from
1962-1968 by l[r. Kirk-Greene in regular African
languagecoursesin the SummerSchoolsat the University
of aliornia, Los Angeles, and for faculty and postgraduate classesat Ahmadu Bello University. A parallel
nd adrr*oced version was used by Dr. Kraft in his
e1sflif-sa,1ningcourses at Miohigan State University
between1964and 1968,and.at UCLA from 1968to the
present. On the experiencegainedfrortr this considerable
tosting period we have combined.and revised our orrse
materials. Since 1966,Dr. Krafb has worked'on the task
of incorporating them into the eventual text of Tea'ch
Yunsetf Eausa. If the found.ationsof this volume lie in
he orilinal work of one of us, the credit for the final
versionis essentiallythat ofthe other.
Secondly,a referenceto someof the distinotive features
of this Hausa grarrmar. In most existent grarg'mars1
ineufficient attention has been paid to he questions of
ma,rkingtone and vowel tength; we have given-special
attenin to heseessential aids to acquiring fl.uency.
suc\ *t tl9
The supplementary sections of the\ok,
refaen-ial
rg{ing,
to
fuher
gurde
bibliogffphical
and'-a
synopsis
lesson,quick-look tables of grammatica
wo-wayvocabulary of some 2000 words will pacg -the
studenwho completesthis coursein a promising position
to sit formal examinationsin llausa and then, hopefully,
mqve to he field to put into practice wha he has
learned at home. Again, we have sought to suppo

VIII

PBEFACE

hemorphologicaland syntactical analysis by a seriesof

[t4y dialogues and ypical situational oonversations,
11d, later on, of traditional fables, proverbs and stories.
'Where
the student has the advantageof working wih a
Hausa informant, he may conveniently ha these
conversation-pieoesread or recorded. But since .rre are
aware hat, in he nature of the Teach Yourself series,
panl studens\rill initially be faced.with the problem of
lierally teaching themselves, we have here and there
esoheweda-napproach hat holds that grarnrnarsshould
be_purely descripiveand.never prescrptive, and. have
taken ad.vantageof our classexperiencewhere we have
found that a didactio 'Iaying dwn of he basic rules,
is very often a helpful and ppreciated framework for
tho* bgginning o learn an African language.
and most importantly, the achwledgement
^Thir{y,
of-our
debsof gratitude. To name all those-sclohrs
informants, reserchassisants,rt"ar"t -*U"-;;;;;
readily co-operated in our work on this new lausa
course would be impossible. But we hope that if we
specify those to whom our greatest thanl<for informaion, explanalion and clarificaion goes, and. happily
d.edicateour book to all students of Hausa, be they
Nigerian or otherwise, past or fuure, we shal havL
achievedour aim of due aclrnowedgement. Those to
whom our special thanks are due "lud" ilIr. X'. W.
Parsons,Readerin Hausa at the Schoolof Oriental and
African Studies,Universiyof London, whoseexhaustive
commentson the text were so helpful and upon whose
scholarly analysesof Hausa verbs and noun plurals we
have leanedso heavily; Dr. D. \ry. Arnott, Piofessorof
West African Languagesat the Univemity of London,
for_hp suggestedimprovements; Messrs.G. P. Bargery
and R. C. Abraham, whosemonumentaldictionarieJw-e
rarely turned to in vain ; the numerousand enthusiastic
sudentsregisteredfor our respectivecoursesover the

u(

PBDI'ACE

yoars; our various researchassistants,Yahaya Ali-Iu:

Benjamin Ishaku, SalisuAbubakar, Ibrahim W'ada,Sani
Abdullahi, Katherine (Powers) cte BIii and Marguerite
O. Kraft; and our ypists, Jean Gorman and.Dorothy
Pelton, who have dealt so nobly with a language quite
srangeto them. In hoping that this book may be a
helpfiil contribution to the learning of one of the two
mot important languages of A.frica, we conclude-by
remind.ing our readers of he Hausa proverb Krt,
lsrkonk-madcl,Sarshenkzumt: it may be b,aern
sud,y hn the enil is sweet.
be,gi,n
Crunr.ps H. Knnrr, Ph.D.
Departmenof Linguistics,
University of California at Los Angeles
in associationwith
A. H. M. Krm-GnEENE,M.A.
S.Antony's College,Oxfortl

r973

Pa One

Inhoduction

LessonI
The Eausa lranguage
l. Hausa hisorically is primarily the name of a language
rather than of a people. By extension,i has cometo be
usdto describethe majority group of northem Nigerians,
linkeil by a senseof uniy basedon a contmonlanguage,
history and.customs. Ehnically, however, there exists
someheterogeneity within this group, and.religion-wise
there are a few Christian and.animist Hausa as well as
Mustim Hausa.
2. The present-day Hausa people originate from the
Eaus Bakwi, he seven historioal states of Kano,
Katsina, Daura, Zazzaa(Zana), Biram, Gobi and.Rano,
which form the nucleus of he Kano, Noh Central and
Noh-wesem states of Nigeria and of the contiguous
flourished some
portion of Niger Republic. These
"tqttt
to
100 years ago; Kano city is reputed. be a thousand
years old. At the beginning of the nineteenth oentury,
the X'ulaniof Sokotoinoorporatedthe governmentsof the
Eaus Bakwi into the Sokoto empire, the foundation of
the poliical enity recognized.up to 1966asthe Nohern
Re6onof Nigeria. The kingdom of Bornu, along with the
remainder of present-day Noh-eastent, Benue-Plateau
and Kwara states, remained ousid.ethe mainstream of
Iausa and later X'ulani influence.
Thoseancient stateswhere Hausa was spoken,but no
as a mohertongue, were known as he Banz Bakw,
the seven'illegitimate' ones. They included.such areas
as florin (Yoruba), Nupe, Yauri, Kebbi, Kwararafa
(Jukun),Gwari and Zamfara. Gwris aterm stillused.to
rofer oontemptuouslyto one who haltingly stammersout

HAusa

pidgin-Hausa : Bgwri ni. Its opposite, the flattery

given to a foreigner who speaksfluent l{ausa,, is y iy
aus kmar iHr Kan, iterally he spealcsHawa I,ilr
a Kano Mby.
The Kano dialect is that norrnally
acoeptedas ' sandard' Hausa for teaching purposes,and
is the one preferredin this book.
3. The Hausa languageis generally recognizedto be the
largebt'!V'estAfrican language. X'ifteenotwenty million
-'peope can claim Hausa as heir mother-tongue wih
some en million non-native speakers demonstrating
varying degreesgf competencein the language. It is the
predominant languageof the nohern satesof Nigeria
and of neighbouring Niger Republic. Sizable llausaspeaking communities (often itinerant and trading) are
alsofound in nrany of the major cities of West, Noh and
Equtorial Africa.
trn the former Nohern Region of Nigeria up to 1966,
Hausa shared.with English the status of 'ofroial'
languageand both were writen into the constitution. In
1964 he Nohern House of Assembly considered.the
adoption of llausa as the only language of business
throughout the Government and in the egislature.
Regulations owardsimplementing this were introduced
'Without
bu were rescindedin early 1966.
a knowledge
of Hausa, however, it is awkward to move very far from
norhernNigeria's urban oirclesand difroult ocommunicate effectively wih any but the English-speakingelite.
4. Hausa is classified.by Greenbergas a member of he
Chadic group of the froasiatic family of languages.l It
is, therefore, more olosely related genetically o Arabic,
T{ebrew, Berber and other members of he Afroasiatic
1 See Greenberg, J. H., The Langua4eo oJ Afrca.
fndiana : Indiana University, 1963.

Bloomington,

5
'fln EAUsaLl,{GuGE
fmily than are mosof herest of the languagesof.*"!aian Afrioa. To this extent Hausa is not a 'typical'
Afrioan language.
The coneptual framework of the Hausa-speaking
peoples expressedthrough the language is, however,
enitit"ty African and bers a closerelationship Q-!h
erpressed through more 'typically' A-frican Nig"tKritofanian languagesto the south of Hausa.
The cultural inflenoe of the Near East upon t'he
Hausapeopleis,however,quitepromnentandis reflected
in the language. The influence of Muslim thought and
oulture may Uesaid to permeaeqlny asperts of H3,19a
life and lairguage. Borrowin of goncepts (especially
nligious andphlosophioal) and vocabulary are recognizrble et every urn.
As one reiult of early Muslim influence, Ilausa has a
literary tradition pxtoniling back severalcenturiesbefore
oons with'lV'estern cultre. Ilausa wasfist writen'in
rn Arabio script lnown as iml. Today this repr-esentation of he language is l*.g"Iy restrioted to Muslim
rcholars, divineslmtUai) and their Korania schools,
hsving beensupersededfor mospurposesby heRoman
rcriptlminus tle diacritics) whirh is used'in this book.
is available in
"d brge amoun of prined,literature
Ilousa, ana a variety of periodicals have appearedover
te years, a least wo of which are still produoed
rqgd;dy. X'oremosamong the secular producers of
Hus" iiterature has been the Gaskiya Corporation,
?nna. In recent years, however, he Nohern Nigeria
Publishing Corporation at Zaria has emerged as the
prinoipal publis-herof Hausa texts. The weeHy newsiapet'Gahiao Ta Fi' Kwabis hemosprominenof the
Ha:ot" periodicals,and is supporedby a relaively large
numbei-when comparedo the number of publications
in ohervernacularJ--of books prined in Roman script
and publishedby various oommeroialand missiongroups

in Nohern Nigeria. Since it^s removal to Kaduna in

1966, however, i has failed to retain he sandard
ohography (especiallywith respect to the 'hooked'
letters), and should not, thereforg be imiated by those
siting for formal Hausa languageexaminaions.-

Lesson2

and
EarrsaPronunoiration
[ : Consonants
Vowels
l. Twenty-one written s;tmbols will be employed. to
represent the twenty-four llausa consonans(three of
the consonants,sh, ts and 'y, are representedby double
letters).l The following cha provides a fairly accurate
indication of he soundsof sixteen of these consonants:
b as in bag: bb,bbba,bH2
o as the ch in church: can, cik, mc
as in dag: ilon, bdk,ak,r
g as in gooil (nevet as in gzs): guil, gr, ilg
h as in hat: na, hab,rahi
i as inyo: iEw,kuiir, ilH
k as in king: kt, kk, kw
I as in lilw: lild, lall, lfiv
m as in mrrni mt, nakyi, m
n as in rnt: ntmi, hann, nlsa
s as in sorit: sanyi rani, Eaus
rh as in shut: shlga,sh,tshl
t as in n: tfl, tbt, frt
w as in win: wat, wui, row
y as in yet: ydt, hanyy,yunw
z as in zero: zrrw,zf,, kz
r The letters q, o a;nd.c are not used in llauea except somotimes in
the epelling of foreign names. The lettor p is eometimes seon as e non'
whic\
rtandard rpresenttion of tho sound regularly_wrtt!"
however, ofton sounds moro like Englishp than Engli/. "The sound
representod in English by qz ocourq regula'rly in Hauss worde, but is
writen kw.
I See pages$-ll and 14forexplanations ofthe diacritical marks.

rAUSA

2. The remainder of the consonants require special

tneatmen.
t soundsvery much like te EnglishJ but is produced
between the lips raher han beteen-helowei lip and
upper teeh as in he English/. Often, too, {ausa I is
ponoUncednearer the English p, e.g. ElI, l,fiy, a,
ltl, ari. fn some words it is inerohangeablewih h,
e.g. tudulhudu, tsfu/bh.
t is"a glottal catch like that which precedeseach vowel
in English exolamationssuoh.asoh-ohot uh-uh. fn Hausa
t is written when i occurs in he mide of a word, e.g.
', n'am. Every word beginningwith a vowel iu Haus
actually sas with a glottal oatch, bu his, since i is
predicable, is no writen either in he ofrcial oho$aphy or in this book, e.g. aiki, alal,i.
'y is a very rare Hausa sound which consissof y
preced.edby a gloalcatch, e.g. 'y'v, 'yals.
The consonants6, d, & and ts are known echnicallyas
glotnliznil consutants. Tha is, each is produced *ith a
simultaneous glottal catoh and released with a rather
explosive quality to i. The 6 and d, in addition, are
often producedimplosively, i.e. with heair streampulled
into the mouth rather than expelled from he mouh as
with I and ts. In the schoolsof Hausaland he leters
represeningthesesoundsare referredoaslnolwil,letters.
6 is like b, but with a simultaneousglotal catch and.an
explosivequality to the release,e.g. r,I6i,ho6.
d is like il (though the tongue position is a bit farther
back), bu with a simultaneous gltal catch and an
explosivequality to the release,e.g. dk, daya, kudi.
& is like k, but with a simultaneousglottal catch and.an
explosive,click-like quality to the release,e.g..f,zff.
ts is }ike s, but with a simultaneousglotal catch, an
explosive quality to the releaseand.,for many speakers,
an initial sound,e.g. tsfi, yts,tsts.
r is either a short trill or a flap which often sounds

EAUSA PBONUNCITION I: CONSONANTS AND VOWELS

much like an l. Though marny Hausa speakers will

maintain a distinotion btween he two t sounds, consistently employing ole in certain words and the oher
ia other **t,n""p-oesses of linguistic changehave so
afrectedthe useof thesesoundstha-tit is ofenimpossible
to predicaccuately which r will be employed'in a.given
woid. The majoriy of Hausa speakersempfoy a trilled' r
before most cnsonants (except labial and' velar), e.g.
murn ;- in final position, e.g. har ; regularly in words
borrowed from oher languages,e.g. bark' ka'rt!;
and in a relatively small number of other rvord's. The
flap r occurs in most other contexts. The student is
eouraged to discover what the pattern followed !y lit
informat is, and.to learn to employ that pattern in his
own speech.He may find it convenientto aclda tilde ()
throulhout these lessons to inclicate when the trill
occurJin his informant's speech. The present authors
have weighed the relative merits of consistently indicating the differencebetweenthe two r sound.sthroughout
theie lessonsand felt that it would be lessconfusingto
omit suchindication here.
3. Hausa makes use of five sho and five long vowels.
However, only fi.ve written symbols are used'in Hausa
literature to rpresentthese ten sounds. It is, therefore,
necessaryto supplement the acceptedwriting systern in
order toenable ihe studento lirrow which sound is to
be employed in a given word. Long aowelswill thus be
indicalein theselessonsby the presenceof a macron()
abovethe letter. Vorvelswith no macron are therefore
eho.
Due to the wid.ed.ialectaldifferencesin the pronturciation of English vowels, i is very diffioult to illustrate
Hausa von'els unambiguously by employing Eugli
words. The following attempt to do so is only a general
guide and. must not therefore be depended.upon too

10

FUS

heavily. The student nrust do his besto imiate his

informant's production of the vowel sound carefully,
u'hether or no the English illustration of the Haua
sound given below is accuratefor his dialect. He may
later frnd. i profiable to substitute oher English (o
non-English) key-words for those given below.- fn any
even,the-long vowels (, , i, , ) are always . pure,
vorvelsin Hausa, unlike -English where they e uiually
phorietic_dip_rllongs
(technicallyknown as glides).s The
student shouldkeepthis basicdifferencebetweenHausa
1ld English.vowelsin rnind as he refers to the English
'l<ev-u'ords'below.
a most frequenlyasimilar to the u inbutter, cuff:
hab, ll, tfr
similar to ainfar, car,psalm: rn, lt, tfi
e similar to e in bet,check: fensb, mc,gbe
3 'Ihe student unaware of this characeristic
of English pronunciation might profitably watch his lips in a mirror as-he pronounces
slorvfy a word such as hope ot lgaf, He will note that as h completes
the vowel segment of iho word iris lips becomo more tighly pursed
into a rr-like position in enticipatio of the final labial coenant.
This pr-ocess_ie
technically known ag a oouel,gli,ile,and, these word.s
are spelled phoneically liowp and towf to indcate-the fact that the
vowel segrnentin-hem is a cmplex oi o plus tr,l. Lees easily observ_
able bu nonethelesereal vowef glides ocur on mos othr ,lonE'
vowels in
as well. The vorvel nfect, for example, involvee"a
-{lglishforward
sliding (gliding)
of the tongue inio o y position (phoneticallv
spelled,/iy{} as does that in rate (phonebicalJ.j reyt). Likewise thL
vowol in .for-involves a tongue glide which-ma! 'b" phoneticallv
represented by an ll (e.g- fa,H o yaUry. The pnt is-that Haus
vowels are not characterized by-this'type of , diphthongizing,.
Hausa long vou'els are, therefor, phone[ially repr.sentabeafoo
rather Lhan ow, ii, ruther than iy, aaralher thin aH, az rather than
uu, ee rather than ey. The E'glish learner of Hausa must, therefore,
give some attention to keeping his lips still as he proruces a
Ha rqa _o_r, and his tongue-in its itarting posiioir when he
produces Hausa , and , regardlessof the con-soantthat follows.
a
. fn proximi_ty t! V or i, a is ofterr pronounced as short . .A.
ynzursai. Other slight variations also occur in the pronunciti
of a. The student should be on.the lookout for them and seek to
imitate the natirc speaker'sltroduction at all times.

EAUS PRONUNCIATION I: CONSONANTS AND VO1VELS

II

I similer to o in ral,n,te,ilnp: li,sm, tbr

I similar to i in Nn, W: eih, sid,id
klfi, shl, rig
I simibr to e rn-slw,d,
(very
short) : Bell
in
fuy
to
o
o similar
goa,l:
il, tuw, mt
similar to o in opm,
n similar to hevolrel infoot, ptt: uk' mtm,
dubE
: sn, tilt, hil
similar to oo in bot, root,oo
l. Sho vo$'elsarc Ewnt'itat)elyslwrwr in duration than
as well. Th
lmg vowelsand.very often differ *q*W
b, a grven sho vowel requires a ceain length of
me to be produced, its long counterpa may requir
ttioe as much time. The fac tha a grven vowel is
o rather than long may also be signalletl (especially
in olosed syllables) by he fac hat t'he sho von-el
etnk difreren from its long counterpar. Thus, he
terence between tfi, go aw&y, and tfi, Tnlm of the
lffii{ is signalled boh by the difrerencesin the actual
Lngth of tLe two a's and by the fact hat they ' sound''
dlffrent (i.e. have a difrerent phonetio quality), In addition to the ton vowels, there are in Hausa two
phthongs. Theseare combinations et a short o plus y
os u whioh occur in a ginglesyllable. They are, however,
nitten as si and au:
tl ueually approximates the u in cu'ff f y: ki' nai ;
or the enbd + y: sai,zi
lr usually apprximates the u in atpt * w: auy,
lru!.
t. Tho sudenshould always keep in mind the factha
r hnguage is made up primarily of sov'nls rather than
rritten symbols. Writen symbols are used in his book
mly as guiaesto the spokensoundsof the Hausa langurgt, not as an end in themselves.

12

EAusa

The fptc_m of writen symbols here employed is

designed
toe as-tme a guide as p,ossibleto te ipoken
lranguage. Therefore, emh winut-syrnbol, repnaensone,
and,only one,mmninqful, undt of swnd,n Hwa.

Lesson3
Eausa PronunciationII : Tone and
Inonation
rl. No language is known to be spoken without the
rystematic-us of pitch distinctions in addiion to the
disinctionsbetweenthe various vowels and.consonants.
English, for example,is characterizedby a very intricae
intonational system(the specificsof the systemvary from
dialect to dialect) in which pit'ch distinctions play a
major pa.
laige propoion of the world's languages-including
all but- a very few African languages--employ pich
lonally rather than intonationally. This is t,usagequite
distinct from that of English. Suchlanguagesare linown
6s tunelnngmges. Hausa is a onelanguage.
Each Hausa syllable consists of a given set of consonants and. vowels plus an assignedone. Each word
must, therefore, be learned and pronounced' with its
proper tone pattern as well as its proPer vgwels 1nd
onsonants.lIn order to facilitate proper learning, and to
avoid.ambiguity, we have consideredit helpful to employ
aocentmarks in this book to ind.icateheproper tone of
eaoh syllable. In he raditional orthography (which
does no ind.icate either tone or vowel length), for
I It is impoant to observe that tone and tone paltern are-termg
employed t designate a system-which employs p-itch distinctions in
a rlaive mannei-not in an absolute manner like notes in music..
Different speakers, e.g. men and women, have different ^voice
pitches and- these mav be varied for emotional reaeone. It is the
;elqtiae 'nteroa|betwen succeggivesyllables of speech that do-ermines the tonal (and intonational)-patterns being employed in
language, not t}le absolute pitch on which these apeech segments
fall.

t4
example, the spelling iibi represent two distinc words
11- th" .speling fit represnts three distinc words,
differing in tone (seebelow).
2. In Hausa there are two tone levels (termed.hi,gh and,
laut), and a less frequent combination'of high and low
resultingin afalling [one. Thesetonesare no-necessarily
assignableto absolute pitch levels such as those of 'a
musical scale, but rather are important becausethey
contrast with each otl.r in a systmatic way within the
fanguage, Tha is, Hg,gsahigh tone is of importance
becauseit contrasts with low tone to accoundfor the
difrerencein meaning betw_een
ryords like jbi, iloy ofu
ts
and iibi, a mml, or between flt, cor;" 'urt,
-rruorrsw, and
t,ferryin
flt, guinnacorn beer.
3. In hisbook the grave accen(.) is employed.over the
vowel of the relevan syllable to indicaie h* t*r.
A
h,tgh-tonesyllable is signalled by the absenu of any tone
marlcover the vowel. The circmflex (^) accnt rru"
vowel indicates a falliny-tane syllable (i.e. one which
"
r.tltr. high
falls to low). A few examplesof words
-an!.
difrering only
in tone are:
a cry
kk
kk
baobabtree
inside
cik
cik
stomach
y t v tff he will go
he went
(paicle of assent)na'm n'am (r.ply to a call)
4. Hausa also has an intsnational,system. This system
involves te specifying anq modifiation of the"pitch
levels in the tonal system. Hausa intonation applisto
whol,euerances,not to each syllable as is the casewith
tone.
.While g"e:y syllable has its own tone, the specific
pitch level of eachsyllablein an utteranceis determined

EAUSA PR,ONUNCITION II: TONE AND INTONATION

15

by the intonational system in accordance with the

psition of the given syllable in the utterance. The tonal
lattern of a wrd determineswhether the pitch-of_the
ylable is the same, higher or lower than the pitoh of
tLe immediately preceding and following syllables in
the utterance. The intonational system specifieshow
much difrerence there will be between contiguous
with different tones.
syllables
The total pitch component(tone plus intonation) of a
Hausautterancecan be convenientlydescribed'in terms
of five pitch levels.2Thesecan be numberedfrom 1 to 5,
with l ieferring to the lowest and to the highest pitch
level.
a-

. The mos characeristic type of Hausa intonation

may be temed ileclnratte ',ntonation. Ihis type of
intnation has a generally !.escend.ingpitch pattern and
may be represented.on a chart as follors :

ga d

Bbansy shlgadkln Auil. X'ather-hishe entered

room-of Audu.
The first high tone in a declarative pattem is on pitch
leve 5. The next low is on pitch 3, the next high on 4,
2 See eleo lIodge, Carleton T., Hatno
Couree, Pp. 3 ff-' and
-Basi,c
Kraft, Charles IIi, and Marguerito G., Spolcm Hauso: Introhrctory
Coue. An annotated bibliography wilt be found on pages 289 ff'
(Leseon 43).

IIAUSA

16

AND NONTIO
EAUSA PRONTTNCIATION II: TOND

etc. The pattern, therefore,is to drgp two-stepsfrom,a

high to a lw, and to climb one step from a low to a high,
Uu--twith two qualifications :
(i) An initiat low tone will be on level 3 and the following
high on level S.
(ii) AEnal low will drop to level l, evenif the utterance
is not long enough-to force i there, but will go no
lower than level 1.

intartn;ti'onis of two ypes:

6. In,errogattiae
(a)' When the utterance inolud.esno intero-gai-ve.1ord,
'
the last high tone will i,t-p to 1 prlch-lwel at leas
one step higher than the pitch level of the previous
high-tone sy[able. Often, !n fact, hewhole utterance
is"pitcnea n a higher leveltan in the goTespgSqlg
stitement. If th; finat syllable is high, it will slur
from the very high level to a level a least one step
lower. A foilvin low tone (if present)*ill -.l"opg"ly
one step rather tan all he way down to level 1 as
in the declarative Pattern:

tii
Sun aiki n.
Eani t0y.
They are working.
You are well.
w91di
(b) 'lVhenthe uteranceinclud'esan interrogative
modcahe d'eclarative patem with two
"-pfyt
tions :
(r) The wholc uterancemay be on a slightly higher
pitoh.
tq';r
high-tone syllable becomesa-falling slur
(ii)
leas'one step lowert If the final
*l'at
;
"
it * to* tone, th second modifrcation
;;i
doesno aPPlY.
n ai

z8

-+.f

zor

4
3i,

yaushc

k1'

',

l1

,'l

,
.t

lr

2
I

h sida?
Kan ly ?
Are you well ?

Sun aiki n P
Are theY working ?

Theseutterances as statements (deolarative intonation) would be asfollows, in conrastwith the interrogative patterns above:

[ow'g (your)
familY ?

Yushza-}lt n?
Wh"o will you
come?

ne ai f
How'g-(Your)
work?

emplolgdwhen.usinga Wrryi1
7. Vomtfue'in,onniion,
as Ira
him' is he same
name or title in adclressing
described under 6 () above :

EAusapnoNrrNcrarroNrr: ToNDNDrNToNTroN

Snnu,Ms.
lsefings,
Musa.

I{ gaishL, dlbl.
f greet you,
student.

Snnu,Auil.
Greetings,
Audu.

8. Slressis also presenin Hausa, bu is no nearly as

impoant in Hausa as in English. The sudent mus,
however,learn to recognizeand imiate the stressas well
as the pitch pattern of each uterance. The following
generalizationsconcerningHausa stressmay be helpful:
(i) Difrerences in stress alone do not accoun for
differencesin meaning betweenwords.
(ii) Sressgenerally,though by no meansalways,falls on
syllablespossessinghigh tone (as excepionsnote he
following-the und.erlinedsyllable akesthe sress:
mc e,it,,sa won/n;$w kgti, brnqthebw).
(i) lVhen a seriesof high-tone syllables is followed.by a
low tone, the high-tone syllable immediately preced.ingthe low syllable carriesgreater sressthan the
precedinghigh syllablesunlesssucha sllable is both
word-final and possesses
a sho vowel (e.g. lta o,
is slnl.
9. The impoance of mastering hetone and intonaion
paternsof Hausa oannobe overemphasized.To ' learn '
Hausa words and.longer uteranceswithou aking the
trouble to acquire the proper pitch pattern suggestsan
indifrerence by the speakerthat indicates d.isrespec
or

19

evenignorance.ForeignershaveinsultedHausa-speakers
too long by simply carrying their own intonational
patterns over ino Hausa. ft is an everlasting tribute to
the patience and kindnessof the Hausa peoplethat they
have not only put up with such carelessnessbut even
learned to understand some of the things we have
attempted. to say in our bastardized form of their
language!
The tone pattern of each word is fully as integral to it
as are the vowelsand consonants,and i must be as completely mastered. It is for this reasontha the effort has
beenmad.eto indicate the tone and vowel length of each
Hausa syllablein this book.

Pa Two

Ora,mma,r

Lesson4
GreetingBI
l. In llausa society, greetingsare usuay *o*:,th?o,,*
rauoasual'hello' or nodd'ed'morning -r.hjy are ttre
mark of couesy and good maPeri' " L)rren4-e9ungs
;"itt for d.ifrernt des of the day and for differen
given
activities. The more commonof hesgreetingsare
r'
bolow. Other impoan greetingsare grvenrn Lesson
at
2. The following greetings can be use'l with anyone'
any time.
npW
Greeng
yuw, snnu
snnu
hello
hello
(kdai)
I'm fine
lau
lfiy
ae you well ? lvi ?
there is no
giivi
hods (yoru) rn giiYe b
tiredness
tiredness?
I'm thanHul
how'g (yo,r") ln siti ? +ik a
for i
sdiv
work ?
fine
how's (your) tr gi ? lfly
familY ?
tn tb6t ? (bari)sai
what's [he
'
all is rsell
lhti
news ?
t mitl
fine
see
seeyou later sai an iim yuw, sai an okaY,
You later
iin
such
3. A typical greeting situation wil include some
following
The
as thlat tist in section2 above.
;;"#;
greetings ?P substitutable for the firs
;;;;t
in the above
O""r g'and 4) or"hetat ltine 5) greeting
list when aPProPriate:

24

IIAUSA

(o) Morning greetings

Greetnq
how did you sleep?
did you sleepwell ?

VOCABULRY

R ply
in kwn ?
kwal lOv?

() Midilay and afternoongreetings:

Greet'dng
how's (your) day ?
tn wun ?

5. Paing greetings:
Greet'i,ng
seeyou later
sai an iim
sai sbe
sai wani tkci

lfiy
lfiy

fine
fine

Rqlv
lv fine

4. Greetingsfor specialsituations:
Greeting
greetingsat (your)
sranuit aik
work
greeti-ngsat (your)
snnud zuw
oommg
greetings(on entering sm laitn
ahome)

seeyou tornorrow
seeyou sometime
(soon)
unil morning
until evening

OBEETINGS I

Repl,y
yuw,snnu
yuw, snnu
yuw, laik
slm

Reply
yuw, m iim
rl yaw
yuw, sai gbe
Vuw, sai wani
lkci

yuw,sai il sf
Vuw,sai il
ymm
seeyou someday sai wata rn
V1wl, sai wata
rana
A commonalternative reply to any of thesegreetingsis :
t AU y kai m may Godbring it about (tit. okay,
may God take us [to that time])
to which one respondsin turn :
min may it be so
sai rl sl
sai il ymm

tYotw,nals
sik
AU
au jim

'rvork
God
after a *-hile (this is actually a verbai construction butoften functionsas a nominal)
tiredness
home, household
tomorrow
where ?, irow ?
period. of night
news
health, rvell-being
tirue
morning
early evening; rvest

eiiv
girt
gibe
ln
kwn
b
lfiv
lokci
st
ymm
wani (rn.),
wata (/.) a certain, a
period of claylight
wun

Particles
Yerbals
min
thereisnofnone
t, bebir
n'ait a while
iim
al
carry, take,
kai
mitll
convey

s8i
snnu

rYt

&men,may it be
so
rvith, and
splendid,thank
yo:u(lit.
thanl<sbe to
God)
until, except
greetings
well, okay

yuw/
yuwa r fine, okay
1 The low-tono form ti and the form yuwa (with the short final
vowol) only occur if no pause (indicated in these lessons by a
comma) ocurs between these particles and a following word.

26
Dialngue
BeIl I Snnuil zuw, Is.
lse : Yuw,snnu.
.Bell lne geiivr
&e: B giv.
Bell lna aik ?

lsc :

Bell

Ise :

Aik arsdivs.
lne tterir
tbtuf sai lhrt.

Bell : T mitll.
lse : Kwal tfiy ?
Be Lv.
be: n giit ?
Bell ,ylau 2
lse : T milll. gai gite.
Bell T Atl y kai m.
Ise : ,.i"
t LSu is on eurphasizing particle equivalcnt
to . very well ,.

Lesson 5

Oenilerof Nouns
l' All singular nouns are eiherurasculineor feminine.
Thereis ng neuter in Hausa.
2. Most nolrnsendingin -a areferninine. ilIa.ny,however,
are masculine. Following a e soneof the ore conmon
nounswhich have a final -a but are masculine:
gial home,compound
ruw water
ws1 game
watl moon, rnonh

sn
gs
r
nm

nane
bucket
tnouse
meat

'Words acceptedlymale and femalethings, regardfor

3.
less of their final vowels, expressthe erpected gender.
(SeeLesson6 for use of n wih masculinenominals,c
with feminine.)
tm n.
o c.
8 n.
Zkor n.

It
It
It
It

is a man.
is a wom&n.'
is a bull.
is a rooster.

4. No genderdistinction is madein the plural. If is used

wih all plural nominals,evenif they refer to fernales.
Mt ni.
3ry n.
Jkunn.

They &re$/omen.
They are mice.
They are donkeys.

r But this ig fominirre in gome eroog.

28

Hus

. f'lre collnorr,lrres
of nrost auiruals,though gremmntica.llyeitherrnasculineor felninine.referto cithe-rsex.
3r n.
lt is a ra (eithersex).
Giwc.
It is an elephant(eithersex).
kwiy cc.
It is a goat lcither sex).2
Tunktyc. It is.a h"ep{eithcr sex).z
6. Thenanesof towrrs,countriesl
aud rivcrs a,tefeminine.
Niiriv
Frans
Instl
Amirk
trwr

Nigeria
X'rance
Englanrl
America
River Niger.

Binuwi
tto
Koni
Sskkwato
Bauci

River Ilenue
Lagos
Kano
Sokoto
Bauchi

7. A ferninineof nry llouns referring to personsor

anirnalsand of mny adjectival nourinalJmay-lyuformed.
by changingthe masculineendingas follows':
(a) A final - or - to -uw :
tsto(lr.)
old pemou
ds(m.)
tall persorr
tsunts(na.)
bird
() A final -c to -y :
Bhaush(ru.) Hausaperson
Bl6rab(m )
Arab
8tr (rn.)
white nrarr
sheg(rn.)
bastard
(c) A final -i to -ly :
maimi (2ru.) tauner
dtibi (rn.)
studerrt,
mahili (ru.)
parent

tsluw(/.)
ilsuw (/.)
tsuntsuw(/.)

GENDER OF NOUNS

or to a high tone - :
donkey
ik (ra.)
braveperson
irni (rc.)
gwni (na.)
expert
mlm(i)(za.) teacher
student
dllbi (za.)

majmiv(/.)
dlibtv (/.)
mahaiftv(/.)

2 Llnloss thc trrirual refeu.ctl o is lilros.n t.o bo rnale,

in rvhich casc
bhe rr'<rlds tE, rr^, and bnsur, he Joal,are ugod.

ite y.1
irn (/.)
swn (/.)
mIm(/.)
dUb(/.)

8. Somenons, especiallykinship terms, may be either

masculineor feminine :
kk grandfatheror grandmother
iik grandsonor granddaughter
ut youngestbrother or siser
VOCBULARY

Nuninals
kwiv (/.)
Anirk (/.)
Btu,
r

daubi(pl.
dnb8i)
siJ (/.)

ss

Ingll (/.)

Bhaushty(/.)
Btrabtv(/.)
Btrv(/.)
shesv("f.)

29

ird
kik
K8n (/.)
nc (/.)

goat
America
white man
mouse,rat
student
elephan
bucket
England
donkey
grandparen
Kano

(ptr.mt) woman,wife
mc * -r
: mtar. . . wifeof...
teacher, Mr.
mlm

n/pnc1
mnn
mttm (p.
mutn

wha ?
man, person
(p7.people)

30
njdy (/.)
TTWT

ri
!l

trrnt|
tulHyi (/.)
wr!!
r!E
8tl

rta,rl

OEI{DEB OI' NOIINS

Nigerie
w&ter
bull
rume
biil
"ep
this
game,play
mootr,month
ooste,coot

fsurt8 n.
cocwanna?
kwiy c.
wsaar?
Un8 I. Ecc
Aud w|Dnr trHy o.
T mdlt,ssi sbs,
!
uil Yqw.Alt y ksi m.
Ed
Ui8
Auil

Partitk*
!l (/. c)

ls, &Fe, Vee

xlBcIsns
Tra,rslateinto Engsh:
l. Bur [}.
2. fltu! rl.
3. Gir d.
4. rtus c.
5. BtLr
n.

6. Irqrtr !.

7. ElIn n.
8. rrl n.
9. DrDta.
10. tiE

16.

?rsnslatinto llausa with eithern (m.) or c(/.) :

l. ft'g a name,
6. She'ga womrn
2. It's a bull.
7. lts a game.
3. They ore mioe.
8. It's a oost.
4. Ee's a llaura person(zr.).
9. It's a home.
, Thoya,reromen.
10. It's the mooD.
Dtologue

trirl

8nLuUbl.
YAU. s!|ru Bl8.
nrl rn waun P
Aud Wslrln ilkl [.
i!
T, mrnsru,r ?
Au|l

'To BD':

Lesson 6

' To be' : I{e. CanalK nan'

l. The serrse of antfisfarelwasluere is, regaldless of
a,spect.
or 'lense'). expre.sedby a if rhe srrbjectis
mascune
or cif ir,i- eminine.As no genr]er
tiicrioction
made in noun plurals, ! is always used with plural
forms. (SeeLesson5, section4.)
2. /ctypicay occursat the end of a phraseor olause
and its tone js alrnaysoppositeto tbe ne of the pre.
ceorngsyllable.
Sarti n.
Yr !.
uaksrsnt c,
Yliry c.
tre n.
Y tff siit n.

It is a cLief.
It is a boy
It is a scliool.
It is a eirl.
They aie ohildren.
He went home (emphatic).

3. The oonshuction k lan ca often be used to express

the sauremeaning as a/c. The use of k nan, rowver,
ypically implies greater emphasisthan would the use of
tr/c.

33

6. C6.{N'DK nar

4. The phrase shi k nal, iterally maning i, is rlr i8

oommon in the llausa la,nguage,and is used to expess
finaity and. oftn, to signaraDsitiooLo a new topio
similar to the notion of tidr's all, thl'sthtt' ,hnl's 4ll
lhere;s to t, thnl's theenof thnttlar.
Y mut. thi k uao, Bvsu watrrrn. . ' Ee dieal.
That wasthat. After this.. .
5. In the negative,b ..
B i bs n.
B kudi ba k latr.
Bi giw bs c.
B yre ba n.

. ba n/cor k uslr i6 used.

It is not an eye.
It is not money !
It is not an elephant.
They are not children.

6. The independent ponouns cornmonly

n/c and k u,r.
it
ito c
it is I (ar.)
ai r
(/.)
m
r
ii
I
nr c
it is
it
k !
t&i tr it is you (r,.)
it
s n
k c
it is you (/.)
it is he (rz.)
lhi !
ftr D? N n.
tht n zi tfi.
W,vaz r? Ni k naa.

occur with
is she
is we
is you (pl.)
is they

who is it ? It's I.
It is he who rill goWho haecome? I.

VOOBUI,ARY

KudI k mr.
gsrki k nan.
Y smi kfi k
I,^rarl
Eu! ilw siil
k nan.

It is money
I is the kg !
He's becomreally
wealthy !
Well, we're back hone.

_l Tllee r-o,rB sre not. howvr, rhe onty *ays to nde rh

Engish erb'r bp . For other renderiogs,sm L;soDst8 Dd tg.

Noninals
cl
id
ki
ksuv (/.)

town
eye
heail
market

The leson for short !'owe oD this (snd other) person-spect

'
ponouns
when following aD interrogative is explinedin Lesson 20,
section 7 () (ii).

.mar,:
trdl
Lyu
tiff
Bsksrsrtl (/.)
!trty (/.)
(pJ. shn)
8alki
ylrinvi (/.)
yr (it. y!)
w, wn,
EnD?

Adagua
Yir[l
Dud
Y
Drqia
n!

cow (pl. cattle)

chief

sl

boy (ptr.ohildren)
who ?

D8lril

Y[t
Pwtles
d
no
yes
I
lelsu very

Itupoftan, Pkro,ses
bElifr
that's okay (ld. there's nothing wrong),
neve miral
tl kyu
Aooil !
rhi k'ran
thst's that
EXDRCISEA

Translateinto English:
1
2.
3.
4.

W! r I
Gtri k DaD.
Bl gctt br .
rLarut c.

5. oier n.

Translat into l{ausa :

It is o sohool
2. Ho is o man.

35

6. That's all.
8. It is money.
. f ir not e bull, it is a cow. 9. It is not sa eye.
10. It is Dot I mcket.
?. They oro not chililren.

goodtresg
fault, sin
school

lerbals
ilw retur (he), come baok
shga ente, go iD
go (away), go (to)
t

I,Oerl K nu

8 sidbs tr.
7. Bl yerEbl n.
8. M a.
Ita c.
10. a.

3. They are boys.

4. He ie a ohief.

Dsudl
Y!t

8fut! d ![w, Dsuil.

Yluwa ruu.
trd llyl ?
Lr,iyl &olsr,
Wr ya H,ngrI ?
Anil tr.
I ilw! P
ii, ssi cbo.
r d kylll

37

cot?LEED crroN

4. In every sspectin Hausa,excepithe imperative,the

verb must, unlike English, be pleoededby a pesoh-aspect
tronaun (betaelorlh abbreviatetl ?'a ot p'@ l ononl,
iegardlessof whethetthere is alre*dy a noun subjeotor
not.

Lesson7
CompletedAction
l. In llausa, the aspet(temedspectathe than tense
sinceit denoteskind ofactio[ ther thn time ofaction
of veibs is shown by changes in the Wson-as?eci
yotknn , \ot the verb itself. This precedesthe verb.
2. The complctioeaspect indicatea aotion regarded as
competedor as occurriag at a opecicpoint (tther than
as a pocess)in time. This point in time may be past,
pesent o future as indicateil by the co[text. n the
absenceof oontextual eilence tothe contrary. however.
it is usuallypossiblelo assumehetthe cferenceis to a
point in time in the past.
3. There are two forms of the competive aspect. The
filst st of persotu-aspectpronauns }Lete isted rvih
lhe verb z, cona, isthe most oommonly used.r Note the
fetue in Hausa of distinct masculine and femidne
forms in. the_seoondperson singular as well as the thiril
personslngular.
n z
k z

I have come
you (rr.) have
come
kitr z you () have
come
y z he has come
16 r she has cone
lD z oDhas come

mutr ,
krD z

tun to

we have come
you (p.) have
come
they have come

I Soe ,son 20, sctioD 2. for the otlor ct.

Eutmple,s:
url y t.
Yr suo t0.

Audu (be)hascone.
The bo-vs(they) have gone.

5. The iurpcrsolal p- ponoun str is used in hanslating

the Engsh passive:
Alr kw
bilci.
Alr kash
Itt.

Food has been

brought.
The lamp Las beeu
extiguished.

(Z't. one has

brought food.)
(l'r.one has kiled
the lamP,)

This difrerenceftom Eng ny be easieto ememberif

one adapts the Eneliih passiveinto Hausa thougt'
pattems:-substitutiig srwton* htoqht thetood lot the
iood, ras t(rtqht.
6. TLe nzqatreof thc completcduspcris formed by
placinsblo\L tone,shortvwel)immediatelybcforetb"
qhotvowel)at the nd
1,-*prnoun.and ba {higbtone.
:
f te utterance. The constmctionthus becornes
b + p-a ponoun + veb + ba
z ba
t
b
not
she has cone
not
Shehas/diil no come.
aspectusedwith
7. The negativefonn of the compete<
,
:
the veb

38

39

COUPLETED ASIION

Sinry.iar
bJrr bs
b k z b8
b kt z b&
bi z bs
bt z ba
b r b g

Plu,ral,
b n , ba
b L z b&
bs r bs

8, N;te three ilifierences between the p-e ponouns

employeil the affrmative completivi uid tLo""
oaployeil in the negative sompletive':
\a') Te negative p-a pnonounshave a low (rather than

bngb)tone and a sho (mher than long)vowel.

()
{n gl nlural_fo-rns, in the second person singular
feminine, anrl in the impersonalal, the neg[tive
rorus llave no itrl -.
(c) u the fit end ihird persons singular, the p_a
pronoun edes with the fisi b, so thet b'n
beoomesbnanil b y becomesbi. This is virtuallv
always so iu spokeuand wually eoin written Haud,
Eaamlcs :
E k kw hinoi ba" You diil not brilg food/you
have no trrought food,
B sh rur b8.
Ee dicl uot ddnk water/Ee has
not dunk watar.
9. Wlen the verb is followed by ao objeco othe
seotetrce
msteia,the f,oaba usuay(but by no means
invariaby)occursat the end of the sentence.An important exceptiooto this rule is tbe word tkna aori a,r
get, wh regularly comesafter the 6.nal a. TLe fust
negtive woral b must never be epratdfrom its p_a
POnOuD.

b + p - ap o Dou+n ve r b+ ... +
k
r
D
Sial
you
tro
came home
You diil not oornehome.
bt
s
z
ba
not
they
came uot
They haveDot corneyet.

bo
Da
not
thtrl
(not) as yot

VOC3ULY

Nanvinals
bilci
ibki
dar
lfiI ()
s! ()
km
mire Lf.)
ftt
!E (/.)
b
uw (/.)
yeB

food
friend
night
lantern, lamp
farrn, garilen
anything
stol. cir
book
farming
father
mothe
toilay

Particles
Vedl
dzu
follow
Di'
]rrsf now
2
tktr&,
ci
eat
ji s
tL! (not) yet
hear, unilerstancl,fee
tw bring
sh ilrin
yr,
rlo, rnake
,
come
r orcsvtrbic aerbs enditrs itr -i (bi. oi f. ii ft" yi) hsvo s tors -i
bofore r p'nruouo direct or i;dilscl, object, snd s ro" -i bsfom I
sn obiooi fonovirS.
noun objicl, o. dhon thy stod rithort
Tho vorhsl nou hss a los -i silh fclling totre.

40
Importan* Phrq,ses
.i
bE km
thee 18lottrilg (wrong), it iloes not natter,
never rnn(l
lxEecISEg

Translate into Engli :

I. B r l bs.
2- BD ct bilci bs tl!s.
3. B r Lw littii br.
4- Yry b t rtiT 08.
5. Auil bi t m8krr.nt br.
Tanslate into Eausa :
t . The man ilid no make a farm.
, Ee djd not come this moms.
The gil did not qo io 3 the fa'rm,
I have oot yet dne the workThe ohair was not brousht.

Di"Wru
E&o
Crrb
3to
Gorb
BEo
Garbt
B&o

Lesson8
Genitival r.ink
1. In unilentanding the possessive constructiou in
Hausa, it is helpful to rephrase the Br.glish the clef's
hottseas thehouseof thechief. Of s expressedby na if the
noulr possessedis mascuioe,or ta if it is feminine. The
genderof the possessingnoun is immaterial .
2. Usually tris genitival inl< is shortened and suffixed
to the noun. I{ contacts to -n and t& becomes-t
(exoeDtafte the ferv feminine nouas which ilo not enil
in -a, when the ta becomes-D). Note that the flnal vowl
of the possessednoun is ahvays sho before the -l/-r
sufrx.r
giil tra satH : giila ssiki

ln wud ?
lJalyo,

tr siiv ?
Bbsjiy.
T mitll.
K z ly ?
Lfy, b km.
Offb
6iil ifly ?
B&o Leffy talsu.
Oarb n Bell ?
B&o Ys t Nsn.
Carb T d kyu. y tfl kruw ?
Blo
', bi tl ksuwba.
Carb r b titi. sai 8r iie.
B&o Yuwasai an iim.
! tt : eo (ro).

kr ra Dautl : kretr
Datril
bitrci[s kyItw : bilcitr
kytrw

the chief's
house
David's dog
cat's food

stryta Auil: s ya.

udu's t:ow
aud
noun
g ta Csrb: gar Garb Garba's
posses.seil
gown
3. Thc shoe, sulfrxcd orms (-n/-r) are far morc requent than helonger forms. Na/ta, on ever, is preferred
(or requiret.):
! Th6 is bec&us Harea does noi dmit ong aoivel or
diphthong) in cocdElllabl.

42

IIAUSI.

(o) Yith an;- nou-oto jndicate possession

of something

preliously referrcd to but not re-speoified s

ksson 9, section 5, {or tho use of rbted forms
before pronouns) :
! Aud n
it (masounething) is Auilu'o
t8 Be|| c
it (fennine thing) is Bello'o
b r kw rs
(,heydid not bring Dad,e
D8nilba
y
yi
rs EEde
Lyiu Kande'sis nice
() lVhen ie na/tr pbrase is te oomplementof !/c :
airl m ult !
the housobelongsto Au<lu/is
udu's
tsi ts Auil c
the gown belongsto udu/is
uilu's
(c) -{s a sutrsiitute for a possessedworil alreaily mentioned o avoid the neoessityof repeating it : "
n gittstr BeUit ta \{here is Bello's home
Aud ?
and that of Auilu ?
Au kw rigst carb, Garba's and Dauda,s
il tr Dsuil.
gorms were brought
(d) \\rhen one or rnore words intervene betweenthe word
modified and the nodifying noutr o noun phnse
n!oduced bv n{, :

iltr rn na Sell
this horse of Bello's
kk iyu Ls C&rb Garba's two bicyoles
(e) With numbers to fou ordinal numbers :
ra biyu u
it is the secondone)
uakatstrtts huduc iI is the ourth scboo
4. There is no gender distinction in Hausa pluras. The
form of the referential usedin the plural is alays
-u (ao):
mtan Auti
uilu's $ives
Eut[eD S..kin Kstr thc Emir of Kano's oeoole

5. Nouns eading in diphthongs -ai anil -au usually drop

the seconilvowel before the referential, and affix tre -u
iothe- a:2
oil
!ri
butte
(lir. oil of the cow)
E6tt shD
(visual)goodness
kyu
its goodness
ky!E
6. Many nouu'r (ohiefly Arabic ancl nng loals)
eniling a consonantadd -i before te referential.
teacher
BlItr
mtloinmeksant echoolteacher
!tm
Etumh

sarki

m&n
the chicf's nan

lIOCABULARY

Nowimls
sili ciki!

dr

oa
h

ivl
iyly
tr
LK
lryStrtr(/.)
i

inside,in. ..
horse
son
hut, oom
one's family (rvife and children)
pa,.enfs
dog
bicyce
oat
oil

DlEi!

bslsrsrt
E! shtri
nn/aan/nn
rigi ("f.)
tim8k
Tiranci

schoolteapher
butter, oeam
here, this
gonn, ooat
help, aid
Engsh language
ootnote on Gecion 2 0boe.
' S

44

a llsa

Vetbals

8rt3
tariat
rrbt
tmbsya

hereis/are, th ereis/are (pointing to object)

hank

read
write
ack, ask for

TTE GENTTIV!

Translate into Hausa :

l. Is this the ohief's houee?
, The boy's father has gone tc Kano.
3. The schooteacherilid not eat fooil.
4. Where is the horse'sfood ?
5 . There is Auilu's cow.

EXEACISSS

Dilt@tte

Trausate into Enclish :

t. an giitao ssrlii
2. I! sarti n.
3. I{ kw nts Ob,
4. bilcin kyDwn,
. Yriny l tfl gDst mlmitr matsr8trta.

ma

I Ody Dow a.e scbolarspying Lho closoattenr,ion ro iho

ooltoo!
length of firrl voels in ua hsr tbe pbeoomenon d6so!vo6.
Tbem isstill some ey togo bfor dfitriti* rr of rule govornhg
nnar vowei tengrh cn b rormula!,e4 but w6 aro cratoful to
P.ofeo AEott end his collrgest S.O.A.S. fo stoiwio{ u ro
quoo thh proiaionl stromsry o th6 roles fo! potyryttabic-vorba.
n brief it mev be seid thst :
A. Traftitiv and intrDsitivo verbr vith hrgh-lov end highorhigh tone psitn :
. Thos6 ending in.o oud {
(a) h3ve th ffns vowol lons lehn
(i) thoy ae not followod by on objoot
() thoy
?.r lolopd by a di.o object proroua or by
() hs,v the lol oe short whon they sre fotlowed by I
non ooJeor.
2. Tho! nding n -i and -u (Lighlo' pttem)
(o) havs tho finl vowe Ehot rhn th yorb is intronitivo
() havo tho fiD8l vowel loDg rLen tho v6!b is rran6iiye.
ts. Ttrsn8itive verb sil.h loe-hish and loe-hiqh.low ioo pfl,om
evsy bsve t he lal vowl horr,excep! wheDrhev ro flowd
by tr iDdirci objecl. Tb vrbsl nor bs s io ff!t vorsl.
Th
vow iength of motro8yllubioverbs oDding in
C.
-i h5 b,6
d@lt with st pase 39, noto 2.
. Tb odDtBhoudnot tlmp to u6e this Ford
sn obiecr
'ih
unril h hs covrd tho ntil in Lesson 5.

I,INK

ri ;

mor

n l suanwsulir ?
,ieE ne.

Na wu D?
Wstrtr! kketr d8tr sorti tr.
uar T, 1[ kkeDaurt ?
i:
C shi ctr cikin dLi.
mar 'o ca llyatr' lra gooe.
ti :
r bA lifi.

ri :

45

47

POSSESSI\'EPRONOUNS

Lesson9
PosgessivePl9s6rns
l. There.are two foms of the possessrve
pronoun:
inseparableancl separable.
2. The hueparablz, which correspondsto the Engti
my, hb,.etn. ie-form4 in all peisons,except the "rst
personsiagular, by adding the g;nitival link
-r or -r plus
a protrominel eufix to the object possessed.
Tbe !o
vowel of the noun is orteneil as in Lossong.

y& + -u+s :y rr
ylt + -r+ tI: yIrDt
So+-t * s: g5..rra
8rI + - f t: g6rslta

his boy
her boy
his farm
her farm

3. Jbe,formation of the ioseparablepu$sessrve

ponoun
ilifrers in thefrs, ro7sirgttor. He;e be srrffi
-u o,
ie
eu.frxed
directly
to
the
thiag
possessed
(-[
-tr
to s
rnasculrDonoun, -t8 to o femiDine_the gender (sex) of
te speakeris irrelevant). The final vow of ths nun
remains or becomeslong.

yft +r s:y r l s
ttu+tr:grits
birci+Ds:birchs

my boy (said by male or

female)
rny farur (saiil by mae or
female)
my food {said by male or

Masatline noun
ytuEa I
my boy
your (m.) boy yrak
you (/.) boy ytlkl
yrtrs
his boy
ytutrt
her boy
yarmm
our boy
your (pl.) boy yrk
yartrs
their boy

tr'enininerwtot
gDt&1 my fr
gnark your (n.) farm
suarLt your (/.) fm
glarr his farm
glart e. f,n
glstm our fam
srark your (pr.) em
gDerr tei fn

Note thot, except for ihe flrst person singular, all the
inseparablepossessivepronouns have a low tone and a
sho vowel, Note lso that where the qenitival ink -n
precedes-m (fust person plural) it bicomes -m for
euphony. Especially in the rvesten dialects of Sokoto
an<lKatsina, the feminine -r may al6oassimilaie in ts
way to auy following consonant (e.9. slstk, gtrlss,
c!rnm). This assimilation is not Irrys epresentil
in written Hausa (thus the spelling snorm is orclinarily
pronounceilgreEE). (geefootnote to secion? relow.)
5. To form the sqpcralepoessive pronouns,eitler nis
or t, ilepending on the genderof the thing possessed,
prefixed to the iueparable pronouns.
Is n.
ciil nk r.
tryrw tk c.
Nytrwtkt c.

It is his.
The houseis yours (zr.),
The cat is youn (ac.).
The cat is yours (/.).

6. As rith the inseparable forlrls, aD exception to tho

general pettern is fouril in the first person singular.

Iemate,

4, The. oompletetable of inseparable possessivepronoung ls :

I Th lencth of lhe yowel of th6 frst peEon linsul.r u6!

(-ui-tr) is;horr only shn uttersDc fiol (e.s. b ni binch.,
siae M ny Jood). when &nothr qord folloss, ihe owel of th
-trs/-t! becomeone (e.s. binclnd , t & ,tg /oodl

48

EAUAA

Here n- or ti- is prefxeil to -wa, This -wa suffx is

invariable and disregardsthe genderof the possesso.
Giili nwa n. The house is mine (said by male or
femae).
Gatwa c. The farm is mine (s.eidby rnae or
female).
Note that the toresof theseforms are low-high, just the
opposiie of the rest of the separableforms (and of the
simiar soundingword taw, ow many ?, aeelesson l l).
?. The. complete table of the separablepossessivepronouns s :
Singul,a,r
Plarul,
nna, twa
nim, tE
!k, tk
rk, tik
trk, tId
ns,ts
ns,ts
ut, tt
shot-vowel form of the feminres is usual when the
separabe
possessves
arc usedto modif1,othe nouns,e.g.
c,d ta', hislarm I rrv, tal(',lou nather.z
8. _The plural possessiveponoun is generally used in
referrg to a towrr or househokl. Onli the oief of the
nowro headof tbe housewould useth personal, my , :
gtiD4orgiilns. Otherswouldsaysrimmor 6damm,
VOCABUI,&Y

Nomhnls

b+ -n
: biu)

49

?OSSESSI!'E ?RONOIINS

ch/c8lr/cttr there; that

first
tsrL
gr
kolanut
path, road, way
hanv(/.)
jiv
yeerilay
soap
rburi
planting, sowing
rhk
togethe
tre
yrzu
now
yu8h'
yushe
when ?
Verbalsx
b"gio
lr
go out (of)
tts
come out
ft
sam nish
go
i
put, place
s
shig oomein
shk sow (seed)

Particl,cs

at, in

dDi!, ilolr

beoaure,in oriler to

Irr',po ant Phrases

on (op of)
k!
in the morning
d s6l
why !
rlom m
I'm going (now)
r t
together with
tre ilt
EXDRCTSES

thing

. Sone Hus soholrrs orrlsin lhe us6 of the sbo.voet

forns,
nGty in th6 tbj.d persotr silglsr, a s subsr,itu[efor r,beimporjorm
ble poe8siee
in orilo.lo svoid Lh6 non.faeourd combir,.
tions ike {st -rt.

Transae into English :

1. Ytui y t Km tte rl uwafs.
2. MdlmiDk y i slars yu d sf.
footnote 3, p&gs 44, coDooEing ihe ffn5l vowel length of
'See
rb8 before objects.

50

Eua

3. Dom ks s littdnk ktu Lujrts?

4. Dklt y shs sri! kirk.
5. Y k6w kLDa.Bi kels !k bs.
Translate into Hausa :
1. Iy mother and my father went to vour house
yesrqay.
2. Wtrereis my soap ? I put it r ury room. Here is yours.
3. Our homeis in Kano. Whereis yours ?
4. Her father rventout of town ou ihe Kano road.
. lVhen did rny friend eat his ood ? In the moming.
Do,logue
itm:
ltrotrltr gid trk !r ?
bbskr l. nwaa.
dmt:
ltr slart ?
bbrkr Cslt ci!r.
dmt :
T rtkyu,
bbak! N ssB shkiiy.
dm :
t, ytrshka ltu ?
bb&kr: farko[ wstn trlr.
dmt :
fi, btrgsm twa bs ttns.
bbakr r b |if. It t y!zu.
dima :
T sai wNDilkcI.
bqbatr Yuw, Il y k8i m.
dmu:
nir

Lessonl0
t
SDecifiers-'Ihis t, 'That ', ' Iboso t, ' lhose
l. Snezifr'ewats a qroup of noung whioh oodify other
tle- mre spe.cificor less rpeci.fic' The
oorrig ti
-nk" incluiles the worils ofteu I'exmedd'enwn'
claes of *ords
gtol@eg.

Ptrural.
tis, these
wadrlln
that, those
f,8drcl
w!da!!u, waau a. a cerain,
some (ptr.)
ytu
thie boy radlJtD
wslan
eso PeoPle
mtrt!
wrncD gn that farm wani qto.
" i*-

$,nwlar
wainln 1ar.enil /.)
rslrc,r (or.), waca(/.)
waf (m.), wsts (/.)

2. The specifrers llfu, ihis, tae, ar.d c!' tha, those,

follow the nouns they modify. The -n/-r eferentisl is
noun. The tones on no and cn
su.frxeil to the precedinq
-or low, with or without slight
fallg
may be higb,difr"."ncu" .er,niog. Tle followirg are the mo6t typical ways in whioh hesespecifes ooon :

following a low-toDesyllsble
a)
' ' A fallirg-tone rn/cnro[owi"g- a high-tonesyltable
or a lowltonearlian
is the mosgonmonway in whiohtheseworilsocour.
The meaning is typically non-emphatic, e.g. :

d6Htr tr
bircir [!

tis hut
this food

Etumh cen that man

gtr8r cllr
that farm

(b) A high-tone !&r/can may be employed to inilicate

62

naus
pevious refeenoe. If the tone of the syllable
preceilingthe speciferis high, it becomes
faling,e.g.:
1
rign aou
this gowa (previously referreil to)
sih-! !8D
his work (preously refeneil to)
kqirir csD
that chair (previously referreil to)

3. The speci6erln cen opooally precedebe noun it

modifieswbea the r.ferenci of suh-anour i locative:
gar 3ht [etr a!i.
I saw him (here) (in) this town.
4, Nlr &nalctr may also occu alone (i.e. not as modifiers), meaningiae and thztercspeatively. Only high- anil
f-aUingtong fo-rms occ in thi usag tle UlU-tone
forms tlaically cate a grearr ishnce dm the
speakerthan do the falling-toe forms.e.g. :
C Auil !r,D.
Iere's Audu here (nearby).
Cl nd trsl.
Eere'e Auilu here iin tle viclnitv).
G Auil cn.
There's Auilu over the-eG Auilt ca!.
There's uilu in the distance.
5. .rr-{-r sufix may be useil without a folowins noun
to_ specr$ that refereuce is o somchitrg preously
referreclto or imped fiom the context, e.g. :
Oi rg, mn h wrrtr ? There i8 /the coat, brt
rrhere are tbe tmuses (tbat go with it) ?
. If the _fin4 syllable of ttre sufixed noun is high, it
becomesfalling before -{-r in thie usage.' The sxed
t n*ors n&,/Drdnqa the femiribo
,
-r omr rsus y b6oono3 -,
o.ucr aaarmlerror dos o. s e ute.
tsk6 ptece boforc cn/co/
ca,!".oEgh d6 in l,ho conpouDd wscotr (R sboeo).
I We hsvo soughr to svoid the tchDic*t
isme o \,hethr confo.
e,
ceo Ploprly carry robe. Bu in this cmj the slliDq torc
m8y b r_pleinedby th fsot tha tbjs
su6r haa a to;tone,
strd thefoe o high Gnsl-voFel + toe-n/-I giver e s rg toD
-D/-r
oeer th sholo eytlable Gin/Cr, whemss e loF fDDt rowel J low

slEq'rEas-. TErs

, TET,, raEEsS".TEOSE,

53

" transleteil by the Englh rlefuite

orm may usuallybe
articlethe,e.g,:
nil y tw bilci. Auilu broughtsomefooil.
biEcil b kyq.

The food was not good.

C tuirer.

Hee is te chair (ahat we talkeil

about previously).

6. The woril rtr, usually meaning ,fr4 one previ,ousl'y

rcfared, to, is usble in plaoe of the -!! ilescribeil in
section 5 above anil with essentially the same meaning.
It is paioularly useil with borrowecl rvorils, especially
those ending in consonaat.
Itrl 3r olsL diu.
I \rnt the Dencil.
Note that l8tr mey aacompanyd!.
Yer di! DsL bi dwba. That bov has noi etuned.
A possessivepronoun may also be sufrxed to di!r. n the
rot personsiugular the fomr is dlna.
I brought your bioycle (the one
I{ Lw kkdiuk.
we werc discussing).
r letrsr fina ?
lrylele is my penci ?
7. Rules for the employment of the English ilefiuite (e)
anil indefirrite (a, an) attioles translating Hausa are
not ,ssimple sthey appearat fust sight. ?he rendering
of the. Hausa nomal without either the referential
suffx -n/-r (see section 5, above) or he qualifying
w8li/rsts (6eesection l, above) is a complex quesiion
that is, unortuaately, not so cut anil dried as lhe thela
dichotomy in English. Of the three grammatical
sentenceg
{rt yao ya zo
(ii) yrny z
() wari yr y6 z

EAUS

() and () are quite oler, y!D y z is best trsostted

9y y." -yy hds cotnz, a, efeence t some specifled or
imped
b.oybeingunaebiguousyundestod.'Sinila;.
wali y! y , is besteodered by a (ce*nl bw hii
cona..,t\ut vhet of (i) -? Standard llausa gr*mmrrs".harre
ngtrEly tar6ted yr yA z as lhc boy has arne,Eirrce,
though Engli*h speers rrig1texpct"tbe nore spec
yrr y r to indicae this meaning every tim
it is
htnded, Easa rues do not conepouil" to Enelish
rules, and in IIausa. where tbere is no' doubt of, o-n
*gortcanceat-aced
to, which . boy , is meat, ytuj y z
ooescerrytrucboftbe spocificitywhichEnqlisheap.esses
by mears o the defirite article. Thrs efiaiteness is
painly ilJustrated by suoh acceptableseotercesa6 sarti
y--ro, u.n chleJ haa con,ei b ll, open thc daot;
Bsurh y z, tha Hdu.saman ha comc-n note of
.I"l
9"3gp1""._t_"there aoy questionof choice over
wlrtc chrzlld.txlHawo ,rtn iE rcfee to.
the area of unoertainty and the
,.IU.:
ry-g"-qg
ortroru[y ot tormitrng walerght rules for this issue,
we do not go es far as braham, who i content to
-ecognizeno difrerence iu lIauss betwetr the Dnglish
tl,b.
tbe
. Au _basicrules of thumb, we recommendlouowrng ehen ranslaing into Eauss :
(o) \{trere tho nou.rrclearly rofers back to a previous
rerent (ststail or imped), e should ordi@rilv be
renderedby meansof the -l/-r sufix deacribedaove
(seoion) : ven yl z, thc bq (ge, loerc@peding)
n4acorl.
() rVherethe senseregues a ceroin, sstri/wata sLoulil
Deused : wani yr y-sz, a,wtlrin bo! has cdn.
(c) l{here lhe speccity is immaterial or unmisakable.
the unquaified nou.nshould be used : ytu y,,, thp
boylas unz Wtren in iloubt, this is the consrucion
most kely to be ght since it is the moat frequent.

spf,crrlDRs-' aErs
YOC3UI,RY

Notninals
kwlli
lmiri
bbba
ckilli
bak
kSr
&raai

t(1.)/

t
tbr
waucn(pr.
wadrcu)
wats (/.) (pl.
waelsu)
wud(/.)
yar
Vedls
kwai
lnd
Lsu
sali 3

TEAT
"'

TEESE
"'

TEOSE'

"'

bor
pupil, student
big (ting)
spoon
thus, so
river
small (thing)
car, lorry
table
that (pr. those)
a aean, a (p1,.some,oeain)
knife
much!esa,quntitr, number

there is, there are

fa
mou:rt, climb
low

Pa.cl,cs
mmd but
from
ilig
di!
that previously
refered to
Lumt also, further, auil

Inportant Phroses
br .str ba I clon't how
much, many
rl yaw
it is so, indeecl
h8k !
I know (it)
[ ss
drinking water
ruwan sh
I The student should not
to use this wod with a! object
'ttempt iD L6son r5.
until h ha covered the metelisl

66
IXECITIES

Transate into English :

l . Itaai yr y tidt cikin ruwe.

Xgin un, Kwrce-

.K s ckin !n ciki! kwtt! rl,!.

Itr kui ? G kujrr.
Wadlrn mutn sua tn wani gn-.
Tranelate into lfausa :
l This boy is my fricnd.
2. Lou U.j (have) pur rlar chair hero.
Ihese boys. Thoseboys.
I don't knou.yet.
o. I went to thai towrl.
Dia,logue
trnde :
Wadalsu E[tt sun z gittam.
aryam Utl,! kEw bi.ucirtgkisuw yu.
Xlile :
D kyu. twai ruwan ch dyaw tumi.
Daryami Sakitl gri tr ys z.
KDde I
.E8kD. Y z tre d wstri bbbotrmtD.
aryam Utlmln, rsrH r kuD ?
Enile :
Eak.!, yrtrsy tw wsni bbbstr
kwti.
aryam
T, mncn citin twt ?
End :
Bn san ba.

Lesson I I

Quanters
s, l r l 'c l l t;of r 'or r n'r r hi c l 'i r r 'l r r 'n
s
L The quonlifurarp.r
e numiers ind a forvot hcr rvolds. Qu.rnti6cn tl picaly
follo\r the nouthey rnodify, but rvithoui cmpovitg tlre
-tr/- suflx.
ten houses
gitl gm
hov manY boYs?
?
trow
vr6
all the PeoPle
muttr duk
t*'o girls
yny biYu
Wiih numbersit is not alwaYsnecessayto useihe plura
form of the noun.

2. The numbers 1-22 (see l,esson 32 fo! a contete

listing) :
10 em
11 (gm)shdava
12 (Bm)rh bivu
l8 shrinbu bbI or st sht&kws
19 shtrindov bb' or gmshtarl
20 shtrin
2l shl ili dsye
22 shrind biYu
etc.
Note that sh, azd, is only used with numbers11-19'
*".d lo, drl. d,is usd\ itb numbersabole
U"
"utr.
tuiu reasonl,heword gmi^isfequenilyoolitted
io.-no
f"om the ou-bers 1l -lg sincesh daya can ooly mean
11, shbiyu 12, eto.

I dya
2 biyu
3 uk
4 hdu
5 byar
6 shiil
7 beks
8 tskws
I tsr

I Literallv, ' 20, two/one l'hre is noi ''

58

EAusa

1:.-ll-g"Tt"*.*tt*
qanfier_
mtm tr8wp
8uDaw?
: yr I ldl
naw?

a:

191&n,.

o,aw,?,
tow ttturhlnwny
i. is alsoa
how rnan1,persons.f
bow nani,iiures ?
how many of r,em(erc there)?
hov muc(doesit cost) ?

aJJ,may alsobeomployed
asa quantifer.

liT,x*
i:lf"Tu*"
;t* m:ffi_

sufrx -u
l_ PA{iU"*, tg"""Uraaw)maysomerimea

ll* j^*:-1or.A.,r'r,r,;.i^*"iy*pi"itri
ji:

:ff
:j::l _f=:.1'"_p*;;";,;-;;;;ii,i;
dependent
nminat. Te*"i lri"t"u.
daytrr
iyuu or biyu ditrs
blyer ditrs
du&nEuti

one of them
twrce their number
five times their number
all the people

the
i:,3ffi^3\#r#,"ffi;* emproving
nrst(idr'orbegiDning)
"lf
li: i-J/t"t

tra/ta gm
!8/t a8s ?

kr!s biyu
rg ta takw!
Iiltti !s law ?

teuth
which (of a series)? (tr. the how
manlth)
thu snd dos
tbe eighth eo;n
book?,
-t1"0t";uit",
""veral)

Note tlt fark o.rIr is substituted

,j,#";::ifi #ftli:J.."-_
fil;"lfjff
r"i"*r1o*t""t$".ilrh

tonedin is s ditreentvordrromdin

59

euTrrrERs

7. The word gli,, u writ o/, is frequenilv used with

numbers, as in the following examples \Then eil
occursalone it moansoriz.
yr6 gil biyu
mulD gil hudu
Dt 8il

two roys
four persons
one ca

VOCBI'I,ARY

|lorninals
Numbers 1-22 :
banana(s)
yD
mouth; edge
b!
coect, ight
dsiitsi
all
ilok
rluk,
beginning
tri/iark
a unit of, one
sda
gwbl
guava
mistake, error
koglur
tEfin citrus fruit, citts tee
sithmetio
lrsifi
manclr mango
how many ?, how tnloh ?
rsw ?
timeg
s!
ilifrculty
wy ()
neck
wy
Patticl*s
Veals
what bout ?
sn understand I?
kei ! Gooil Hevens! vorv !, oh
mt forget
boy !, gee! (general
zaul sit down
excamation)
ony (seealso Le.sson4)
rai
zuw toward, to (seeaao
Lesson4)

60
Inryorktnt l,hrases
that'x not suod
il kveo
blkia hony edgcof trirorrJ

EXtR('tsEs

Lesson12

Transateirrto Ulglisr :

SubjunctiveAspectanil Commands

nnnfr
io,: i,-*";A:*.'li
f
l;,",.
sa
sybt

biki[s,
y
,ra
ci.
-$rp Beu
yctrio

nasD!dshi.
l. ,8.l.aw
11",_blll"1
u.
gwbi trawl ? Gd
ae.
o. .ar j, uil y Elt rnDs,
Wolran b kyu.
Trnrslate ino Iausa :
.
L

Thc girl sat dowu on tle chair.

#;i,*:;"
ltd,.iii,,

:""i'il::,,i',llJ
i",1'l,ll:
;,"",,
^ll,ll,
Dialogue
[lm
Biyu il uk lsw n ?
Dlibi : Bvar a.
MIi
shiildbskwit?
Dli : #iu'.
lmi Di kyu. Uudu siu
biyu raw ?
DIbi :
lali
Bb ! tr yi kuslur.
DE|lbi : Eok , Sai takws.
Ulmi T. I&w n shirl su
uk p
Dttbi : Ashtdn biy bb.

Itrilei

Dbi :
Itrllri

fillu;#i."u"
T d kyu.

t'sirt
dwv
!?

1. The subjunctive aspect hs a wicle variety of uses,

though only a few of ihem wi be treated here (seealso
Lesson 27), Subjunctive constuctios nay usually be
terally translated let oned,osuchand,woh.
2. The subjunctive aspect peson-aspecponouns ae
charactezedby low tone and a sho vowel Using the
vetb z, come,as a model, the p-a ponouns in the subjunctive are :
let me come
l\ z
m r let us come
come! (m.)
k z
k z oome! (?r.)
come! (/.)
Ill z
y !
let him come
s r
let them come
let her come
ll t)
let someonecome z
3. The uegative of the subjunotive aspect is fomred by
employing the negative paicle kail (this is often
shorteil to k! in apiil speech):
ksil k z
ilo not oome
yer
y
krd
t, don'tlet (or, im contea. lest) the boy
go away
L! k yi hek
don't do that
4. The secondpersonforms of the subjunotive aspeotare
commonly used to expess both positive 1 and negativo
oormanos,
r p@itive coDsrd ay be Bl.rengtheal
bJ the uge of sri,
e.g. rei t gl ! Dsy DoNn yos mli.n!er (lhough it hrs
eeker Dening s well). See Lesson 29. .ection 2, for r fuller

SVBJI,'NC1'[!TA 8PEC AIID COMNDS

t gblgs
t Lw y!

tsili H si nilrci

enter! (rm.)
bring (ptr.)the bov
ilo't(/.) est (the)fooil

employeno p-E pronou. hee is,

1.^!!; j^n*"Ut",
a.sneciel
tone-patem
?ortie verbir this-tJj
1;r1-oye;,
or
ooptruttion: all syllalesexcepth"
6"d;vlbb;
more
oyllabtee
musr
below r;; ih"
Io]l::1 lyo.o
nar'sylabtetypicaly is gb,occasionally
i^,"..

i;;

frlH;;l"ff:*utusd tosddss
'.o'"tii,
(o) One-syllable verrs may be either
high (unchenged)
ot low :

z7zo
aea

come here !
at (you) food !

ct/ci binci

() Vcs wiih a basic low-high

ttre pattern wilt Dot
ch&rge:
t gtde
go home !
rlrlga
enter !
(c)

gtf

ary other

tooe paftern will stat

j".";;.
;;
Hii,,ifr

ffil*tr;r""*1,#:
(taw)* kwbirci
\fs

-basic

brg tle food!

(bsd)* bri
(it
.l"uu
"looui:
r?*l*Dtra-fbetweer
,hebasicformsof tle
P:,,I".1]h
rorowag.vebs (as

employedwith the subjuJiue pla

?. In complex senteucesit is often appropriate to translate a verb in a subjunctiveaspeol,coDstructionas a socalledEnelisb'iDoitive' (erpressingpurpose). Sucha
clause,
constructionformsthe pedicateoI the depeodenc
e.g.:
(a) The verb of the flrst olausemay be in a completive or
subiunctive aspectconstructron :
l'se co]\eto grce yoltIt z tn gsirh k.
y
went home to bri'ng wstet
giit
Ie
Lt ruE.
Y i
Qomeanln ilo your work.
f r h yi aiHrk .
() The verb ofthe fust clusemey te in the imperative :
Comeand/odo your work.
Z k yi sifhk,
Sit dov! andlta d'ti'nk waiel.
zurs L rh ruwa.
YOCBUL/IBY

Nonnals
oall

larli

ir (/.)
mtra (jr.,
3A'l
gAUd

shk4raniiy

ts("f.)
,ult

' bush ' oountry (i.e. uninhabiteal,

unoultivated area)
stength
iloor (way)
sun, ilay
tie (: ltcl)
qchess
d.aybefore yesterday
window
hotness

Veals
bar t let, allow, leave (a
thi"g)
.
bud open

Part;ries
ts i l ,ti r ...

i,{'d,Hli;1"#,"*","tll[J"""m",1"Jffi],'*H
t zsn
k shig
k Latut

sit dow]l
come ln
reail (it)

ztra
shlso
krtrta

'
rntil

i l onot..

The tudet should not tmp to s6 those vebs with objects

he has oovrd the metorisl in Lesson 16.

64

EUBJUNCTIV S?ECI IID CO}I.![NDS

gsish greet (before pronoun

objectsonly)
.

II
close
sD 3 get, obt

get up, leave(fom

plaoe)
tsay st:lnd (up), stop
tsh

Imwlrtant Phrases
d sairl
quiokly
r! t yi zfi

the sunis hot

EXERCSES

Tansate into English :

1. Xil k yi aik Dn.
2. Kail yriny t ci bitrcitr trtr.
3. Z trel tt zaun.
4. ait k hak.
5. Ftts k lut &r.
Translte into Iausa :
1. Doa't ope[ the window.
2. Stop ! Enter ! Sit down !
3. Bring (/.) the food here.
4. Let him do his work.
5. Come(pl.) and eat your food our home.

Di"loS*
EE![

Ytub, slmlsitn.

Ynub Yrw, lik r.tm.

Ertu ytlnk ly ?

Y&ub Lffy&d8u. N z ly?

Ern Ly. B khY&ub Url[. ghtg m ,sun.
3 See footDots 2 oD pago
63.

it kyu. tri, rtr t vi rf vr.

sk r. Yt, kv rtrwsD !h t
n r ln gaisht a.
ltriltl. git. tr z it8kisuw ?
Etrr! ,, [ z rtagid dtu.
Ytrb T b lif. G ruw, k 8hd.
Er! ! a6 gd. I{ t8 y,trzu.
Y8trb T b ifi. 8ai woDi s.
Yuw, sri teDi s'.
E!lri

Ertr
Yi&rb
EArn
Y&ub

NOt{-SPEgr VEAB],S;

Gi ni 1 ln.
0l rgeta.

Lesson3
Non-aspecf
Verbals; .Yes'and (No'

Here I am,
Ilero is my gown.

by the useof the particlet.

6. es is ordinarilyexpressecl
The expressioruh;kn;, rus;, , sskiyDi dds,
,flrr, o; gskark,gdtt tnth, are frequently useil as

are a sma
,1.^1"_::";r.Or"fequer
"erbalsoccuoce group of very
rrhich rnay be
^"f::j^,.1-y"_91
oy a nouD.a nounpraseor a personol.proioun.
luroweo
enopoyed
are the, dject object pro_
_r^1-"_
_p.1o*"
poulDg.
I heseverbssarenot precedeil
by person_aspect

well io dicetc agreement.

2. Akwai,t]teelare, statesihe existeDce

of something.
kEsi y gid.
Tlere arechililrenot home.
sitiit
vsw.
There
is muchwork.
+Iwli
Irawa!tutl wuriDL? Do yox hsveny
money? (,l,?.
is there moneyin your

6. 1[o is ornarily expeseed by the lse of he paicle

l'. n'or emphasis,the vebal blb may be useil.s

.
akwai (s).

place?)
There orJ s,roe.

3.__Bb
or b, thoe,islarerclnor, neo! the opposite
of

::lii

b:,

emplovedaJterb

*"'f; ;rh
P:nou's
.;r oblect
lEw8l,|fie
pronouns. Bib, however,is iollowed
Ddepeodentpronotms(e.g.hnnsw"rhzre
none
;j;re

i'Hil""'.. l:::i3l*u,i,::'"."
? No!(l'

Alwri ti

p Bb t

Is tbere any

t4""" i" ioJ""Y

a. G,hzrelthercislare, is used rhen poining

something

gff,fi,"d,,".
ff:tr:,".
ffiff"",",*\

Er tiiv? l.
tri, rDtEyi zyu!
Qskiysrl !
Lwsi y! d yarl .
E8t tr.

Did you goyesterday?Yes.

Gooilaess,the sn is hot
toilay I You're right I
There are many children
here. You're right,

rl tw birci? ',

Diil you bringanyfootl ?

No.

trsi bkilr tl ? Bb !

re you a friend ofhis ?

(Emphatically) not !

?. In answerg a negative qu.ell'iort.rhnsn"t he ame?,

in Hausa, it is necessaryto note the tlifferenoe in the
choiceof gesot rw. The ollowing exanple iluetrates this
ilifrerence :
Dnelish: I{asn'he come?
No (he hasn't oome).
1 Se Lesso 6, ection 3, fo. the Emaining

forms of ihe diEct

i Altoush sfter the feninin nouo stuby oo vould expeot r,

heard
n is reguiarly employed iD lhjs stJlized
-and.f.equntly
pbr$ ws bin
e:pr"se;op. .Om explsnstioD is thst the origiDal
gslrya tro' o rfue,arug.
This ussse, however. sppea to be & r.ol drv6lopmn in
auss {Drobable due 1,o tbe iduenc oI uropoen and/or other
non-natie soeeLers of Hsus). tr hA!I.,..: l^otJ ctcn 4 tittlc,
ot rataa,li|: uttes \,t), arc muoh moro oommonly usd by nativo
Haw.
aFor a uller treatnent of eskiDe questions, see LessoE 2r,

68

NO-SPECT YERaA!S;

Bi z ba ? Hasn't he come ?
L
Yes (wha you say is igbt:
,.

come).
No (what you say is
come),

he ha^snot

he has

Misakescane ar oidedin interpretg the answelo

a
negatveq ue6tronby mentaUyreatingI he or no
U) the
les
o the statementmadein tbe quesuon,oot as a
lccIacy
dlect
reply lo the question; or by tbe use of the
,l.menoaresponse. right ,.
Examplcs:
Eqde b t ilv ba ?

I (bt rrswbs).
' (tdw).

Isn't Kande baoL ?

Yes (ehehas not come back).
No (shehascomeback).

inexpensiveness
sveetpotato(es),,European,potaio(es)
,'

aov("f.)
(lareefvams
'
s5kiy("f.) trutir
krdi
kwab
twsi
Eadsr (/.)
mny
nsiI
no
stri
sul
tar
tsiil
wuri
yurr

Particl,es
Yerbals
k ? (question Paiole), or
cook
ilat
guil lrn away
n ? (questionparticle) (see
Lesson5)
(ihere),
km return
go to another
plce intend ing to stY
there
rhy prepare
trla
t old
Irrp(tani Phrases
n ii yurwi I am hungry
yn lsid it is expensive
y yl!h it is cheap,inexPensive
EXEBCISES

YOCABULARY

NorainaLs
rh
gf"IS

'

price, money (seeLesso46)

I<obo

egg(s)
milk
big ones(pl. of Ditbe, lesoon t0)
I nrra
meat, wild animal
5 kobos
l0 kobos
2! kobos
exlleraiyenea
place
hurger

Transla,teinto Elglish :
1. ii yurw. twai bilci ?
2. f ki Et[mt{ r P I' g shi.
3. Beb ckli trD? I.
4. Yr sur tfi makarnt, k I Tk!a.
5. B k shity ba ? '.
6. e littr lE Grtb. n5 !vs ?
Translaie into Hausa :
l. Has my mother retumed ? No, shehas not retuneil.
2. Didn't Bello go to Kano yesterday? Yes. he wen.
3. lsth-re workl Yes,thereis much work but nomoney.
4. Are there eggsand mik here? Thereis milk, but there
are no eqs.
5. I am hgry. What about You ?
Dialaqw
uLs: kwai dtrka tsure Yu?
GEbo | ', Dmd kwai ilv il v8w.

70
lls :
GEbo
Dls:
6!rbo
Ms :
CEbo
Us i
Gmbo

Tdt kyu. Itawl ! tuditr ilv p

Sul d rts zrv sd tiy!.
trei, sur yi tsrl!
Bb-! D*ur Dly n.
T b lifr. kwai ybkue ?
I knai, imm b yaw.
14 srb l ?
D yaw, twgi malrgwr rl lm rt ygw

kum.
Dtyo. Bli m jO m sm.
I ni j,

Lesson14
Inhansitive Verbs
1. Intransitive verbs are verbs whioh oannot take a
ilireot object.l
Y shlg.
K tssy,
Y ltu.

He hae gonein.
You (have) stoppeil/stooil up.
It (has) happenetl.

2. Intransitive verbs may be followeil by expressionsof

place.time, mannerand the ke. Thesesre not to be
onfusedwith objects o{ trausitive verbs (seeLessonI5).

Y tfl siil.
tr z iiyi.
Ye $,ff ili wuri.

Ee went/has gone home.

I came yeteday.
He went early.

3. Intransiivc verbs of motion typically imply the

coDceptof to o ,odrda place. Thus no specialwonilis
rir,edot tnltoumrd,1f the folowing word inilioates a place.
Ye i Lsuw.
S!! tn Ziriv.

He hes been to rnarkei.2

They have goneto Zaria.z

4. If one wishes to expressmotion towaril a peson o

other non-placenoun.tbe wortlswurin or waie! ae used.
I }latrv nLrsGiLiee! may, however, ko indircc( objct (e.g.
S@ l-lson
I ;Pntlstood ,t'ely /@ ,'iu)
n tssJits.yo m&,
15. seion 2, for n iatrodcrion [o indirocf objecL.eection a and
Lesson37. mtion 4 (c), for funhe illusttions of inlsnsii,ieo lorb
om bofor indir"ct obFcts Se l*sloDs 25 and 37 for an orell
3 seDorsfdisricrion Dsv be mDde breen tIfi, so (au!vl. go
to d pl. \and rct hN. f.tutn7d yet). Lnd i, so to and tdvn !rcn.

72

EAAA

Y t,l rlrit !rsh-.

IIe has gone to te ohief.
Y r wurir mutDemm. Ie Dagcome to our
DeoDle.
Y ttn wriell itc.
Ee hae gone to tho oiitv
of (towards) the tree.

VOC3UI,A'Y

Nowinals
brfi (/. bae)
dbnr(/.)
lari (/. t8r)
hailui
iuuw (/.)
l (?r. it-tu)
it (n. ot f.)
kly
Ei gld

tev(,f.)
uwlgiil
rj
FEtn (/.)

btack (thiu)
schome,plin, deviec
white (thir*)
sorm
shade
kind, sorr: seed
red (thins)
load, imp'inents
'man of-the houee,, house_otaer,
husbnd

tyre
' womanof hehouse'. (senior)wife

prace, egron, en}1loru!

I'

Vebq,l,s
Partclps
dour tje (up), jmprison ai
wel, why (a mild
Iru
happe
exclmation)
svi" buy
mi possessor
of. . ,,
wEc pass(byfon)
chatacterized
b y...
Imptant Phwses
d wuri
early, ia sood time
kyaq ri.k
impiemeu:ts
ofwork. tools
mi tbr
small market trader
|raw law P horr much each ?
'The sodenrshoutd Dor stmp to us rb Ysrb wit rD objc!
unlu ne rras coered rhe maroriar in Lson

rNltNsfxrvE vE&Bs
EXERCIaES

Tsnslat into English :

1. y lru snbu Ytub ?
2. Eailsr y suc vz[. Bd m vi ws.
3. tr tssy k d8!r kYatrk.
4. DLhs y gtril il ssrri zuwcii.
5. Y tl wuritr bti!8.
Transla,tito Hausa :
bv the door.
1. Shepassed.
2. Tbev went t,osit in tbe shadeof tbe tec.
3. It happenedhere YesteldaY.
+. Audu ioturnedhomethe day beforeyesterday.
5. $he rvent to market earlY.
Dialoguz
BeU :
i tDr
Bell :
U tbr
Bell :
Ui tb
BolI :
Ii tb
Boll :
Mi tb.
Bell :

l{li, n kudin tsvt kk ?

Ai ir k c. kwsi ls bed i.
T, nsw n kudiDs?
Far. trair dsva tt sul shiil c.
Ei, t yi tsde!
nm ita c mi kvu.
Br l !
lfir dya il sul hudu'
JfI
J c mi hs nai dava d sul bivu.
T daidai n.

(l'his Diaiogucis corttiuucdin Le*or l')

lu

TRNSITrVAYERB; OBJE! ?&O\ouNs

(b) ouninilireot objectswith tsnitivevebs:

'!Vedid work for tre chief'
Uutr yi w sstH.ik.
I bught (it) to the ieache!'
{ kds w nli'

Lesson 15
ftensifiyg Verbs ; Object h,ororrns

pronounor o nonlinal
3. -4.direcobjectmaybeanoun.a
ohrase. The rre of ; dircclobieclfronoun is. in general,
igb following a low'lone syllcbc-andlorv foowinga
hih-tonesyliablc, like u/c (seeLexon 6)' The pro'
nJunsused'asdirectobiectsate as lolots:s

I. Tanitiveverbs may be followed hy

indjrect Dd/or
quecr oblects,or by no
object at a.

[ifi
--;'S,*t'*ii{+ir:f:n*"+X
ne
you (rx.)
you ("f.)
Liher

possessrve
ponouur
|ory, i is the insepasble
:nSlq
treatediD
lesson 9. sectio +, to' which 1i;;
prcu^ru.

_rne proDoun tndirec obiects are written as

show
onormore
rlrnarivc
;:fl: -ix1: ^otimes
iofor me

Eo[/DriEt,
ei.D

msu/msB

m|t, m

nak/muk tofor yorr (ptr.)

mat/lriki,

tofor rirn
to/for cr

mas,mr Ilras/Eus tofor thern

mat

(f.)

Ixa.n4res of indirect ol)jects (seealso seotion g

below) :
(a) Pronoun indircct objects with tosltrve
vebs:
Y shiry lostr.
I{e prepared (it) for us.
T rlal mid.
Shccooked(it) for nre_

s
You (Pl.)

so/s

then

5, The verb h, ghx, giw t'o'is lhe comdooest of e ey

limitril number f ves wbich require no indirect obieot
indicator (ma.ir/m) before an iniliect o!lect-' If the
indiecLoiectis a proDoun,tbe formsemployedare the
direct objetpronons.5If (asinfrequentlyhappens)the

:;$r;l*lift*a+'r.'i'r,*irtits;l'.nr
kn"J
It*,:;,*h*rf i,".::;1;:,
^t,::,

mu/m
kdk

4. When both indjrect and direct objects arc prescnt,

lh.eind.irectobjed i nuarablyptec'eiu the cl;rccricct'a and,
I Lhedired;bienr is a peioal poDoun.it assumesthe
ind"oenileutfor- (seeLesson6, section6. and example
three below).
He Lrough tu foorl'
Y kw ms! bilqi.
I ditl work for the chief'
It vi w ssrLi 8ik.
Take it (n'/r) to him'
K Lsi mrsshr/it&.

o/for us

tofor you
(rn-)
too yon

/tr
k;/k
ki/k
ghi/rht
t8/t

sNote that the. is no indfinit dircct (or indirect) object

orotron coFe6ponding to the an/ (eto ) p'3 pron
' . t.'nld tho l common {for erpFsing
iDdirct obJecuvrry
Sol4so-n l7' dootion2'
glgro"*uoti." i
".ploved
--6-thb fsci lesds soD6
ro sugSetthst b s.tuslly sov{ns to
d;r.d! objcts rsiher ih6n on indirecl and oue d'Fcl {uke oEoer

TBNSIITVE ratBBS ; OBJEqX ?&ONOUNS

dect object is a pronoun, the iuc

rornsareemployed,
u" io urunptett#"f;.;ll.n*no*
Yi b m tudr.
I{ sht si&i.
I li rht its.

He gave uo monev.
f gave him work.'
I gavo her/it to him.

If the bdirec object is a noua, b becomes

b.

Y b mim h(n.
tt ud 8ili.

Ee gave the man monevf gave udu work.

Bn/b must take.ot least one object.

W-henonly one
o"":",

it is.mostkely to'Uuu" iuA'i"ci-jiJii

,o,ol-:",1
rt oDtya directobjectis empioyed,
it _*i"1"*"

It6 g8L !hl.

I{i ss uil.
K sa! oid kka!

7. Onegroup of verbs (often termed chongi,ngor oariable

rowel,oerbsl3 chargetheir terminal vowel (ancltheir tones
ifthey have tbee o more syllables)beforea direct object.
Transitive verbs with an initial lorv tone are of this type.
Before a noun direct object the ternina vowel becomes
-i. Before a Dronon it beoomes-. l tones are lo
except for a final high-tone syllable.
(snv)

Y b nt.
Y6 b rthdf,

He gve (it) to me.

,le gave money.

tulri, (set krcw, bc.i, perm,teaue,olld.

9:ft,:^l-""
.to)
gau,.pet@tve,
see,arc abbreviated
betoreau
ga
and Daineverd,opmoretran the fina objeot.
vowiIt s$r ibt.
Y bsl sidn.
Y bar mstr aik.
8un ssD Auit.

I laow 6 him,
He (hae)left home.
e (has) lef us work.
They know uilu.
CrI dropEits 6nel vowel beforea pronoun
object and ite

sylsbte
before
a.nouobjecr.'d;fo;;
Ii9l:
uduectlTl
oblect it becomesgs!.

pr**r
P;,::f,*iJi*x':*:"j.:"j3i"pjt*l"_!e.!h".

l,"r#ii";il:'l.'*:lT,::'ll^"^'ii!
i*ra"J"r":#"",',T-;l,*Hii:Fir

"lllt"'tl,".t
S::,-"
mentl
fiing .iDdi;ect
J[:
:irl":l{i.,it'iiriii"l"ffii:T""
*ill,".',J,;"-#i"&"jd;f
orbs
*r"*::';".1t,',._=1":ti':
t*;
soeo.oing
tn
;l ifira_i;;i l."rjtr_k
. Seotootnot 7, p. ?7.

""i "j""i

I saflsee him.?
I sa{see uclu.
Keep an eye on my bike (for
me) !

[, sy.
{ syi binci.
sysh.
(tEbsy) sa tEbay.
tmbyi BeU.
{ tmbysht.

I
I
I
I
I
I

(have)bought (it).
(bave) bought food.
(have) bought it.
asked.
(have) asked Bello.
(have) askedhim.

A very few verbs wiih iniiial high tones belong to this

group of verbs. Two common ones are sm, ger, and
{tv.ki, takc, 1ti,chupuu! s shl.
Y du&i ky.

We sot it o/ we foal him.

IIe (has) pioked up/carrieil the load.

Yariable vowel verbs will be indioateil in the vocabularies

by the peseceof (i/) following the verb thus : sdm

(v0r.

7 Not that th EDgish t!DslatioD of the us conpeiiv

aspci in contit euch s theo i present (no ps6t) tnBe. ID the
css ol n srtr i the literl glo8s vould be sonthing ike 1 lare
sot to k.o hin, herctote I latiul kn"i" k;n. N e8n sh literally
g per.iae,] h;'n, theefor m@ing eithe
e.'a I halhon
',tsuiviully percived him) I (stil) se, tu.
1 ,o1, in or (hovins
a lhi! oB ofve.b is Pa.sN' Gra.doII. Tho PaNoDs' clssifiction
h htroducd in l,son 25.

78

lrusa

1'RISI|I\-E VEBBS ; OBJECT PAONOUNS

8. Before.aprooounindirectobjec rariable vor_r,el

verbs
(anc low-hrgbrntransitives)operateas folows:

I kE w Uuskili
tr ksrrt.
larDt shi.'g
f, kslnt liftf.
Su karlt Eru shi.

(c) They may either becomehigh_high(-high)

ancsuffix
-t (wntcnassmllatesto _Dr),e.g.:
(nm) + Y nmam min aiki.
Ife sought work
($m) -> M samammaskk.

tr Lw.

kw rht/t.
N kw ku.
AD kw 3h.
An tirw mtu.

for nre.
I got a bicyole

(vrrta-intransitive)
+ uoov"ra". wloirf,#"a rri*
m&t.
,-+y raubeyam
(reba,y)
EiDi.
"Jt;'"f:utl".

Na nnals
dd(/.)
oauu
Iaay (/.)
srB (/.)
stali
km

I (have)caught(it).
I (have)cauhti.
I (have) cahr a fish.

ntchet
eason
hoe
arge hoe, plough
axe, hatchet
everything, whatever

Port'icls
grve
lbsrk no sale! (said by
(i/)
pick
up,
carry
scller)
duL
hab
cone,comenow!,
I.aa (r/e.l speak
gari
nonsense!
see
increase,raise u'a,-le,|
&dl
(pice)
m
to, for
rage
reiluce (prioe)
agreeto sell
s&llm
raya
male an offer
(in buyg)
Verbals
0a (DaJ

9. O_ther
trDsilive vebs.ecepttho6ecndg in _,also
sxortenfber teminal vowebeforea direct iouo obiecl
lD not belorea direct ponounobje,,t. nor befo; on
lDduectoblect). 'l heseverbslikewie.if thy consist
of
ng,T.th.an-two syllabes.drop the tone o th"
6n.l
sytlatlebelbea noun direct obiectI k!! shi/t.
I km kifi.

I have oaugrt Musa a fish.

I (have)read (it).
I (have)read i.
I (have)read the book.
They ed it to us.
I (have)brought (it).
I (have)brought it.
I (hve)bought money.
He halsbeensummoned.
llusa hasbeensunrmoned.

YOCBU3Y

() Or they may becornehighow(high), e.g.

:
(sye)+ I ssy mas gs.
I boughthim a
watch.
(ldn) -+ Sun l8d mau lb.
They told us the
news.
(yrtla-intransitive),+ tre yarrt I alow you (io
erk.
do i).
(t!rba)* sutr tsmby ma! They askeil
udu
..nil.
for us.
(kwikwsy)+ g!tr kwaikwya
They imitated a
nao bi.
monkey for us.

trke.

?9

0 Note tht fte high-ow-high verb a proqoun objeci does not

ollow the tonl polsrity ulo given in secion 3 bovo; but, rrihe.,
is hish toDed.

IIUS

Itupt,rlt Phra.ses
Dsy
I (agreeio) buy (ii)
elrl nin-J
give rne somemo. increateyour offer
rg miqi
take someawa].. reducethe price for me

Lesson 16

the FutureAspectsanrl Z
EXrRCtg[S

1. There are two fute aspects in llausa. The most

usoil construction, \erc letmed. Ju,re 1, employs the
specioledverbal z plus the subjuactive aspectpe$onaspectpronours. Esion (incluiliug tonal) takes place in
the 6st nil third (masouline) persons singula (cf.
Lson?, section 8 (c)),

Translate into Engish :

. Bell y kw mannm.
2. Ki mas littIr tr4 k rtw tl wui3. tf ya b k &wai ? i tbtu bki! hary.
4. T j ksEw,t syiily mi hit.
5. KiD duk E. Kitr kai s giils! Ei giilalk.

I will oome
.enz
you (,l.) lrill come ze k z
you (/.) wi oome zld z
he wil come
z r
shewill oome
zl t 16
onewill come
,trz

Translate into Hausa :

1. Diil he seeme ? Yes, but he iloesn,crow vou,
2. He got meat. Shecookedit. They at it i a hurrv3. We left the,e
Insggoesin his car. Go and get the.
4. Se.prep-ared
food for us in the shadeof the-big tree.
5. He bought tools. I don't know hereason.
Dfu,lnque
(Oontinuation^ofDialogue in Lesson 14,)
Bell :
T, !r syi t&Ir latu uaya i su nudu a.
Mi tb : lbak, Shi trkudi! bar.
Bell :
I, na$ n tudirt trr sskiy ?
Ui tbr It lac &wabt.
Bell :
I tustu.
Mi tbr gab mlE !
Bell :
fdi stukiy.
Ui tb Xwnair il sutbtyet ttsisi.
Bell :
T, taym il sulbtyar.
Ui tbr I{ eeuemtu it sulbtya it tar.
Bell :
Mittlt, g ktr|i!.

, n u rre ill oome

z L z you wil come
zsz they will come

2. "Ihefuture II aspnotis lessuseilthan tho fuiure f.r Use

of this asDectsomotimestends to lenil an ai of irdefdtenessto that is gaiil, The use of the future I does Dot.
though, necessarily imply more denitensdtan iloeg
the se of the futuo II. The future II forms are :

u
t

f sha come
you (2.) ll
come
you (/.) will
come
he will come

n z
l z

e will come
one will come

t u
,z6

o/mw z weall oome

you (?1.)will
kw z
oome

ky r
y z

s/swz

they will
come

I Some IIau3 discts do not uso it et ell.

82

rrus

TEE TUTURE SPECIS D ZE

3. Tre Degative <.rfboth future aspects employs the

b. .. be aegativeptices.
B zi z ba.
B tll tfl ba.
B z s ci bitrci bs.

They are going/will go to the dance/

gmes.
Zfr camot be foorvedrectly by a nominal.
Z construotions are negaivedby the use of either the
b . . . ba or the b . . . ba negative sets :
Z su !sw.

He wi not come.
'Wewill
not go (away).
Tey are not goingto et food.

Bi t !i
Lsuw bs.
B/bz ku
kn6 bs ?

4. In sentenoesof a narrative type, when a string of verbs

occursall of which require the future aspect,the 6st veb
is preoedeilbv a,futurc I or II p-a pronour and the es
by the appropriate subjunctive spect p-a pronou.r
GboIlDr Auit zi t ,Yl, y bud Bakalart,
y tlw,y ci bhci, y ht. Tomorrow M. Auclu will
go to Yola, open the sohool,retum, eaand rest,

zA ki rar.

Z a eri.

Z mu aik,
z ku kJrfi.

syrd(/.)
,rbi

groundauts, peanuts
ilay after tomorrow
store
kDff
very muoh
&wa,fsi
r!sa,l ("f.) wod, talk, matter
!3vt (rk.lf-) ilanoe, game
new (thing)
8
exacty, really, for sue, that's right I
r&ai
(/.)
taveling, jouney
tfl.v
tolu
convesation
kh/tst old (thing o person)
yw
awalk, a stroll
woman's bodY oloth
za

I am going/will go home.
Were areyou (m.)going/willyou go ?
You (/.) are going/will go to Kano.
Sheis going/wil go to the farm.
They (im,persm.al,)
arc going/ll go to
town.
We are going /will go to work.
You (pl) ar goirg/'will go to the
store.

This use o rbe subiunotive Esv slso b enDoved if [h BDot

'
orrh 6r& clsuse is co;rinustive o;habirust {s; t sao" sr. *iio"

I {e)).
.

Not thot in thee examples the time o the sotjon (pront or

Iutu) is morc depeodeDt ihrn usual on ths @rxr.

Aren't you (pl.) going to the sto.e ?

Noniruls

Y6lr 8tr z shi

!lakarrnt.
This boy is going /will go to sohool.

zA6 s\,.

I em not going to hemerket.

VOCABIILARY

5. ddely used, specialized verba reatetl to z is z,

will, go to, am bound,/or. The specialset of p-a prcnouns
employedby lhis wtbal lollow rsthc thao precedeit.
Thy are thi sameformslwitb the ddition o a) as the
diect object pronouns given in Lesson 15, section 3.3
Z rti si.
n z ks ?

83

Vqbol

sii
gaya
tlurt

,l

(ve)
D^eEa
r5
ssyat (il)
z,

becometired
tel (requiresan indieot object)
rest, relax
seek,look for
wear, put (clothing) on (seeLesson9,
VooabularY)
se
wi go (to), am going (to)

84
Imputant Phrosa
t! zks ? whereare you going?

Lesson I7

EXIBCTSES

Relatersanil R'elationall{ounr

Translate into EngLish:

I. Itd ii yuuw warai. Dmin haki zDci binci yuzu.
2. B z E ci Dinsinn ba,
u r H yi ? Zr k gtui sD ji!t.
z k g8yeint lbth tyrt ?
o. zA ku kstrr yu P ', z mu sirlan bkiDa.

1. Hausa employoseveralparticles (here tefitr.edehkrs)

atrd nouna to iniroiluce (or relet) phrases,causesar<l
gentencesin much the w&y F'ngliRhaloeswith prepolitions
and cooiuncoDs. Some-ofte more impoant of theso
are liete bobw. (Seel,esson29 for further trtment of
sei and ilJ

Transaie into Eausa :

l. We will eo to the danoein the rnarketomorrow.
2. You wot't eo t school.
3. They wil ak you to give them moley.
4, Wtrere are you going ? I'm going for a walk.
5. lomorrow Malam Bello will so to Kano, He wil
brine his fether's horse.

2. Nottirrl phmse dnttotcos (relater-head nominal

prases).
,'at, in' arr :
I saw him at/in Kaoo
!t gs sht K!'.
He did his work io the bul'
Y vi sildnrt diti.
i; ; ts Lq tbr. Fe put the ilish on the table'
dl,wih :
Y t if rhi.

He hes goue away with it/him

m he has teken it/hin awaY'
quit
an fa (li. wiih speed)'
IIe
il ssBi.
Y
u; ci birci tr dshi. We e food with him'

Dialngl4

anh
trrile
ADD
NDile
^Dib
trnilo
Dlr

K lo
AEr

h r ki, Endo?
Z ni fng ta syi sibon zan.
Dom m ?
DEin tr r, b tfl rrtr il shi jibi.
D !ltr. Ki, ,trt na ynztr b kyer I
Cskiya,lkt. Y tsts rssi.
ui siilaoh y b kt kndtu ?
Bb ! I{ saysr it cydu.
r b lifi.

ds"fron :
N diw dgKsilu. I have returned ftom Katluna.
IIe sot (it) fom }ome.
Y stm dsSiil.
Y z itcw!ir larki. Ee ascome from the chief.
Eciu:tn, , i'n the ptuence of' etc' (g befoe nouns,
grbefore Ponouqs)1 :

i
I
I

I ln ov cootett &ctroDperformd fo. tbe beD61'of sooeoDo

bv ;n indieot objct coosLmciion or bv
f erp*sing oranps
arnatiro
;'sici ;
tiio
-.;';.-;';"."*t;i;;

";.8owoul be : -w-a.ve.
tr kri oar 3,nd sun Lw
onoar<l thro'opage
w m'bmeimv.

86
I ksi s gir sht.
Y rrni sit g i.
stra kw rtrw g
mitmai,
Strtrsr siJ.
Ya sm ilg grtr.

EAvaa
I took/havetalen them to him.
Ife sousht work from Ali.
They bioueht water to the
teachers-They are with him/at his home.
He got it fom me.

sci, uni,l,,e@ept,onl,y(aoi also has usesoherthn as a

phraseintroilucet-see below) :

8ri sbe.

Until tomorrow.
B gr walli b bs ssi I ilidn' see nything except
tiklef.
shoes.
8ai dsysls ys tff.,
Only one of them wen.
8..Conneaorc(cotirnctions). D is used (as a connectr)
withil serial nomal phrases only. K may connect
wordo, phrases,cla,uses-orsentenos.
d , a ; d , . . . d ... a n d ,b o tk... a n i l ... :
tr sr yrrtt bs[s.
I saw te boy and his
fathor.
Ssrki ill Eutulu ru tl,i. The chiefand his mea hove
gone away.
D d il rhi r e yi.
Ee anil I s rl.ill do (it).
t, o. ; t... k ...,
('. . o r . . ) :

, e;,th.. .or , . ., ukdhzr

Bn ! ci it!L8 k rty
a.
f s{sti & wtili zi i.

I won't ea,tweet-potatoes
or yalls.
Either the chief or te
ileputy will go.

I The of the o vowoled p- pronoun (ya) will be xptsined

in lson 20' Litlly, ' I &nd hs '. Tho Hsus* custo id oontuuctios lik
Lhis oDo i jusl l,h.op-po6iteoI tbe Englih convooioD. In Hus

REI,I\TERS A{D BEL]\TTONIJ, IOUNS

K zi yi, t b !i yi L8,
h.
4, Clau,se,*oduretesm4 bttt :
I{ tf, falii Bmt b!
dodctu b.
Yf yi ik nE bi sBi
kud ba.
d, uhn, os soor'as :
D y km ya { gni.
D y km zi g!i,

87

whether he will ilo (it) or

not, I ilon' know (or
oarer,

I went to Kano but I

diila't staY there long.
He worketl but diih't get
(any) moneY.
Wen he returnetl homehe
saw (it).
s soon as he retums ho
wiI see(it).

io or tilau, 'f, ofun (followeil by oompletive aspect) ;

\{hen/If I get (some) I
Itr ! sm zu b k.
will give (it to) you.
gsy
g!
ztr
tr
sh
lilan
ff I seehim I will tell him.
Eas.
soi, t|nn :
D y z sai h tfl.
trwsb y fdt. Ssi tra I gsn
sb, ua a dauk.

-ssoonashe comes(then)
I will go.
The kobo fell. Then I salq
it and picked (it) up.

5- Relatianal nons ae not a speoial subcategory of

nouns. They a,re,rather, !ryical nouns which re egularly used in contexts in which English-speakersexpect
a pieposition or conjunction Someare frequently useil
with relaters.
. Th .eson for th short vowl itr the p-a pronoune is eiplsined
in Leson 20.

88

TIAUS..

blya! (ftom byi, ar&|, behvtr,ater :

Ys t dgbyar dn.
Eo came out from bohinil
hehut.
ByDrreao! lkcl ya 5
b8r B.
fter this time he left us.
Bylril ya tff btrsao A{ter he left f dida't gee
sDba.
him.
cikiE (fom cit, iasie i ct. citri, stomank),in (sii[,el,
a,mong:
Yt rhtgo ciki! dti.
Ife went to the hut.
ult a! shl ciki! muta. W'esaw him amons the
people,
8bau(fom 8b,Jrtont),in front of, beJue:
Y tdl gbsD s8rki.
He postrateil (hiusel)
before hechief.
Ya s[ll gban mt.
He ran ahead of the oar.
kmar (from km, srrro-torty),l,;ke,alnuf , aa iJ ; km,[
};s,k: thus, ke this :
uil tmar Bell !t.
uilu is like Bello.
Yiyi kEa shLslgm. Ife was about teD yeer
old).
I{ yi kmsr zl wuc.
I made as if I'd pass by.

ktu (fuomk, hnad\,on, on top o :

ta sa a aan teD-

Y ,tr[ kn kujr.

He put (i) on the table.

IIe sat on the chair.

lashi[ (from r&2sfr,unemeat),under :

{ !A Etsshitrtbr.
I pu (it) utrder the table.
5 See footDote on pege 87.

Bb,ATERS ND &EI,TIO!{L

NOI'IiS

89

waiD(fon ei, pk ce,tlituti ott),trbout,to.y' orrr,(secaso

Lesson14) :
IIe got about seven.
Y rEi tf,oitr ba,kwi.
j
I went to the chief.
tr wsiea 8erki,
gri.
We hearil (it) from thc
Itt!! ii wsietrmutDe!
lownspeoPe.
zuw (from zuw,cpit1ql Io. lntaad .
I rvill run to/tol-ald home.
Z! guil ruw giil
Y kE hsryi zusi
He took the roail to K*uo.
Kal.
6. Two reational words ilon/ilmin, ecazseo, irl' ordcr ta,
and titE/kmB befor, mw' be treated separate1.
Tbese woids, thoug-hthey ook likc nouru. hate no
extant foms vithorit the -tr suffix, and function entely
ss elatIs.
dor,ld.ml.,becauseof, n ortlcr la :
Do it please (rir. for God's
K yi shl dotr Atl.
sake).
gau
I will go in order to see
s.
Zr i6 dnir ln
!trem.
this son he will go
For
zi
tfl'
Dor hak
(aray).
\ry'hy (tit. besauseof $hat)
Dom a b k i Dr ?
didn't you go ?
Lri kEir/kan/ti lc.in, b{ot (when introducing a
clauskifln, etc,,is folowedby the subjunotiveaspoct):
Comebefore I leave.
N z kflD ln t6sht.
guil.
y
Before he saw him he had
trEtr
catr sbi vE
un awy.
By tomorrow I will cone.
trldn cbezer t.

90

BE JATEAS AND RELIONL

7. Chart of positional relaters.

Veals
Lm oatch,seize

Partcles
i& lila[
krh/klntn
kolai
kawi
ollo

ra.&rlin

9I

NOUNA

d wLren
before
only, alone
only, ruerely
rvhat do I care ?
I neither
knorv nor oare

lrn\ortqnt Phrdscs
lavatory, toile (lil. behinrl the
btian gid
comPound)
' please'
ilon All
toke the Path/roa<
km hrny
wet mi tuw,
[ext onth
watn gbe

uileteoih

EXERCISES

vocBU!Y

Notuinals
bark
by
c
gb
L'm, (.1m.,
&r&a8hi
rtr
rhkar (/.)
lklmi
(?r. tkalE)

gleetmg (: rnnu)
back
tomaoh
guinea corn
front
similarity
unilerneath, uadersiile
sun, ilay, heat of sun
year
shoe, sanda (or, more frequenty,
pair Lhercof)

taB() TU'
wallul

(metal) bowl, (china) dish

ileputy, represontative

dewif.)

tas(/.) (pI.

Verbals
Partnles
itad spencla long time rt

when

Translate into Engislr :

1. Y6 lt| ciki! ruw.
2. Bysll wstr!A m i wuin sarki.
3. ilsD'y itr, ssi ! tf.
4. Yt yi aildngkmar Yit.
. Xfn n tff, zi z.
6. Ble yA ra tklnirs tu&ashinkuiteh.
Translate into Hausa :
l. I saw Yusufu anil his fethe in thei hore'
Either she or I will comc to the school tortonow
morluug.
3. I looke for the soat uniler the table but dida't secit'
4. When I retum next rnonth, then I wi buv it.
5. ff you work for mc you wil get monev from me.
Dialagu,e
M8EE! : Bstkt il iki, Dgo.
Yur, b&rk d zul.
Dgo :

Uammtr
Dgo :
[sEmtr
Dgo :
Usbmn
Dao :
mEtr
Dgo i
aDmtr
Dgo :
amD
Dco :
[&!t!!u
Dgo :
DIaEUtr
Dgo :
amBtr
Dgo :
ammn
Dgo :
[aemr

Dco:

ne rrud I
I,e6yi, bAkl.
[illl.

z ka sti L P
', z ni ywtawi.
T bA EiIi. Bti u zaun, m yi td.
I d ty!. cl inuv i ky! i n!r.
Kii, krsi ! yeu I
GsLiystk,lkcinsn.
E8L 16.
I ji r k i Ksu sbe.
H8k rc. Zt! tii citi! nt rl sl
I, m z k yi wrin ?
Z! sayer il ilwte ksuw,
T d kyu. z k d&d r(rn ?
L zu nmi ait rudo.
T b Eifr. gai yushz k dw ?
Sai wat mi zuw.
T d kyu. zt! tfi yltzu.
T b lin. sai n itw ils Ka!.
Yuw, k rlw ly.
min.

Lesson 18

ContinuativeAspect
1. The conlinuar'inedspecti\autes action regarded as
occurriras a prmess rather than at a singlepoini in
time. Tis proessmay occurin present,past o futue
time as incated by ihe context. In the absenceof
contxtal edence to the contrary, however, it is
usuallv oossible to assrmethat the reference is to a
proce involving preeent (rethe than past or future)
time,
verbal n, e'in
2. This aspecLemplovsthe speoialized
qt:
sbort-vowel
high-tone,
piereded
by
a
yocess'o,
be
thp
peron-esPoot
pronouns.
Thee
set of Derson-aspect
prooo,li" u"" tr;ditio;elv
witten ss pre6tes to n
Lter thou as seoate words. A modifier (usualy a
noua) murt follow n'
I a,mworking/
do wor
wona
you (ar.) are
workinc
you (/-) a:re
norKmq
he is worng

b aili

muni ai

we are .
woalng

tonl ai

tun ai

you (p.) are

vorrlg

gunl aili

they 8:e
woartg

e is vorkiuc
one isworkin!

tsul &i
ari ai

lirr 8i
van sili

r O, frequenty, s habit. S6Losso 26, foottrot l'end Lo6n

27, section 2 (d).

94

uaa

3. The aegatdrrof thie-aspectemploysa speoialeilverbsl

Depru8e speoralBtof lo-tone, loqg_vowolp_aprououoa
which follow to verh
I iloa't work
{dc.)
you (m.) clon't
work
you (/.) don't
work
he doesn't
work
she doesn't
rnork
no one worke

b d sif ! b m ai r we clon't
work
b L tifi
b L r " you (?t )
'
doi,t work
btr8ir
byl 8it, bsid,

theI. don,t
iork

Df sit
b aik

4..f...large number of nounr indicating n action,

sctiiy,. stte, plaoe, etc., may occn wiil nt iu tU
conlrnuave.
yani mgoni
yai sid
vani lctv
ys! Ka!
ya,r nal
yani zune

he is talkins
he is at hoe
he ie \rell
ho is at Kano
he is here
he is sitting dowa/seateils

5,. aw inilicatg possession

is expressed
by r,heuseof
!tre cootinu-tlveffpect construction plue tl plus the
poseessed
objmt,
-

I Oth6. foros not in-ftqueDrty

herd sre: b ni...,

I . . . ; t

ry8. -, vo!{/... r bshi,.- fu.,.; bn,niinw. . ., ,,?. . . ;

btFi.,... vo&-!/.)
. . . ; ardbdiste...,r?,...
' see la$o 19. sction 7.

CONTINUTIVE

95

SPECT

ir d sht a
mul d a
ys! d Ltrd d ysw

have it
we have work
he has a loi of money

6. Eaoe nat is exprcsseclin either of two ways :

(o) Employing the speciaizedverbal D pus the set of
person-aspectponoung listecl in section 3 above.
b d d kud
b y it mt

I haven't any money

he iloesn't have a ca.

() Enploying the specialized-verbalb plus the set of

p-s pronouns tisteil with z in hsson 16.
I dorii heve iv
b !i d shi r
it's no good (rdr.has no goodaess)
b rhi if bu
b k! d ha[kli you furtr.)ilou't have (any) sense
7. The forms arl ilil aDil b d/ba it are rarely, ever,
use(I.
l/OC3ULIY

Noniml,s
barci, boccl

bkr(/.)
ils

don'uw6
(d.'yar'uwa)
tusbi

sir

sloep(ing)
ne,eil(ntg)
tall, long, high (thg)

pl.
broher (ldr.son-of-mother),
meaussiblings (d.e.without
referenceto sex)
arge
o

. Not tht it i the indepeadent ponou.r (seo Leffion I, sectioD

6) which rc enploted aff,r il in these coDshuotioDs. This iB t.u
qheneeer tho direct objct of the verb(l) tB intoducd by d (seo
Leon25. ection 4-6.
5 Noto that the Clottal oeiob vtrioh occus (but i! not vdttn)
befoe evorv word bociNiDc with a voEel mut be srirtn wheE
dan'uwd is ritten s-o ringe ood.

96
ha!kli
itic
iilSi
as(/.)
sa!r
80,

EAUSA

consoiousness,
serue,savoir-faire,
cqrmspection, caution, slowness,
cae
tree, wootl
canoe,boa
' eah, gound, l,nil, country
sky
wanting, desire,liking, love

Veals
dknt wait (for)

surpass,be more/
better than
rrlUt
alie
shiil iDform, tetify
ylil8
agaee,consen!,accept
ylru
be possible

Pdtt':les
k ?
maybe?
perhaps ?
wtkil, pobably,
ratakn
perlaps 6

Ilrrponna Phruses
ailway hail
iirgrn ast
ssm
aeroplane
iirdu
k6 vrils, (L) ?
do you agree?
mrn jim it yaw (anotherreply to aai an iin)
y yiwu, y ylvu,
ya,trytruw
it is possible
yt tushi
get/becomeangy
EXXRCISES

Tranrlate into Engsh :

1. B ri dkystruE.
2. berr ysnl zutr ynzu.
. The im6 lefoDG of tos orpossion i detomined by wLich
aspeol, i oopoJd i tho followiog otause. e.g. y rtwu zti !
: it is pqtbl1 he ui cow t yr ywtre yo rig J's a
- i.
poeibla lthdJ h2 hds alreddy aftird.

CONTTNTTlIEASPECT

3.
4.
.
6.

97

tt tso aiL il hyeu g!.

SarH yani s y z y yi trsan il m gbo.
uwalsiit tar d bitrcinB ctki! kjrt.
ltutrc! cti! b si mlr.

Trauslate hto Ilausa :

1. They are talking together.
2. It is possiblehe is now st Lagos.
3. He hae a bis tree in front of his home.
4. He has ihre brothers and sisterg (d.e. siblings) at
home5. I ilon't have it, Pleasedon't get angry !
6. If he is here I won't go by tain.
D"logIu
Jtau Inl s h yi ngan rl mi Biil5.
Gito Mi side bi y Dtryu.
Jtau T yush,i ilw n ?
Gire ai, bIr 88! bs. Y tl lkko.
Jtsu Y tfl cikin jirgin rset tr ?
Gi&e ,, cikir iilgi! st.
Jtaa Kn trsw zei yi I wuti! ?
Oiro Ai b zi n rti gd ba.
Jtsu I, zi r ky cn ! ?
Gire WtH. mE y t ilmir dar'rwam y
mut.
Jtsu T, k zi d5w stl E zuwl ?
Oiro Esk n.
Jtau ilatr y6 iltw k gay mas i! bkit
tim0kors.
Cire t, ztlr sheid Da,s.
Jtau D kyu. Sai an jim.
Cjr T, mua iim tl yaw.

99

IrORBAL NONS

he is Puttiug (it)
on the table
g
yaai
ahi tbr he is Putting it
on the table
y8!
ig cetohing (it/
he
kEwi
(Laoi, catcn)
tem)
vs[ kmw di ho catches (tom)
ia the blgh
yr,ri tBi su
he ig catrching
trem
(hw,r;q) ysDkwr'
he is bringing (it)
'
yaul tiw EaL
he is brirging us
loails
hy
y8! sav'rs{
he is selling
(saytr, serr)
(things)
ys! ssyar it kv he is sellg trings
ya,ni saw tbr

Lesson l9
Verbal Norns r
| . Irequenily, the noun employeila.fterhe continuative
n is a nominalizedorrr of a verb, commonlytermed
aerbal,naun. Most verbs have oqe or more verbal noune
oorrespondingto them.
2. Verbal nouas of transitive ole-syLableverbs almost
always 2 have a faling tone.
(s, rr@?,r) i! sn kod
yan yi/yirs
(yt, dol
(ii, sern) Eull iln zAfi
(ci' eat\

I waut..(some)money.
he is doingiinaking (it)
we are warm (lr- we feel
Leat
bA y citr nm he doesn't eat meat

3. A large number of transitive verbs I employ a verbal

noun endg in -r in the continuative. If, however,
there is an obje.ct (ilirect or inilirect) the basic verb ie
epployed followed by the regutar indirect and/or direct
oDle4conaluc[rons.
@ pl

yan sw

he i puttiDg (it)
on (r'.e.aicle of
clothing)

r The ofm&tion of verbsl nouns nd thir funcrionirc is

ono of
th6 mot complex aspec(s of laua *.!mar.
Tho- foflonins
shoold, lherefor. bo ressrded ss 'helpt hints' rath$ r,ban as i
cnDlte tretment.
! i- onJy erc6ption is b!n,
si,jnS, utns lo!). whoa u66 ts
! Thoe of Pa'rson' clades I, IY, V, V and VI.
Se Lons
25 aEd 37,

4. Many intransiive verbs 5employ this same-we su6x'

they, are coming
s! twll
(fit6, wne our)
(dr;w,rcturnh$e\ vs! {tww4

olE

he-is reurning
trele

5. Someooomon intra,nsitivesemploy a sghtly lifrerent

sufrx or no sufrx at a,ll.
yan zuw
(r, @ne\
be is comirg
he
is raveling
itf,, oo owav''. van tffv
he is getting olil
tstt N ol) ys! tsr
6. the usual form of the vetbal nourr of a oariableouael'
trons,toeoetb3 islhe sameshapeasthat of tLe verb when
no object follows.
I Not tht before the sufixed -w high-tore syllablo becomes
fliDc.
EiecilY of PaMns' Grade II
. Pasns' Grade II eerbs.

f00

us

(k t6,,recsi.oe) ysu kr6

he is (regularly)
receiving (it/them)
yari sm
(sm, gd)
he is getting (it)
(tnbay, as&) ysd tmbay he is as<ing(about i)
(a) Many variable vowel verbs (inclualing many of the
commonestof them), however, have inegular verbal
nouns of various tj4)es, e.g, :
Ve
Verbal Narn
borrow (other r
sr
borrowing, a loan

than money)
marDy
beat, thrash
bet, thash
shoot at

ut
bc
dL
hlb

an
buc
itt
hsb

marrJnng,marnage
beating, tlrashing
beating, thrashing
shooting at,

throw at
seek
till a fam
equst,
beseech

tI
tr!!
tre
rte

ji .
!m5
nmi
r&

stal

stn

st

throwing at
seeking,looking for
faming, tining
requestrngra
request
steaing, theft
b"g
butchering

boy
3ye ry
cut ofia piece y,rk yart6
of
() lVtrat might (becausoof its Eng traDslatioo)be
regardedasa direct objectconstruolionwitb variable
vowel verbal nouls is actualy a noun plus noun/
ponoun possessiveconstuctioD, e.g. :
sm -+ ysn simD
he is gotting money (hl,
hd
he fu in the processof zle
gening o totwy)
ttmbay -+ sun
they are asking me
tDbats 7
? Not tha to (the vrb&l nour) is feminine nd, !hoo!,
equirc! ths feminine po!ssiysponoun Bffi.

101

vEBBLNouNs
hatb + Eur hbt!
no
sy+ itr sye! bilci

we are hunting ld
anirnas
I am buying food

(c) If an indirect object ({ a direct otrject) is expressed

the verb form rather than the verbal noun i8 employed (as in section 3 above).3Somespeakorsprefer
the vexbconstuction to ihe verbe noun oostrruotion
(ilescribed in () above) \dith dircot objects as wel.
Eaarnplns:

I.0.+ D.o.:
ysrl s8y m8!
bilci
sun Dmammin
D.O. only :
yad tmbyrh
a bsi yr

he is buying us food
they are seeking(it) for me
he is a^skiughim (: van
tmbsyls)
the boy was/is being-beaton
(: an bug! vr)

7. There ie b lIausa. in aildition to the verbal nouls, *

group of nominaletl verbs sometimes*rmed rwns o!
o."ur with l. Tbesindicatestat
o.a *hich
""gulorly
resuline from the aotion of the verb.
(zatl;l,6l

d,atm)

yani zune

Itsrr, stald\
(tea, tie up)

ystrl tsve
y8! ure

(b,o?err)
(tfr, prcce")

yaui Dde
s lhi !ts!
tle

he is sested
he is standing
it is tieil up ; he is in
puron
it ib open
here he comes(l.
there he is
proceeding)

t S i-6on 16, section 8, for s dic!ion o indhect obiects of

vrib vo/ vbs.

102

YBBI,Nours

.I'OCBUI,ARY

EXERCISES

Nonhnl,s
6dt
k!t
kwn (/.
. kwc)
fteri

plesaltDess
readiry (seeks!Jrt,Ls6on8)
every, any
worthy efro (ueuay successfirl),gooil
tr5r, ard work
calabash(gouil bow)
automobiles (ptr.of nt, seeLesson 10)
noavtneas
'rritirg (seerubta, Lesson8)
eaauleSs
fable
tmube, clifrculty

trwrv(/.)
etci
rauyl
tbr
rauli
ltsluye (/.)
wlatt (/.)

Transte into English :

l. T! Ehn!ur.
2. Ys! bd tl ? I, ystr b,[diw.
3. sur ssysr iI mti ? l, s[!d sayrw.
4. twiitr trn yatr il !syi.
5. AiktD !! b shi rl wy.
Traoslateinto Hausa:
1. The door is ooen, Closeit.
2. Sheis b nging a calabash.
3. Is he buying fooil ? Yes, he is.
4. tln't she light a fire ? Yes, she did.
5. IIe is stauiling with a heavy loed on his heacl.
Didagv.e

Vqbals
cisbs
hli/lti
t
sh
wo

103

Parti,clcs
continue, make progress mit ildeeil

(ci + sbs)

ght (a 6re), blow

b e a b le to ...
sweeD
aeL

Impodaht Phra,se,s
yes deeil !
I ED

iusr...
kw,rlLtci
sar+ suDju.nctive
y fr Bsk...

Iwan...
all te time. evow time
oneoughtto . . -, onemuat . . ,
it is the most... for you

'Ses Lesson 29, ction2, for fllr treatmnt of.this

coBtruction.

UlEi

rlibi :
lErD I DI :

IDi
Dttli :
[IDi
DDbT:
MtEi

liubr :
lni

citi! sild! Eakerr E y& fl mtkt wv ?

Ai ltss6lt8r y&! b nl wbal.
!h P Inrsnci l ?
I, Ttuerci ysni d wy rsai, mm ll$l
y th.
ttult b y d sy ?
I. Yrrl d s81. Ki,rt yrq il ildi tumi.
T d kyu. tri krt il ysw D?
I m! ! trw! lkci.
Ba b kl l|ss bs ?
', l8 iv En. mmii ysnl il wv.
T b lifr. ssi k cicbr d t&srinkt.

TEE '&ETI:E ' ASPE('TS; BLTIVE COIISTRUCTIO{S 105

The negative of the relative completive aspecf is

from the neg&tive of the oompletive
indistinguishable
-See
fusson 7, seotions6 anal7, for tle forms.
asoeot.

Lesson 20

The ' Relative' Aspects; Belative

Conrtuctions
l. One completive auil one oontinuatriveaspectin Ilausa
are knon as rclalioe asrrex*Bbeoauseof -te fao that
-couaterpartq
these aepects,not their
ere employeil in
rcl,qtx con*rworrs (eeeseotiobs4-7 belov fo-r ushaioasof the contexts in which theseaspectsare employed).
[e meaningsof tb elotive aspectca,reessentia[y the
saoe asthei non-relative counterpartt (sseLeesons7 and
l8) and hey share the oegetive constructions described
or heir counterparts (lessons 7 and I8).
2. Te rekiaecomptlctbeaspaa peson-aspotpronouns
rre_cbaractered by a hgh-rooe, ehort-vowel syllable
wrth, rn Bomecases,a -kl su.ffx.l Witb, for example,
the Yeb tw the forEs are :
. . , ne kw 2 . . , muk kw

...r

brought'
.. -you\n,.)
brought
. . . you ( " f.)
brought
.. . he
brought
. . . she
brought
...one

. . . t k . . . kuk klw

bought
...you(ptr.)
brought

. . . k i k k w
. . , ya kw . . . sukkw

brought
. . . t ak w
. . . a t k w

bought
I x-ote th&t Lb
-k uffix is employcd irh uho ssr persos
h!! the -n sumr in rh non.releiv; cdmptetive specr(se;lsson ?).
! Se footnote 3 on Dsee 105.

3. The rekdhtecrtntwah'vaspecemploysihe samerighmne. ort-vorsel pesonaspctponoun (minusthe -krl

verbal l, ei n theVtotcssof,
su-ffix)plus tbe spcciatized
beo.
...r r - e
. . . trak r 3 . . . m u k s
...IwatB
1\-nt

. . . you(nr.)

... ka k s ... ku k s

you(ptr)
1vnt

\vlrt

.. . ar f,eso

. .. you {"/.)
vant
...be
wants
.. e

...Y9 e3o .'.s uKes o

1vantg
..,oDe
Ifanas

-. . 4 & s o

. trey
$'ant

. . . t a k s

The negative of thc relative continuative aspect is

fom the negative of the contuative
indistinsable
-See
Lesson18, section 3, for the forms.
aspect.
4, Ielati,oeconstnlotionsae usua,lly modifioational oonstructions which tpically oonsistof an entire clause bui
are empoyedwithin nominal pbrasesas rnodiers.
are eon-monin Engsb. Eacb o
Such co'ostructions
the followineEoslisl rrorniriaphrasesis divisibeinto a
and a modificational
head nomin"al(t t.n" n*i\
oonstuction (lahelled Mod,if'et\. Note that each of tc
these form occur iu contet! t@ og to covenenty list
' Since
here, the trdont is sked to suppy in place of the thee doi om
such conix, as lbis d ... - the thirl that . . or mtn ali, . .
: ll'. Tteoolellnt . . .

r06

FU8A

modifiers introiluced. by rclative wordo suoh as Jo,

wfui,ch,wha, when, etc,, iqcludes a whole couse. These
causesare the relative constuctions.
N o-relat:h)
e Consr"udions:
Hed,
Mod,;,f.er
the home
of the chief
the boy
of MalamYahaya
Relati te Construdiorns:
Heo
Modfur
the home
that the chief blt
the boy
lhat Malam Yahaya gave tbe money to
the knife
that I droppeil by heroail
the man
\ho cometo seeus
the tine
when ve had no work
5. Relative constuotio in llausa are usually intoduced by d or wand/wnrl (/. waitd, wilil; pl.
wad l) meaning tho.t,uhi,ch, who, the ene whichlwln,
etc. The final syllable of the nominal prcceding it tskes
the -r/-r referential suffix (seeLesson 8).a If the 6.nal
sllable of this nominal is on a high tone, it becomes
falling before i|. Neither the refereutia nor the tone
chalge is necessarybefore wotrl.
N on-rclat:e consbuctions :
Hmtl
Mod,if,er
giilar
rarki
the home of the chiel
yi!
Auil
Audu's boy
a Conaiderotion i herc confind to the comDoncst tvDe of relative
clas,ofln lermed l?st ricli\ o rclsr i\ o clouses . i.e. irose io sbich
the o.uso sev6 to defino or lrticuladze
one of a clas of obj@t3.
ActMly thor6 ere in Isuss, rs in English, rumber of other types
of r6lative ctrss s wi.

TEE 'RET,T!'E

' S?EqTS I RELTIYE CONSTRUCIIONS

O?

:
nelie corrstrudjon
Moiliit
Eea
giil!
il sstkl ya sir (: siiti v&nil. . .)
the home that the chief buit
yErr
d Auit ye sikl (: vr waril...)
the boy tht Audu sent
il ts lEd bki! hsny (wuRn witrt. . .)
rur
the knife that fel by the siile of the road
DtuElD d ys k 6 zur y gsl (: ntm
wstril . , .)
the ma,nxrho oomesto seeus
il muk t,fl ta
fkcin
(the time) when we lcen-tto Kano
nit ra k hsw (: dkn d . . .)
ifL
the horse whioh I ricle
mutln
radril b m ssd ba (: aotrlouo *...,
people whom we clon't know
sutfu
il suk t
heplace where they wer
bl[
il yr b [t
the tg that (: what) he gave me
6. Wan- occasion*lly seryes by itsl as he heail of a
nominel phrase containing a relative construction. fn
each erompe the ws!-, wsd!t-, wril- pa of the 6st
word is the hesd, the relaiveconstruction introilucecl by
l is hemoilifier :
the one which he obteited
wsnili yr rm
gsni
those that te saw
rrdtil mt
the one (/.) hat you (/.) wont
waitil ki t s
7. The relative spects are employed in the following
conxs :
I ln tho thild peron tho pern.indicato
fquortly odittd : mtuoln d t mw . . .

(tr,

ta, !ub)

ii

EAus

108

(a\ In relaoeamatrurdions. Seeabove (rections 5 and 6)

for illustrations.
() lVhen a construction that ch,ractedsticouyoccu6
efte the preilicte in a olause is shiftecl to prepreilioate position fot emphac,s.Commoningtances
of inversion for emphasisare ;
(i) Afuqbial, nomirwls indcaling time, plaoe,
uanner, et . :
iiy m ti,ff
siil m[ k sik
citin Et ruk z
rslr TlEtyr s[& j

\,reset\t a\ray yeMa,y

we wotk o lntne
hev camein a qr
the clililren went on

ly su k

Tunalag
Lheyarc weV

(ii'1 Inlanogutioes, whether ailverbial or not, whenever they precedethe verb :

what did tbey clo ?
m suk ?
what do you want ?
mtgtsa
ys
yushsarki
ilw ? 3'hendiil the chief

w yr son?
t! Ls L ?

return ?
who knows?
whereare you ?

(i) Objents(t*allly a ilireot object, oc,casiouallyan

TEE . BELATT\IE ' SpEqIS ; RELAITyE COISTRUCTIONS 109

{iv) Emphasisconstructionsvolving o whioh have

been moved back into the emphasis position
from either the post or the pe-pedictepoitiou.
Virtualy all the examples uder (i) and (iii)
above may altematively involve a n.
sotkr n ye t

it is the ciiel(who) went

wy
it was yesterd,aythey
iiy tr suk ilw
came
ai u mu k yi
it is a'or (that we ae
iloinc
cikilr mtr muk z it s y mr (thab) we
oame
(a) In narroliae- The relative completive aspeotis useclin
prcference to the competive aspect thorghout a
narrative or extentled 'cbronologioal' aooount. See
the fablo at the enil of this lessonfor an illustraion.
Typical introtlucers of ndnative or ' chronological'
accounts (and, therefore, of these aspects) are rn
(justl then,so . . .; ,ndsi't tratl'
rla;n,onzday i sttiL,
thetu(rJ) The relative apectsae always useclaftr'r d, wh,cn
(referring to a single act in tho past): Dyn il,
afo; k d,,whzn, thouqh; sa d, ontryuhs, (nnl
until,; ard ltt d, nce-

indect object) :
s8!H muk bi
ai* mu k
shl ta gsy w 6

it is he cdy' (tat) we
followeil
we are doing uor (not
somethg ese)
la dsthe onoI told (it to)

6 Noto th.t vhn sn indirct objeot is novd into th6 dptrasis

positiou tho indirecl objeot Inrko (swsys te) is lf bhind.

VOCBUL.RY

Notrinls
d
ilEV (/.)
k (/.)
&rtalsa
mmt

(in) the past, formery

world
hyena
tizard
su4)rise,arazemont

5
F.r"3
s '
!

33.E:
. ' E

tr F

E
x iOP. :
g .
F
o Ei F

"

"-3flE

e:g-$l:
s.

E.rg"
r,

* ." "

.. .*.._.;

es

:'s"rei-F H

i esr EE
' .esvrraF" ;+
$AA*+ ; *i :
X s .C $
i :1 9 r .5 $arr. *

e41pb

igriE."c,FE
sFt
;

eq;

!
'=a*59i1
i
i

gg33l.:rn
t
iE s t
E s *- l; r3 F l F ; g i e

iir
i
iFF
liF
l
'ii
;3i
*Fi
iilg
i
i';

E.

's-?

.u

q .i .E
, t . "

?
3

^
=

i
iiF

*
r

g
o
i F =; q" e ;

'F
i

E EF g
; E,F;"

I{TEBROGTIVEIDNDEFINfANOI'IINALS

lna na rsd ?
Y t t l[ r ? ' z

Lesson2l

InterrogativeanalInalefrniteNominals
i. The variousHau6aintrrogatives(and tLe indeniue
nominals formed from them) belong to several of the
subolassesof nomals. The majoity of them e
adverbial nominals, three are indepenileut nominals, one
is a quantifer and one is a specier.
2. The indefinite nominals are formed by prefrxing k
to any of the intenogative nominals. tn Uiusa priited
literature. someof the indefinite nominals are written as
single words (e.g. kB, uhda,$, a,rrqthinq, }:6v-a,
tahoecer.aLiergona)-Ohersare ofrcially written as two
wods (e.g. k /e, hercer, eoetgwherc,k yuh,
whenwu). l seemspreferable to be coosistent and to
write them all as single words. This wi be the practice
thtoughout tbis book. Iuilefi:rite nominaJs, when (as
frequently) useil to inMuce
relative clauses, are
followed by the ' relative ' aspects. Note that they
do not (as do regular nouns) require a following iI
to introduoe the reative clause. e.g. te ka sam,
whateter yott 9d, as opposed to bin il La sE,
yw get.
Ncho(euet)
3. Ad,ae/iali*errogelive a,nil iailefrite nominals.
il:d,uhere?, au? (seealsoLesson4):
! ya k ?

u mutuoEm?

Where is he ?
'Where
are our people ?

I Br decisionoI rbe Haus Ln8lago Board. But ihis onstion

is subjecto changsrom ime to imo.

Il3

How should I lalow ?

'ffiere
diil he go ?

:
kife,s uheteDet,et:erytohere
E'l ka tfi ct r t
Whereveryou go illnesswill
befall vou.
sB t.
Yr sutrcn k'tr.
Children'are thee everywhere.
Ei&,hott ? (uoas wiiley used as yybelow) : {
Kl z kt yi ?
How wi you tlo (it) ! lYhat
r& strkss! ?

wil you do ?
How do they know ?

k.i&,,houel)er,any tay poseiblc:

.Ani smrr kun k&. ?eople get (their) monev
any rvay possible.
yi
sht k&&.
Do it any way possitrle,
yu!h, ywbq ?l,r?r? .'
Yushtr ys z ?
Sai yush, s ilr ?

When was it he came ?

(By) when will they return ?

kywh, kyushe,whcrwer, all tlw time :

They're here all the time.
Sunartr kysh.
Kyushmu k trsIr ssi ffinever we're in Kano we
o zlyrcshl.6
visit him.
, Noto tht th6 regul&r (not ih rostive) completiv aspoot
F-s
pronoun ;s ued hre Binc l,b rcgsr (i.. tro-mphatio) od
phch
pl8@s th intsrrogstiv word iD th6
order i Iloyed
regranobjecu position aILff h eerb.
3 Note that th glotil cich vhich occu. (bt is not vrittn)
bfore ey wod beainninq qith voFel Dust b mitr,n whe!
t'n6 is ;ritten s! ; insl word (seelso ds'uw, Leonl8).
l Indeel in ome diects (e.s. Zri) it is eoniddd
i mpoi te:
S6o LossoD 29, sction t, for a disomion of thi! urge of rai pus

Eus

114

yiyt, hou ?, what ? (referring, for example, to actions) :

Yy mu k ?
Yy z t yi il sht ?

How are you ? (l'. how are

we ?)
What shoulil be done with
i t?

aky uay poss,ble

:
kylyls, h.owdoer,
xyy z syr shi b
zi yi 8ik ba.
fvv ak sD ztr
tiy.

However it is fxed it (still)

won't work.
No mtter how it was obtained I' buy it.

4. Ind,epen,ent
irdenogat'ioean inl,ef,ni* nuninnls.
g.ii, uhat ? (introduced in lesson 5, Vocabuary) :
'What happeneil ?
yo lru ?
Watilo you want ?
uksks?
6
y8
yi
yi
ffiat diil he do ! or He did

? o Y m P
what ?

u[ r p or ucec?

wtrat is it ('lr. or/.) ?

komlia !., wh,ota,vrit is :

z! sy kEr tl
mcaork.
romno r ya t l i
it kytr,

I'lI buy (it) ri'hotever you

say (I. whatever your
wol is.
Whatever he dos is not
good.

t:6m1atuythirq, @erg|vq, wha@q :

8i kw LE a,
AI| y 8sr kE.

He rliila't briug anything.

Godhows everythiog,

. See footnot 2 o! plgo ll3,

? Noto tht in tho oompourd.q, whic\ I rlojl5 rrittD r!
sinslo vo!d, tho intnogavos (E d ti) chrge io high tons,

rrEaBocarrvD lDNDExrNrtENourrr/s
I lhirT LD il km.

ll5

She (has) -prepaeil everytLiag (necessary).

\{hatever you get is you lot.

trm ts stD rtolrL l.

v (pl. m wl), uho ? (introtluced in Lesson 6, Vocabu-

lary):

W lysyi?
WD|r ? or Wc c ?
8r wn n !!t z ?
l'l!. .,whonq 'it it :
Xwlr n ys z k
k!6 sht.

Who ilid it ?
Who is it (m. or/.) ?
Wo (pl.) oarhei
{hoever comesaccephim,

h.v.eo,ngone,eoeryoe,whoet:
E yl tsid.
Everyone has gone home.
B g8 kvE ba.
He dida't seeanyone.
Bw[ d krt s[t r.
Dvelyone come.
wr (/. wac; pl. wM.tl,), wluichone? :
'\{hich
W!! ak kw P
one wao brought ?
'\{hich
Wcc ts il&f ranlrtr
one (/.) cookeil this
rm! ?
meat ?
Lwu (/. kwoc; pr. :rvwrt\, whcleoo, er,wyo\e, an!@Le:
KwDDy8 b k kt
Wichever he gives you
deuk.
teLe (it).
NrdDlrer! suLbsr !r. Evevone of them left us5. Inte,ogative and i-odefinite qunnli,frers (een alat
rtzw,how nwh ?, lwt nany ? :
Kudili law tr ?
IIow much does it oost ?
tra syi sr n8w?
IIow many kolanute diil

you buy ?

3 seo footnot 7 on psge ll4.

16

EAUAA

k\t'/, har0evernuch, hnweuermang :

Nrar ys bi Dl, yaDil Howeve.r much/many he
gives me it's okay (wit
Lyu.

mer.
tr sykraw kudiis.

Buy it whatever its price.

6. Interrogative a,ndirldete specif,ers.

wu(/. ,wci pr. w),wh (otwl ?, whk (one)?:
Wu a zi yi P
l{lat work will he (or is he
to) ilo ?
Wc hsry !n m bi P
Which path shall we follow?
Wdm Dutn sukz ? Wioh people oame?
hwn ( kwc; pl. kwd,Dr),eoery @ne),any
(one\,wfuter:
Everyone hag a car our
Krr,! mtE ys! il
nt &8r8rD.
country.
kss,i Eaf,a kwc There are beggarsin every
market.
ksuw.
7. The interogative ancl denite speoiflersore often
fooweclby ir, &r'nd,sorr. In this oontext the genile.raoil
number of the speoieris deteiuined not by but by
the nomina,l following ir, Iri retains its masouline
singular form.
Wn t! s z m yi ? Wlat kind of work will v'e

do?
Wtrat kintl of lantem ilid
you buy ?
'WIat
kind of people re
WdrD itn mutu n
these!
w8du!n P
Zi LwLcirDrge. Ee ,ill brirg everykind of
Wc irr til hs sy?

Lwai kwu irt! Diosi

wuti!.

gown'
Th-ersie every kinil of fooil
in that pla&.

r{rERtoeaTrltEA{DTNDETINITEtIoldrNr,e

117

Ioe: Ibis rule applies also with the specifiers wai,

wanail ancl waloa introduced in Lesson10.
WsDi irto tE[t! !.
It gr w8t8 i!t! gi cr.
'
Irn sadrrrlr c mrtl!
b kyu.

It's a oeaitr kind of bint.

I saw a (ilifferent) kinil of
govtr ther,
These kinds of oeoole aro
no good.

8, Tberc are several wsys oI @shi,ng

d qu.esd,ez
in ilaus :
(a) By ttsing an interrogative nominal (plus interrogaive

inton*tion) ;
ln cr ?
u n wannn?

'mre
is the tolrl ?
'Wat
is this ?

() By usg the partioles k 10or n, or the expressionk

t hal be ?, o sn', ,', so?, at ihe end of a entence
(plus interrogative intonation) :
talr il }!dl k ? 10
II&ve you a,nvmonev ?
y
Yr zau n ?
Has te boy Lt down ?
Ydr yn iM ksowa a ? IIae to Loy gone to
market ?
Gskiy n, L (b hst
It is truo, isn't it ?
ba) ? ro
(c) The paricle sh lsltu,@li ,be 2 (plus terrogative
intonstion) iB also common ia interrogative conterts
such as the foowing : 1
'gE&usi p|efe to ryls tLe troml orde! "f "e"otfr- +iri
N!!n snd r,!d& lthough wdd,D!Didn Eutih outd
'il
ob ndEtood.
f sd a! a quesfion vold s sotusly eD bbrvi&todfom of
t b h bo. Note th pll erp.essiotr in EDglish, lr yod
comanqot . . . ? Ior ,_.. or at't gou ?
1rTho us of thb prrtiolo iE simil&r to tht of rcy ot kok lhel
a qution intodco in Englih, e.g. Beg, Me lo aomns?,
LooL, .atu !:ot poe that ?

EAvs

18
thir ke ss! rbi P
thir il siki worilk ?

Do you (by any ohance)

know hirn ?
San ilo you have a job
(for me) ?

(d) A changeof ihe intonation pattem of the utterance

es desoribed in Lesson 3, eection 6, is frequently
enployeii by itself to chaDean utterance from a
statment to a question anil, in acldition, is regulor\
employed with eaohof the above questioa worclsby
most speakers. paial excepiion to tlis rule is
tht some speakers wi.[ noi employ interrogative
intonatioD at all times with interrosative nomina.ls
(category (a) above).

VOCBULARY

Nowinal,t
rf (/.)
bdi (/.)
bss(/.)
biro (/.)
e

tat
k'h

tw
Lr!
Lyurh,
kyiushe

kvlv
titit
Dgrll

Bsrfr (?r.
msrt)
nury ("f.)

neede,inoculation
nexf year
this yea
last year
illness, jury
hope, hopg thot
everywhefe,anywhere
eveyone, anyone
whichever, everyone,anyone
'wheneve
however, iu whatevet way
ilootor
meilioine
beggar
voloe

rr{rERRoGTryE
D rrDErlllrD No!{rrrs

119

wDr6 (/.

wcc; ,rr.

wdu)
yy
,..6i

whioh one ?
how ?
fever, malaria

Verbals
Partiales
(wheu
bi il give
no indect shin/shitr coud it be !
object folows)
ilb look at, look arou:rd
awsil measure,test, try to do
kash kill
Irnportant Phroses
headache
clw! ki
y
you have becomeill (ldr. sickneas(has)
cis
te kr
caught you)
shi Eani
take medicine
(yan)d
sauE or y
yi ssuf
it (illness) is (a bit) better
rzr6i y
f have a fever (ld.a fevor hascaught me)
kE !i
DXERCISIES

Translate into Englieh :

1 . n kudiD il ns b k iiy ?
2 Wc mt z h t ciki ?
l gs wsni irt! sir,D ilt btt saul bs il.
Kyh ri , b ! e D gar slt.
Yer b ,r syi km kruw bs.
Translate into Hausa :
1 . Do you how him ? He's got malaria.
2. Wtrere diil you go with ou ca ?

t20
3. 'lVtratkinil of gowndiil you bring from the store?
o.

I haveo lot of work everjrwhere this town,

ThereI swthe chiefwho cameto tovn vesterdav,

Diaw/z
8ul :
Bb
Sul
Bb
8uf
Bb

sul
BD
8d
Bb
8ol
Bb

uwsrgiil t g8y Dtut b ta d ly.

Ea,kn.
ys itm 1, k ?
' Crlrn tli r.
Ni, sn[ ! tr sha migli n ?
l. Likft y yi ilt
lri.
I d tyttr. kwsi r',r6i kuDA ?
twoi , mme ynz! y yi satL
rl,|l. Ylsh ys km ks ?
Ai, iiy r, lLch it na t nmE,
I, in rft AUi zei b il sauti.
nh.
n From rfin6 {V), ot?r.

Lesson22
IttounPlurals
1. Noun pluralizaiion is a highly complex feature of
Ilausa grammar. It is usually advisable simpy to
mernorizethe most commonplural form of a given noun.
ft is, however, possibleto classify Hausa noun plurals,
anal to nge them in four major and severl mino
ol,sses.Somnouns employ moe tha4 one plural, but
usually a single plural form will be more pominent in a
given area than any of the other {orms, SeeLesson 38
for furtber treatmentof noun plurals.
2. Clossl plurals are characterizedby al high tones anil
an - . . . i ending, The - . . . i eplaoesthe flna,lvorvelof
the eingularforrn, with the final consonantof the singular
form reappearingbetweenthe anil the i.1 ClassI is the
lageet cassof plurals and includes most of the ecent
I Hee, i3 a ro (not two eceptions blow-both
cnt bo.rowiDg from English), $ throughout th6 lengge, ho following
consonents ocouFing bfore r, o or u ch&nge beforc o frn&l i o a

bcoms
c,

e.g.:

,nt

4 r beconei,
r
w

e.s-. cld
ooa
6.C.: ft
comosrh
olen beconesy e.g.: t$tuwf,

bome
order
bowl
narket

Eiill (Clatu III)

dii or ildi (ClasI)
tsshl (CbsI)
ttuustl (ontines
ttuwwi) (cl33s I)

Illustrtio of thechnces
- in verbe aro :

r ra he srole(ir)

y scitic6h

ri cir i (r.e.sneke)bit (it)

y l,tr5 hecdorcd(it)

y cii nr
y ltr rbt

it bit mo

ye enn:it
ct rie (i)

he chsnsed (it)

craji

(s nou) chens

122

uausA

Ioannordsfronr English. The singularfrrrrrrsof most (but

b-vno rneansa) of ClassI nounsend in -.
hanv (/.)
tbr
tnbay (/.)
tsltsny ("f.)

path, road
tabe
question
hoe

halyyi
t6burri
tsEbryyr
lartsuyyi

3. Clqss II plurals are chaacte;ed by a -u...

endiug wib U tones high except the firlal -., The
-u. . . replaoes the final vowel of the singular, the
cotrsonants n, w or k being the rnosi common ones
appearingbetweenthe u and the . ClassII is trhesecond
ageBt cla,ssof purals anil iaoludes many reoetrt loanwords. Most of the disflabic nouns with a ow-high tone
pattern in the singular anil rrlany with a high-low pattern
(endiug in a vowel other than a) belong to this cla6s.
Some nouns reiluplioate their fiaal syllable before the
pural suffix, hke the thircl and fourth examplesbelow.
k,k
dk
b
sul

bicyole
hut, room
thins
shiling

kkuut
dhn
sbbuw
sutlutr3

4- Class III pluals ere characterizedby a -...e

ending with a high-low-high tone pattern. The consonant
ppeaing betweenthe and the is typicaly either y or,
where the frrst syllabe of the root consists simpy of a
consonantplus a sho vowel, the consonantintrocluoing
the final syllabe of the singular form. Many of the oldest
? \o re lh8t lhe: p c lN T T
l l u r l s ,c ri rru a l l ) rh e o nl y pl ursl s i n
the lsnsuase wjth a low finsl tone.
tSo e e r l s hillin ( luk ) c o i n s : i n c o mD u l i n r mo n ev th.6i D qul .
orn' is.used wih . numbe.. c.g. sovnn ehili-ngs(70ir) is strI (no,

sullut) bskwi.

]ION ?LURAI,S

I23

and oommonestnouns helanguage-especlly those

*ith a highJrigh tone pattern -belong to ClassIIl.
name
str
stry
biril
tsortsi
tsunlgy
(walled)
birli
city
btua
l'ue (/.)
knife
wu&&
plaoc
wti
wurr
rorne
siil
sidj
, Ckrss IV plurals are charaoteized by a -ai (infrequently -au), -i or - sulfix \yith all tones but tht of
the sufix low. Many nouls whosesingularscoDsistof nore
-,elong
thon two syla,bles
to ClassIV. Somenounsreduplicate their final syllal.re before this plural sufrx. Note
thot deved nouns of place and implement introduced
in Lesson30, sections4 () and (c), belong in this class.
bH
friend
bksi
lbtu
new
llbrsi o/ lbt
Ello(l)
teacher
mlm8i
penny
kweb
kwbbsi (seeoic 3
.on pa.ge122)
trh/ts
oLl (thing)
tilfii
guest
bR
Dfi
farm
8n
s!'ki
koth (/.)
chair
tjr

mcor("f.)
Eakalsrtt ()

word
school

6. mong the minor cla,ssesof noul

ClassI/ thoservith terminal -...
saildle
sir
arf
metal
rock. stone
ilb
ro
eye
("f.)
esr
l"g

mg!g!

Ekrrt
plurals are :
/ :
stuil
&a,rli
iluwtr
iiln
Esl

124

II uaa

Ctassyl-those with terml - o - ir tho plural from

singulrs with terminal -l or - :
(o) ?lurals of m . . . i derived nou:rs signt:fymgagent,
etrc.(seeLesson30, section 4 (c)) '
lqadbH
tailor
m{dtDt
maEia
Esrl
blacksmith
msr&i
beggar
Itratoaa
() ?luals ending in -l with high-highorv tonee (th,
on occasion,a changoof ponultimate vowel) :
ckli
sDoon
ctdi
tan
smaUltlingl
isnri
shoe(s)
tkttBl
tkslEi
(c) Pluols ending in - with high-high tones:
Ec
woman, wi{e
mt[
mar
nit
male, husband
ClassYII other puralsending :
(o) Those with falliry-high pluals :
big (thing)
eny
bbbo
yaro
boy
va$
zb
rug
,bb
() w plual (usually plural;ni.g othnio designations
whosesingrrlarsinvolve a b- pre6x-see Lexson 30,.
ection2) ;
European
ririw
Bttu
pe&Bant
t8fLi
tslstAw
Kano person
k8Lw
Btr
leather worker
dikw
btilk
Class 7l1l-rh/nki
Lwiv
dt
ky
turkv

plurals :
goat
horee
loads
sheep

aseH
dawJd
kyyyali
iumlH

rornr PuBs

L2jt

Cfuss/X-those with temiusl -

mrh
spea
rE
animl (wild)
r, strty
bull, cow
ytr
finger
Cla*s X =-ted,uplco,tive
p\sals : 4
lfl

6n'

kind
Native
Admi-

anil all high tones i

E6s
oll
shtr
yts

tui-ir
e.u,ien';

alauon

7. .mong the common plurals not olassable as

' regular ' in terms of the above olassesare the followlng :
(o) The specifiers(seeLessons10 ancl 21, section6) e.g. :
wsDD!
w8[i

tbis
a (certain)

wsd!!D
wodalsu

twD
every(one)
twdDr
() King[ip tenns 1e.alsoLesson3):

'yn (mc)
'yt'y
aon
iloughter
childreu, offspring
'y5'y n8r
sons
'y'y Dt
deughters
bn
use
iyy
psrets
fathe
mother
tyr,t'[si
tya,rtus
daL'trwi
brother
sister
brothers and sisters,
drtr'b
half-brother

'y{,t'b
half-ei.ster

siblings
'yan'bs
half-bmthersanil
half-ters

. Ss Lso 28, sctiod t, o. sDothor odplictive contruction

sometime6 g&rdl s phrliztion.

126
w
elilerbrother
a!
youngr
brothor

y
eldersister
t8owl
youDger
sister

v&yy
eliler siblss
tolr
youngersibliDs

rn
ris (.f.)
sarH
ru

'yrE BIt6 (employeal

ss a pluel of
ysiry, g!rr, or of
hrduas,uwnarrid, yrung qrnerrl

Clas III

Plurals of previous vocabulary worils not listed. a.s

exomplesobove.
ClassI
Lfurw (/.)
l (/.)
liE

market
door(way)
fallt

Ufft
nurv (/.)
rim

doctor
voioe
animal (wiil)

tc("f.)

ndow
fable
Fe

ksuwyi/kEwwi
&fffi
lril (or ClassII
fsilufiELt)
likiici
mlryyl
mml (or Class Vf
nm)
fiisgI
tkriyyi
tiyyl

metchet
work
towa
wooal,tree
donkey
store
dog
nver
meilicine

silduri
syyuk
gariruw or asruruk
ittuw
iLu!
ta,ntonl
kstDuk
kguai
Egutrgull

ttstotyl (/.)

trv(/.)
CtkwsII

d(/J
alal

grl
itc
iE
tntt
kr
ksr
Bg!i

127

NOUN ?LURALS

hole
go.wn
chief
boily cloth

rE'rn or rmumeuL
rig[ll
sarkuli
zanauwl
bs&&

83

black (thiag)
mouse,rat
long (thing)
white (thing)
boat
couhy

mt0m
wl ("f.)

mD
mother

mqtl!

Cla,l,s
IV
Lwd

box

irkwtai(or ClassII
stwltrtr)

neeillo
ueecl
reason
lamp
ort (thing)
mietBke
book
new (thing)
year
represetrtatiYe

llt8i

D8!t
6ti

dc
lrri
iilcr

utut(/.)
(/.)
brr
itt

16r(/.)
gir
kukur
titt
sib
rbke(/.)
s.L

6ty

dcy/ilsry
lsrir
iirs
&ussh
rwt, iyy

bktsi or bkt
dl8i
flt[ (or ClassI f,t A)
gtror giiir
krkni or Llklci
Uttttlsi or llttllei
sbbbi
shkr
wtlsi

EXERCISES

Traoslate into Engsh :

1 . Utci sutr kash mutu il yaw bra.
2 an s tikitcl Byi aikt$ it kyu.
Uaz u! ff mt &arfr.
lB giilih it Eut bsr kysmm citi jiy ?

128

IAUA

5. Y ik D surin E,nyan Eutoe! gi ilnin gua s

b yi mus Eg8!.

I
Translate into Hausa :

Ailiectival Nomirals; Comparisou

l . There are nrany schoolsin lrican oountries.

2. Hausa have many ohairs in their homes.

1. Ad,jeaioal nommls are distinguishable ae a suboless

of nominals primariy by the fact that, when they are
employed as modifiers, they ordilarily preceile rather
thn foo what they moify. Ailjeoival nominas(with
e exoeption of the quantifrers-soe Lesson ll) also
have both mascuine anil feminine as wel as
tgica\
plural forms.

Certain books have fableg in them.

4. Thee ae not many cars in somecountries.
The beggars that rree hee yeste lay are not here
today.
Dialagw
8len
Ish& :
urcmanu
Ish& :
DUlematru
Ish :
8mn
I8h:
Smr
Ish& :
luetlatr
I8h :

r a k yi srir ?
Ai sul we wsanran ksur.
T d kytr. wn irr 8s sr k ?
Ewq it. B irh d b r r yi bs.
Mutn it yaw sr wrb u ?
ssai ! kwsi msz if mt, yfu ilt
trtfii.
Ze s ylds n i l[ grlt ?
Ai z 8 yil8 mn ! Bri D i tre.
T dt kyu. z t yi rew6 n ?
K&i ! I{t, ba r aw ynzu. I{ tst
&war8i !

2. It is importnt to.ecognize that ailjectival nominals

ae tru noninals, not simply ailjectives called by a more
technica name, There is no sepaute category o worils
in Hausa oonespondiogto what are termeil ' adjeotives '
in European lahguages, n ailjectival nominal in Eawa
is a noun !.hich design&tesbasically o pqson ot tINtW
charad,erzcd.fu the paaioular qml,ity nflimtd,-rct
meely the quality itself.
Adjectives in European languagesbannot stanil elone
(with an aiole) &s sentnce subjeots or objeois.
Ssnienceslike the following are not correct in English :
The hie wenhome

r blitr.
Ksi l ? Zi k swril wisD ?

8lmtu '. !ri. bn iv ir! trk rsrtr bs.

Ish&:
I, bri D ksy m ilb kwi.
8lmn T il kyrL

Lesson23

I
I

te mt e ed_

In Hawa, however, since the worils which tranelate

Ergsh ailjeoives are nouns ancl cen stnd oone as
sentecesubjectsor objecis, it is pedectly prope to say :
The big (one) weat home.
abbay6 t gtul.
Y bsi i!.
IIe hit the red (one).
The olcl(woman)hosreturned.
Tshuwi t riw.
Uly sL z gdriDm. Importaut (people)have oome
to our t,owrl.

130

sausl

3, The refereniial -D/-r, rvhen employeil to join two

nominals, is always sufixed to the frst. When the fint
nomin is an djeotival nominal, this means that the
referential is suffxed to the modifler (the odiectival
nominal)rather thn to the beadnominaiof the phrase,
'
Modif,et Head
bbban
the large home
Srde
dguwar ha[y the long road

Noie that this is a slightly diferent usageof the referential in llausa ; oilinarily the -n/-r is sufrxed to the heail
nominal rather than to the noilifier, e.g. :
Eead,
Mod,fz.r
giilsn
sarki
the home of the ohief
mtar
Bell
Bello's wife
The reason for this is hat orilinary nouns (technically
-wher,
known as in,epentant noninals)
employed as
modifiers folow the noun (the head of the phrase) hat
they rrodify. djectival nominals ordinarily prececle
the nourr tat they modiff. The referential is iu either
casesuffxeil to the frrst nominal.

llJECl1Vr

NOrNr,S; COIIPrSO{

Masatldw
iB
b8l
lrl
l&
shndi
rwey

Eemin&le
i
bs8n
IsrI
kty
lhrlr
rlway

Platratr
ty
bl
lalr
lwIr
rhdd
rwy

l3l

Mu,ntg
a red ihing
a back thing
a white thing
a (tight) greenthing
(light) blue thing
a yelow thing

. Adjeotival nominals may also be employed appositionally de modi6ers. The referential -{-r is not wed in
appositioD.alconstructios.
cidl bbb8 a large house (l. e house,a big one)
This type ofoonttruction is, however, le.ssoommonthen
that de,scribedin srtion 3 above for nearly ell the adjec:
tival nominals e.rceptthe quanties nd &,n&8n
emall boy has come.
Ytu trta,D y r,
Two chiefs ae here.
btyu
su!
!,!.
Sarld
6. more common tjrye of appositional modication
of...,
involves iho paicle mi (pl. rasu), posaessor
cham.deriz.d,lg . . . (seeLesson l4). Many intlepenclent
nominals, anil even nominal and verbal phrass,may be
conveed into modi6ers by adcling ni as s pefx o
inroducer.
YE b m bci Ei ddr. He gave us (very) gooil
fooil.
Yarl il kudi Ei yswi (or
He has a lot of money.
dysw).
Y yi mrn sil ni kyu. Ee diil gooil work for us.
kwsi rtawkrmrtr girm r There re (very) large
horsesthere.
Furil.
The worcl msrs (?r. mlatis,r,lacbhg, is employed to
i.ntroiluco appositional oonsiuctions as the negative of
mi :

4, The nrosoommonailjectival uominals are :

Mascune Femuine Plutal
Meaning
bbb
bbba
Dry
a big thing
&rsBi
rrme
&ann a smell thine
&rsn [n&a!w enr a small thinc
a sbort thitr
sir
ciirty
sirn
its
rlsuw
tle!y a ta[/loug t[ing
sb
sbur
sibbbf a new thins
tshits tshuw/
bhw
tsfft
an old thias
mgr
rgwl
niyrsl
nuguly
mgg an evil ths

I Only gn! (Dvd bbo) cs be used with i, Er, or in

sompsson, to mesn islrat |,.

il
tc

132

taa

Wei yr mss , hstrkU

y z.
n b m 8bbur Esrs
efni.

DJEqTI\'!

7. Doubling o{ the oolour terms inilioates less intensity

han the original foros. The lral vowel of the colour
term oens in both occllrrences.
Eslrlt[ y km bai- My hand has beeome
b8&i.
ba.oki.
WDdolr sh,Edt-shdl!.
His trousen are bluish.
ftrs t zema rwayi"
rway.
His skin wasyellowish,
8. Conparison inEausa involves the use of the verbs ,
srpdrs, aod k:ti, reo,oh,arrioe ot, e:g. :
A s u rp a s s e s Bi n . ..
Be[ y I sA shm.3
Bello is bigger than Musa.

gul y6 fi r dnt &sr.

il
I\

Se6 @tnot I on p

l3l.

doesnot reach B in . . .
BeUbi kei [r girn a
ba,

Beo is not asbig asMusa.

Tslik bi t8i ralH arzlli

ba.

peasantis not as rioh as

a ohief.

AisthessmeasB i n..,
Aud ya Lri ba! tsrw,

Autlu is as tall es ls
father.
Fire is as hot as sunsline.

WEt tt kai !,Dz,f.

n
:

sur passesal ...

'YaF t il kyrr.
Jilgi! ssmi yn ff dul gu.

AiH! lbtu y fl duk

w.y.

His ilaughter is the most

beautifu of all.
-4.naeroplaneis the fastes
of all.
'Working
as e abourer is
the most difroult (work)
of all.

VOCABUIBY

Nominal*
mllt
srztki

rnti (r) (?r.tc{orlit)

gxrma
sudi
hui

t3l!

The boy is cleverer thau

his faher.
-4.gown is more exponsivo
ihan rousere,
Sule is stronger thn a of
then.

Rig t wuil tsil.

I i5 common for tle st consonnt o the followins ord to

'
Bplsce tb < of mrts in ponanciioo tthough th6 - isrdiDsrily
mittr).
Thus the plonunciotions her would be n rh bs[bi,

Errk M.
3

coPr60lr

Yr y n bsrs wly.

A oertain senseless
boy has
come.
They have given us useless
things.

Constuctions introduoed by mi aud Ears are frcquently empoyet inrlependently (not as modifiers) as
rvell :
Itri sid biilw ba tktr. The heail of the house has
not returned yet.
tr mi mt ?
Were is the owaer/driver
of the lorry ?
B strms, Ly.
No one wants a poor
(quality) one.
Usu ilswLi sutr itv.
The horsemenhave
retumed.

NOUINA'"fI ;

usefulness
wealth
skin, hide
bigness
run:rg, speed
paence

. So footno I on l[ge l3l.

t34
itki
kdao
kibiy("f.) (p,. kibiyyiot
ktbru)
Lr(/. htty; pr.
kwtu)
kt
Sresn(/. !&aow;
pl. taln)

rbr(?r. lbrrti)
mshrbi(pr. mrh&be)
ngi 1/. E,stwr ; pi.
niys)
rway(pl. rwy)
lhh (?i. shhu!i
shd(/. shdty; pl.
rhdd)
tstk(?I. tslsLw)
tssw
btr (/.) (?,. htstrD
wy
'vl

ADJEqTIVL

boily
a small amoult
arow

a (ght) $en hing

aory
a mallthing
labourer
huntor
au evil tling
a yellolvthing
hawk
a (ight) bluething
peaseDt,commoner
leDgih,height
worm,gmb
clevemesg

ilaughter

Vqbal
Partdcs
ua,rr(p- laoking,
sBr (d) meet (\rih)
lt
refw, b,a,te
mats) vithout
(c)
stg
elease
msu
possFsors
sik
oangg rcpeat
of . . ., does
getofr,
strks
of...
descentl,lancl,
(plural of
arrive, loilge
ni)
,aa
become
Im.portatt, Pbrees
su jio kda,D(or ilm
kdln)

a ttle whie later

NOMINALS ; CO},IPBISON

r3

EXARCISES

Translate to English :
i. tadlsu mryatr iirgen sam sul suka Ksn.
2. us trmatrDitleisun sEi kden.
trsunD &rsei! litt v wenc! bbbs daditr
krt.
4. Ka[!n yfui sor ws siiita[ trh.
Y s bbbar!g mn bi yi t&w bs.
Tnslte into Husa :
t. Kano is not as big as Lagos.
2. Eie eowu i reililish.
3. IIis horse is as fast as mine.
4. Many o people ars seatedin the lut.
5. The white onesae Drettie. thalihe bleck ones,
o.ble
Ks Ya! D WsortYs tri ght K&r 5
Ivsts r! trsui t&ami! ts[!b ya kE tsts, zi ci
t, rsi trki ts yi k&, ts c,. rk ! m! ! '
sunten ya c, ' ', si ztr ci kt, ilon ri fi tt srfi.'
Ssi ys rki &rsEar tsts, ys cI t.
D y gsm cltrt sri wa,!i rhh ys ga,tr sht. 88i
shh[ ya km &rsEi! tslts. Z.icl rbi, 8ei tsunb0!
ys yi kk5, ya c, , re miu l&!r & 8kd ! ,
Shhnys ti, ys c, ' Ai ksi Dbircin yu, iloq ! f
kt sirE.'
ssi shehtrys ci tsuntsi il ys ci &rsB tst8,
Klr shihD y g.m cl! tsuntsttr ssi g wgts
miHy 6 ta ldl kns. sai shh! ya Ir kke, Emd
mthyr t sk rhi bs itmitr t fi sh srfr.
Ka Ka
Kaata. wga 8. atrd brahem. . C.. Haua
'Se
veNion ot l,his si,orv.
ILikrdnle. Dss.643. ot
. A loree bird of p.ey
"nolhor
hose ornitholosical nie is Ruppcll's
cfron.

136
A! jiE tds! lriEyr to tlsht !sEl. a tI dadbs
r8i te ii tibiy itkint. shwai ushlbt y 8ao t, y8
lssh tr.
Etty! t gmu iti wrod yt i r drk &ar & rrrl.

Lesson24
f,ilysftial {sminals analIdeophones
l. Ailverbial nomiDals.thougb tbv regularly occur in
positions occupieil by nominas (and, therefore, must be
classifieil as norninas. difrer from other subclassesof
nominals in several ways :
\a) They do not have plural forms.
() They rarely occur as subjects or objeots.l
(c) They rarely end in a ong vowel.
(d.\ Many ailverbial nominals e deriveil from ilde-

pendent nominls (seesection 2 () below).

\e) They oannot be precededby mi/mru.
l They do not ordinarily take the referential (-n/-r)
suffx,e Modifrers of these nominals are, therefore,
typioally introduced by a relate (usually il).
2. -{dverbial norninals are disible into two major
subelasses:
(a) Those whioh are not derivable from inilependent
nominals. Some of the more inpotant of these
roralse :
bdi
bana
benz
bra
d

next ye
this ]'e
wohlessly
last year
previorsly

ilbsn
ilaidsi
ill
dzu
S8bs

alifferent
exactly
of necessit5'
iust now
esst

1 When hoy do occur s subieots ihey susly tskc

*,rirti
con@ds (e th6 nxi to lss oxsnple ude! 2 (d) bolow).
2 Dxcept when followel by
e.g. bsDr|r s:r : ,is (' ery)
'ln/nn,

138

HAT-IS

sbe
hak
iibi

irv
kdan
kawi
ktrlltrE
kuia

tomoro$'
thus
day aftcr
tomolo$
yesterday
a smau anount
only
always
close

B vr y yi .
barz.
I{i tw wari b
ilb&n.
Ltss.lhsb rtidai
ba l.

zi yrila r ? Ai, tils

u.
Ys! ,uw tYurimm
kullum.
D ya z kusa Enk
gatr 8h.
Lall zi r.
SnDub t h
zuw.
Tils D yi sht.

&wer|i
lsll
tr
8nDu
rai
tlls
ylzu
yu

vey muoh
certainly
far arva!
slowly
really
of necessit5
perforcc
noiv
today

He doesn't rvant to ilo work

that is not wohwhile or
work for nohing
I have brought somethiug
difrerent.
IIis aritbnretic is not
coect.
'Will
he agree? \{[v, of
ueoessity(:he'1 6svg16;.
He regularll comesto (see)
rs.
When hc carnecose'e sarv
him.
He will come for sure/he is
sue to oone.
(Gog) slowly doesn'tpreveni (one's)arriving.
It must be done.

() Trosewhich are derivablefrorn indepenelent

norninas. The majority of the nominlclterslistedanr
illustrateclin Lesson17,section5, e sumxealfoms
of many of the same indeoendentnominals. The
aclverbi nominal form is tl'1lioally thc same s the
independent nominal form except tht thc finl
lowel is short. Sometimesthere is a chanqcof tonc

AI'VERBIAL

NOMINLS I\D IDEOPEONXS

T39

as wel. lJ,omeof the moe jmportant of this t)-pe of

adverbio nominal are :
arrra
b6ya
ciki
ilEs
gbs
hagtr/h&guD

northwards
backvards
inside
to the rigrt
in front (of)
to the left

kuil
tas
dsa
sartr
wie
ymma

soullwads
dolr,'aril
far away
upward
ouiside
west$'a,il

Y t asa il.
Krl.
utrn bi haryr ilms,

He has gonenorth of Kano,

We followeil te rcad to he
rieht.
He iell ilown to the ground.
Y ldt &as.
IsE[tr y tish raD. The bird took wing.
They have gone outside.
8u! flts wie,
be intensifieil or rnade
3. Certain arverbial norninalsmay
'
more ilefinite by iloubliug,e.g.:

D dAkgrwauan
rr8.
A! y&yysf kda'! ktdotr.

.L ong long time ago ihis

wall was buit.
It's drzling a (very) little

bir.

u! yi Lusr kEEa(or
lurkuss) il shi.
Kltut yr tffy slrru
slnu.
Zi yi 3h ylzu ylrtl.
Zi yl sh yetr yeu.

'We got very close

to riu.
The tortoise is walking
very slowly.
He will do it right nov.
He wil ilo it today (for
sure).
y
yi
tas
&as.
The
aeroplane began to
Jilgir ram
ilescenil.
It went right up.
Y yi 5ae sam,
'1. A lgenumbeof relaterphrasesand stylizedphrases

140

rius

of other typesfuction advebiallyin llaus.

-Uost,but
b;' uo meansall, of theseare iniroducedby herelaterd.
A fen: of the more common expressionso?this type are :
( hslkli)
(an jini)

0A b6)
(b shakk)
(il rtEu!)
(il kyar)

Ssi k ri.shi hartti.

You must hokl it carefully.
Zei z a iimi.
He wil come after a rvhile.
B lbri y8 kE thi.
\Yithout \yamirg he cusht it,
B shakki z &san sb.l
Witout a doubt you will i<aon hirrr.
An ruw rl yaw il illmun.
I rains a lot in the rainy season.
D kya! ra il il rhi.
With difficulty I got (: I hanlty got)
1 OUt.

(d ea!E)

Y yi L& ile &arf.

Ee cried louilly (lil. stronslt-).
(ittrD
D fd r e !mi tash.X'irst of all we q'ill look for the gtation
(il rtul)
D rtr! ba ruw.
It doesr't rain clurins the dry seasor
(il sauri)
Y iy sld rt8auti.
He can run fast.
(d lruli)
Z tr! il rud.
Comehere in gootl time I
(Bbsdays)
sulr trhl gbs days.
They left all together (end a one
lrmel.
(har yuzu)
Bi z bs hsr y!r!.
He still hasn come,
(r8u il [a!)
I{o4 il lan suk guil.
At oncethey atr (\say).
(tll d dadw) Yaqi ns! tr; ae aacwIIe has beenhere for a lonq time.

I}IEBBII-

NOI4INIS

(tn d wti)
(tun it)

[D IDEOPEONES

It z tu[ il wi.
I cameearly/in goodtime.
A[ ylls hsk tutr d.
It has beendone this way from olden
tmes.

5. Id,aryhoncs axe a arge group of very speciaizetl

patioles vaying witlely from each other nd, very
often, from aU othe wods in the language. A given
iileophone is, typically, restriotecl in its usgeto occrence quiie a inited number of contexts (oftn as a
rnoilifier of but a singeword) :
(o) Ideophonesmoilifying nomals.
Each colour term (and rnany other nominals) has
one or more ideophoneswhich ocour rvith the term to
inteneify what it indicates :
i 3 wul; i 3jtu; i 3 real as real can be, soarlet,
blood-red
zllt
bsti &iritr ; ba&t siil;
jet-black, black as pitch
ba&i sil
kel
snow-white
lart rt ; ia,ri
bght green
k shsr
ilue noh
arwa rak
ilue south
kuil sak
peoplebeyond number,
E thiin
people galore
competywell
ly lar
branil new
5btul
one and only one
daya tak
exaotly ten o'olook
srf gm cil
()

Ideophonesmodifying verbals.
numrer of ideophones are empoyeil as verb
:
modriers. Someof heseae ono@atopoeic.
I Note tLot 'itL wdii.kt

tho toe of i drops ro low.

.{DYET,IJIL \OTINLS

t rrka iiril

it (e.9.a vulture) tanded

' kerplun-k ,
y clks ist
it's chockfull
y 8!i Armus
it's completely burnt up, brrmt
T/oasnea
yi mars !
be quick !
y yi tsit
he ept sience,kept mum
y n but
heeuddenly.poppdout . (from
hiiliaq)
y it 6rtuk
be emeed etark naked
8r tdl t8E
it lras lked securelv
mD yi-ium
they stood despondeoty
l yi lsrat
ilo (it) at once
ysri rulre !ll. he's sitting despondently
run lr h whthey folloied tiem. bo6ing
I yi shir
be qet !, shut up !
6. Three perticles of frequert occrurence which are
usually abeed'adverbs. ae wtkl/wstakit/kil,
ptobabl,g,_perhnps,fiD(a), rxo, ya,
frsl, and aiu(n),
very tuuat.
Wtil,i z cbe.
Bi ilw ba tk!,
Bri-ttr sbiry kytre
tktrs.
Ystr grt it ssl ain.

Probaby he will come

tomorrow.
IIc hasn,t returned vei.
Let me pepare my ioads
firsi.
I{e is running very fast.

Vetbals
clk&
cit
Itsr (d)/
flit it
hry
lt

to.the ight
rny sason
of necessiy,perforce
east
to the left
southwards
ahvoys
close
oertinly
far away
dry season
iloubt
(railway) station
of necessity,perforce
outsiile

rccomefu
flll, complete,ffrI

Parti,cl,es
8iD(n) very much
il kyo with difrouty
to the extent
har

put out, take out

crossover (e.9.a
river)
hold (on to), keep

ttraaa
tuD

that, uutil
q}ickY
stnce

EXERC]SES

Transate into English :

VOCABULn.RY

N,yminals
arws
bsDs(?t.
baag(w)v)
brz
rlbslr

dma
itiDrln (/.)
ill
gebs
hagu/haguu
kuil
kdhm/Lalltrtr
kwa
lsll
[s
rEni
shakti (/.)
tssh(/.)
tlls
wje

AND IDEOPIIONES

weD kg y8 clks l8l tl ru.

2 . Dukmm muk trh gbadsy8, Euk fftat d shi
wis.
3 . D ra sotr sht ssi b br yr hau itL, va guil.
4 . D d kwai waDi tsh wsDil ya shtuyguars
baitr rsrDn hsry.
D . tils n s smi aik d wuri. z k b s ?
l. D ilioul

nohward
wall, book cover
wortlessy, uselesthing, etc.
ilifrerent

L44
Tanslteinto Hausa:
t. The tyre that I saw was batrd nev.
2. Run quiokly and bring wate.
Shewill prepare the food today for sure.
I \rnt to go to my home frrst.
fer a little while we will return to our homes.

Di"WW
Lawl Ki, ilEuqEt yi risai !
IIastr Cskiysk. N i ksi d sIe. Bn iy
hayba.
Lawl T, y ck& tr?
gos! Y clks lal I Esr &8|n guillr y bd d tsr.
Lawl Loll bin tsr . Ystr gudi tt sauri sitrtr.
gasu ssai ! Ear wali s ,ei 0 il Dttm.
Larl Eek n. iletr watri y ldl ciki sai y mut.a
Eastr Sai! Idtr wsnutr kgi metr b r.
Lawl I, yy zn m ri ?
Easu Ai, 8ai m bi wet ha[y itbsn.l
Lawl mm wata hanyi z t yi trts. E b h.k ba ?
Essn Eak r. mm b wat ilbr.
awl orldyark. i itl ! m bi itewar hanyl k
tatl.

Ersn

T. m tfl.

' SeeL$son 29, sction 2, for gesof rsi pls ubjuDctiv.

Lesson25

VorbForms
1. The iniricacy of the lfausa verb system is one of the
more fascinating aspectsof Haus gramnar. The most
adequateoverall classioationof verbs to clate ig that of
X'. . Parsons.' The major features of this systen anil
the va6t majoity of Ileusa, verbs are organable into
sevencategories(oalled ' Grades' by X', W. Pareons)on
the basis of the teminal vowels anil tone pattems.
Of these seven grades, the 6rst thlee rnay be termeil
'basic', whie the remaining four may be termeil
' deriveil '. That is, though there are severlverbs which
have derivative forms io more than one of ihe fust thee
gledes, the basic form of the majority of Hausa verbs
will be either a GracleI, a Graile II or a Oraile IIl form.
I'rom this basicform, however,may be deriveil up to four
aclditional forms distinotive in both shape anil neaning
from the basio form, These derived forrns are labelleil
GradesIV-VII, e.g. :
Basic &o,es
I g8m , tr II sy kr6n III Ehlg8 ss
Driad Gflds
IV gam tar
V gsmsr ttuar
VI csE
lt
VII emu tiro

rev tuo
layar say Lar
syu LI6u

shic sauk
igar sankar
shig s&Ek
shlgiu slrtu

1 S6 his ?" terbd Syste,,t in Eaw ltutd in the Bibliogphy

of rhich the lollowitrg i! e sunnary. W6 aF d6py $&tfD to M.
PsMns both for tLs privilegE of inooryontiDg his &mly8i heE nd
in IMD 3?, nd lo hb detsiled ampliortioDs nd oolrotioD! of
. Soe ection 2 below fo! tho mooDing o he forms.

146

uaus

YTA,B TORMS

With rnany vebs cetin o the fonn do not ocour.

This is usually either because such forrns woud be
meaningless or because the meaning trat rvoulil be
oonveyedis alreadycoveredby sonreother word. making
sucn a Iom unnecesary,

Term
rwl
Ione
Grole Voutel Poaun
Gellera,Meanng
V
high-high(-igh)
Derived: raneitive
-ar

2. The oharacteristio ptterns of the grades are as

follows. Irreguar forms and patterns oflow frequeooy
e noi. dealt with :
Terminnl
Ione
Grol,e Vuoel, Pattern
Gewral,Meawng
I
highow(-high/
Basic : most Glade I
-
lorv)
verbs transitive, a
few futransitive
(gam, joi.n togeth.er,

vI

VII

-u

frnisht ttu, gatha

IU

-aB

togetherl
low-high(-low)/
Basia:. afuia tuanei(low-)low-high
tivo (sy, uy ;
kt,, recaiae)
3
low-high(-low)
llasic : intransitive
(8hlca, enlpr (tinrel i
s,u,hs,
dzscend,
high-low(-high/ Derived : moet transilow)
tive, someintransitive. Signifying
more oomplete or
thorough action than
baaic(lt, qathzra :
zy dt, ; kar,
sa_y,
take aua,yf shjg,go
throu4h; stuk, p"t
d,wn a l,oal,)

c r6w hsrc a
'A fv CradeIrI vrbseod itr -i ro.s.tjl0, gji)
'nd
hishJow tone pattem (e.s.t5h"id),

(requiring iti bofore

diect obiot). Ofteu
a cau8ativemeaning,
Sometimesmoe
specialized(grmar,
@rtseto be@rnpatm.pld.e i swl , sal,l,(lit.
catne to hql ;
Ebigrl',Inir inaid,et
s&ulrr, lorror)
high-high(hieh) Deved : most transitive, some intransitive. Typically
signifying action
compleeclin vicinity
of speer (g8m,
fmish and,cornc;l,t,
gatheth.ere; aw, kty
anl ring ; k*66,
rccoae
anl, brin4 ;
sbig6, snterh,se;
gaak,@t.cdon,
(low-)low-high
Deriveil : intransitive.
Usually passive
mqaning (gmu,
haoemPJ; tltu,, fune
gathpredrogethert
srn" has been(welLl,
bqght; kt6v' has
beenal,l.cdedin Jul,l,;
sbls\ be ennd, i
taku, bcconjatiU

148

EUSA

Note that, in general, monosyllabic verbs (e.g. ci" bi,

etc.), Ligh-high toneil verbs eniling in - (e.g. Lir, i,
biy) nd cetain other vorbs (e.9.gnil, mut, ssD,gai),
including someof hecommonestin the language,ilo not
fall within this system and may, therefore, be termed
iregular, though even most of these have several
ileriveil grade forms,
3. The Grud,eIV or - form has, in addition to its -
temiation, a highow or falling-high tone pattern for
two-syllabe verbs and a hig-low-high pattem for threesyllable verbs.. If (rorely) the verb hs more than tbee
syllabes, the 6rral two sebles are ow-high anil all
preceiling syllablesig. The - fonus frequently ilioate
more oomplete, extensive or thoough otion than the
basicform of ihe verb.5 With many verbs, however, the
- form has ually replaceil the basic forrn in common
usageso tat very libtle, if any, differenoein meaning
emas beweenthe - form anil the basic form ol those
verbs. With a great rnany verbs, fufiher, the - fom is
treDsitiveand the - form intransitive.

open
beat
blow
eat

fiu

bd
lugi/
bs6
bs
ci
cikl
dad
daut

urceaae
pick up
tie up,
tie on
our
sew,make
by sewing dirk

b,d

open (and leave open)

bus hook over/out

bnsh get dy
cI[y

eat al of
6ll oompletely
dad spenil a long time
dauk remove (completely)
clf,e

daur

tie up, imprison

di!r

sew up (completely)

'3 Subject to he chsS6s notd in Leson 15, !ciion S.

lso oftn connotinc sxcesiv or dertructiv stior.

r49

VERiB TOBIS

gq out

ftl

guo/
c

cb,ot(coadentially)
rub (on)
go aontrd
ilip out
incease
Btepover

gEn
ccl
Lwt
kw6s

ttr

stu
sc

reduce
(pce)
cove
buy
eter

r8g
rul
ry

ras
rlr
rav
shis

lhlg8

(basicform
POU

untlersand (oompletely)
rub (completely),rub of
Iw go arourl, surrormil
Lwsh collect nalremove all
iale
fnish
&tit cross(e.9.river, mad)

vart

eppaertly lost)
yo,Dt
cut up

zub

passby

vaat
zub

reduce (enything)
cover, oloae
buy all of
pass by, (ovont) come
antl go
cover comPletelY
(from ilhess)
cui of, seve

spin

4- Tbe GradeV or -a,rform (often termed causalioe)also

hag,in ailtiou to its -at terminoion,all high toaes. The
meening of the -ar form of a givon verb typcolly ilicates that t Derlormer of the acioncauseil the action
ofthe verb to oome bout.? The eltr il i8 equieil to
introduce a ilireot object following an -ar verb. 'When a
direot object follows, thereforp, the nal -r of te ve)
often.beoomee -il, e,g. tsd il. Some ilialects anil
dividua epeakersregularly employ -s in place of the
final -r, especialy in gentence-final positio, e.g. vE
EAyeE.
. Noto the chengo fron
5o6
-}. (boforo -s) to -c- {bfore ).
footDot I, Leon 22.
? Bt thr s! other mosninss s weu, and thos csnot .ls'eys
b Edily deduced fro tht f th bssic form of the vorb (6.g.

SrFr).

150
et
go out
te
tetun

IIUSA

ciyar (il)
fftr (d)
sayar (il)
kmar (rl)

feed (anirrral)
ta,ke out, remove
geet
take baok
(something)
kwut ktrrta (d) put down. lay ilown
ct

lte
gay
km

lie down
take the
pLaoeof mv
dismont.
descend suka
boy
sy
ink
sh
be sure
tsbbt
stnd, stop tsey
get wel
wsrk
sit ilown, zaun
live
ponr,
zub
tlrow
(away) 3

mayar(d)

put back. restore

ssukar (rl)
ssysr (il)
thyar (d)
otb8ar (il)
tsa,ysr(d)

set alot'r, lower

sell
water (an animal)
confum (a fact)
oauseto sta,nd,8tp,
iletain
heal
seat(someone),settle
(peoplein a place)
tLrow away,8 pour/
spi out

r&rkar (il)
zaunar (il)
rubar (d)

5. If an inilirect objeot is employed, it follows the -ar

form immecliately, e.g. :
Y f,t mi!t.
I[ ssyaDg,s.

IIe removed (it) for me.

I sold (it) to (or for) him.

If a <lireot objecfollows a -ar fo|m (wheheror not

there ie an indirect objeot), it is introiluceil by d. If a
p:onoun object is employed.it takes te indepebdeDt
form (just as it woud elsewhereafter a relaier).
Srn mrysr d kkrqDr.

They returneil their

bioyoles.

3 .e. a number o{things simutoneously.

YE&B FORUS

AD zs[!a,r dl B,
T kwatrtsr il yr.

l5r
\{e were (caused to) sit
down/settle.
Shelaid the boy down.

If both indirect anil dect objots occu, the orilor is

verb f indireot object f il f ilirect obiect,0 e.g. :
He sold me a oar.
Y ssyer Eid il mt.
I sst nag d kyatrs. I set his loails dova for
him.
gun shyst man il sblr. They watered te oatile
for ur.
Greet him for me.
E gay& mild il shi.
6. Several -a,r forms have a shortened forur which is
commonly employed v.'hen a direct object, but no
lnrlirect biecr,, fows. A -rh form may aso be ernpoyeil before a pronominal diect obiect with no
ioUwing al, The ilirect object pronouns are used with
this form.
(oiya,r) Ya ci il sbl.
Y clsh thl.

(nhr)

t ad dytu.

I{ sshsht.
(8syar) u! g&i il r8rH.
Uutr gsirh 8ht.
(mayor) Y mei il thi!r,E.
Y m8bE.
(sayar) Y sri it jki.
Y ssishsht.
(shaysr) Y ih d dki,
Y shshsht.

IIe feil it.

He feil it.
I expelled/extricated the
boy.
I expelleil/eriricateil him.
We greeteil the ohief.
'W'egreeteil him,
IIe returneil the cattle.
IIe retuned them,
He has soil his donkey.
lle has solil it.
IIe wateled the Lorse,
IIe watereclit.

, \hm the indiftct object s e non, Ko spskesrequ4tlv

omit the d, o.s. y ssy4t e At mt (ther th&n . . . d mt)'

t52

EAUS

(tEeyrt) U trai it mt. We stoppedthe car,

tr8d t lsailh nt. Do not ileta me.
(zuba!) 8En zub il tLril. They threw the papers
away.
7. The longer-ar fornsmay oeouwith no object at all.
In this casethe il dosnot oocu.ro
lltatrctr mtE y kller.
Tht man returred (i).
Walci! etm y ftor.
That man ook it) out.
! otrk? i, ! saysr. Where's your car? Oh.
I've
"ol titt'
8. The Grad,e71 or - fomr hss, in addiiion to its -
termination (whatve the tonal pattern of the basicform
of the verb), all hlh tones. ThJmeaning o the - form
of a given verb typically indicates that the aciion
performeil had reference to, or \as compleied in. the
viciny of the sceneofthe converqation
or (in a sory)tbe
oente of intercst at the time.
send (out)
pick up, take

aik
sik
send here
dauk daut pick up and bring here,
fetch
(basicfolm apparcntly itw etn (hee)
lost)
go out
frta
lt
oomeout
go (anil retun) i
z 11 coDe
cary, convey,
reaoh (there) kai
kw b9, reaohhere
oatch
k6m km catch and brinE here
return (there) kE km eturn (hee) seek
un nm seekand bring
ro No doe herl occu when, as in a relsriv ctause.rhe obicr
pre.d6th verb. e.g. jldn d nr sxysr, rn. donkeutho! I sot.rlNo1F tb cboge on j- rbfoe
-) ro z- {before -o). See
l,eson 22- mint .

153

VERB IORMS

get
arrivc (thcre),
get down
ente (thee)
go (\Yay.l
leave(on
jotrney Ielce)

sm s gci ald bring

strka sauk arive (hero). core
down
shig cter (hcre)

shlga
tff
tal/
toho rrve. qolc
ts
le:lve (and arrive iroru
ish
journe-v hther)

9.'lhe Gratle41 or -u form !a,8.in addition to its -u

ternination, a lorr-high tone ptten (all toneslow except
the final sylable which is high). The meaning of the -u
forrn of a verb is ypioally passive,often with the addecl
connotatio of thooughrssor p<.rtentiaity.
fall in, collapse auk
ilsl
cook

uku
ilIo

bother
begin
join, finish
rub
repair (thing)

ilm
16r
gam
sc
gyr

rlmu
liru
gmu
cs!
syru

pui on, wca

itu

estabish
increase(thirg)
squeeze
wind, oppoint
cause,o meel;
get, obtin

k!tr
ksli
r tru
Eats mtsu
uad trdu
sd silu
sm/ smu
sm

galher (tran9.)

ttu

tru

do, make

y!

Ylcau

rappen,befall
he cooked
(thoroughli-)
be worried
happen
(people)rueet
be experienced
be repairec
(completely)
(people)get along
well
be estbished
be increaseil
be untler pressure
be wouril, appointed,
(people)meet
be obtainable/
available,occur
(group)gather (?i.),
ssemble
be possible

54

IUSA

VOCABULARY

Nomi,tnls
slri (pl. siiai) secet
btutr
concerning(from he noun bt -- coraersatdon, ma;lte\ aa ir],
hst/sr
oss due to sorneunlucky incident,
misfortune
kwn(pl.
basi-n.
headpan.corrugatediron
.bowl,
k[n)
sneerrng
earl
on
tgnnr
thinking, thought
wlt (/.) (2i.
w&ti)
song, poem, hylrD
zctx (f.l (pl.
!ciyyi or
zkt)
hea
Vubala
uku
bog
bsh
rlmu
gg
gyr
itta
ket
kwy
Lstrt
kwsh
s!
t!
mats
Dad
shis

happen
beat
get dy
bo worried
rub
repair, 6x
(people)get along well
set up, estabish,ereot
go around, go roundabout
ie dowlr
coleot and remove
nish
crossover
squeeze,press
appoint (e.9.a chief), rvd (e.g. +,ttban), {old (a cloth}
Pessby (: wuc)

155

VDIB TOBIS

bbbtn
tlrl
wart
rub
rula,r/zub(d)
mb

be ure
gather together (rrdns.)
get well (from ilness)
pour, throw (a numbe of things)

pout (out), thro$r'a\y

(something)
spilled

ImportuntPhrases
thcy don't get along with eacrother/
b ![ itt[ ba
'hi ti toff'
(l) ssi d shi ! greet him !
(!) ssyar DiDt give him my greeiings,emembenrcto
hirn
d rhl
k
Lril
don't bother me !
dE tri I
Llt k ilm ! don't n orry (about it) !
what has happeneil ?
m ya liru ?
er! silu d Ehi I (rdr.rve) net him
dutril il shl ! let it clown!lay it dovn!
they (a group) have gathered
|u[ Blu
thoc it away !
zub
d
shi
!
k
f,xnBcrsEs
Translote into English :
l. A! rrh t dg+8iH!.
2. K lsyar mint il shi rlor Atl,
3. Keit t itD!, bA brd ya ku tkDs.
4. zb shi cikitr kru. Btytr h h shyor il rl.
5. Doe m bz k il it sirirk ils ciLi! ,clyark
ba?
Translate into Hausa :
l. Dou'i trorr it away ! Clatohi and go inside.
2. They bought somewood and brought it back.
3. re you sure she drank ii all up ! Yes, hc did.

t56

}IAUSd

4 . Ptrl,it rlorrt herc. Norvla1't dorvu(6at).

5. 'l\-etook it ot snd storxlit lp.

Dful.oguo
mar
BI :
msr
Bl :
,
mar
Bl I
mar
BI :
our
EI :
ma
8l :
marr
BI :
msr
BI :
mar
BI :

K ilwo rlg bhtli ?

I. N d shksBtriiyrl sI.
T. mm ii whalts uku euitr.
Ssai! Ki ! Wut t kmnadans! giili,t
&tr8u &rmus !
Ei ! lluttr su! yi h8 &werai I Kai t ?
Ai, liy Da k. bi! bi z ksa d wu! d
aa k zamaba.
rtll ! D n yi tsoen k wikil ti r
wutirk .
'. B t rlmDba k kdaD. Bm
wsdsrsu sutrshwhalrl yaw,
Lall.
Ai, !E uan tra gmu rl bkio, D tEby
sh btutr wutr. Ya c, giilous iluk y n.
Isbd ! kayi?
Ai, dlDtn rhtuymsswuri dLira.
T, mme m ya iru g lylitrs?
Ai sur suka giils! watri,
Milll6 ! Sai yush kEtn s kal sbotr
sitl ?
B r s d8d bs. z5 r tr key s r il
wuri.
T d kyu. lt y ti!!k s.
mia !

Lesson26
The HabitualAspect; ( Auxiary'Vebs;
Excla,nations
1. The habitual aspeot is employed to indioate action
tbat occus iotemittently, customaily or habitually.r
pronouns are formeil
The habitual speci person-,spect
from a high-tone, sho-vowe setofp-a pronounsprefixed
to the paicle -kn. Since, however, these forms are
tmditionay written as two wods (e,9, ue k& etc.)
he verb z the
lhey will be so representedhere. With
rorms ae :

I reguarly

ra ktr z mu ktr z we reguar\

come
you (rr.)
ks kn z ku k! z yor (?r.)
regdarly come
regularly oome
oome

you ("f.)

ki kr r

reguarly oome
ys kr z su ka z
he regularly
comes
sheregula.rly
comes
ta ktr z
one regularly
oomes
s ku z

they reguatly
come

1 It mt, however, t' pointeil out iht customary or hsbitua

soivity in Hause is moro frequnily expre8sed by empoying th6
oltinuotive
spectthon by the uo of the h&bituel (Beoaso Le8n
27, B.chion 2 (a)J. ror mpe, if s Isws prson w&nted. to sa{
he @mz eery ddg, he vould be moro liky to sy lad ,rnw
hwc rn lhan lo s'J y8 kD z Lw4 rn4 lbough either
would be @rrec. Someline, howovor, s distincl,ion b indicated by
th6 cotrt betweer eontinustivo ud hsbitual aspect8, e.g.
y ehl
tu ;s a &onuL) ihtuLet i ya,ltut rh : ne ,aI6 a
drnk Jron tine to tine-

158

r{aus

2. This aspeot,even moe than the others, must often be

.einforcealby the useofan ailverbial nomina to indicate
the time of heaction.
D su kn z kwnmk. They
to come every
_useal
wee|<.
Su kttr zyrci Ka! lt- They sit Kano from time
lt.
to time.

IIABITUAL SPECT; YEBBS;

8si k ri shn wsmn

Dgtri.
Yi ilhg ztrw giilaDm.
tr8il k d& ch bsh.

EXCLMA?IONA

I59

You must reguarly drink

this medioine.
He kept on coming to our
oome.
Don't alwavg borow (ci
bxtt'- irwur a d\.

3. 'l'henegativeof the babitualaspectemploysb . . . ba.

B lra kr r Da.
I dou't reguarly come.
Biu &! ci bilciE b. They don't eat ou (kinil
of) food (very often).

?. The verb to,6,tolrch, followeil by ceriain tpes of

nouns or verbal nouns haueeuer. . . :
Eeve youever beento Keno ?
tri t8 luw Ks! ?
gsDilr
I
have never geenhim.
B[ tso
br.
I have eaien i (at sometime
f, tst oi.
iu the past/once or twice).

4. There are in llausa a number of verbs whioh are often

tetmed. arnil,i.atg verbs because the meaning of the
uttera,ncein whioh suohverbs ocou is determined not so
much by the verb itself as by that whioh immeiliately
follows ihe verb, Seveml of these are treateil below.

8. The verbs r, dad a\d s]{:: repedt. . ., lo . . .

ana'rm:
I ilidn' seehim again.
Bn rk cslitls ba.
Ee came again.
Y &rzuw.

5. tlhe velb !ig/rt8y : ,rarle al,readydonn - . . (ge*

eraly in the reguar completive aspec): ,
Y ric y tn.
IIe has already gone.
I{ tlgy tr tmbyghl. I have already asked him.
Sur rig su[ lf,.
They hail alreacly begun.
6. The verbs ri-&and ili4 followed by a noun o vebal
novt : rwl,arly dn . . -, heelton d,oi,ng. . :3
: Ull the oe. vorb here ilrst.st6d, ris6 is followed oot bv o
yerbsl or other nouD, bul by snotheruer c;rrrz{tion iD th se
8pecar itself- The rwo verbs {e closely co-ordiotd---vn
to the xtent thot in the negetivo the fnal br slesy! oone! Itr
tho record
no
rerord verb coDsiructioD
constructioD which orderilv
ordherilv teko a Do8itive. ,r, s
Dogstivo,
b6-gstivo.
ponoun,
pronouE. .g.
y t'ts,
o.g. bN ri8
rig y
i,e tza

tut gct goie

t'te, ire
-p,e
-p-&
(tbough hi
(thougL
li
ti
ri8 lt
ri8
risE
t bs
tl
iB aho
ste posibe).
de
t
tt t
b3 is
I They dtro.
diror slighiy
sliqhtly in mon
Doniirq iD thsr ditrr ususllv inDlio.
thar th tbiEs bi onriDuedis a-resdybeing aone. qh;@s&i
nay oe sppr|oa ,o somrorng not yeu trrred.

X rmaskudi.
Y itsd&&ad.

I increaseilhis pay.
Ee teil hariler.

10. The verbs eik anil loy:

te r 2 e tfu ...:

e/ull of. .., be charac-

He's extemey meildlesome,a

big nuisauce.
yn
lay BiD wy. The ihig \ras too difficult for
bin
me.
I iloa't really ke (it).
BDcik r bs.
Y cit trmbni.

Y Eaus,
Yrl iy oiklL
B rtr iy ruw bs.

Ee can speakllausa well.

He can do the work.
I ron't be beto oome.

160

Eus

12. The verb i, do, llnzy be translated in a variety of

ways acoordingto what follows (or precedes)it, e.g. :
Y yi aik mi kyu.
I{e did good work
yi
A!
ruw.
It (has)rained.
yi
gim.
Y
He's big. Or IIe grew up.
un yi yw.
We wanderedabout.
The food is ready.
birci y yi.
yi
Y ,&y.
He lieil.
Y yi barci,
He slep,
N yi Dar Egatri.a I taked to him (about a specific
topic).
13. Iausa, lke other languages,has its shareof exolamatoy utteances. These expressions ere usually
specialed paticles, though certain nonrinas, verbas
and stylizecl phrasesmay also be employed as exclnmations. The folowing exclamations har-e areaily been
introiluced :
Partiales:
a'g
lo
Lesson13
al
why !, well !
Lesson18
no sale !
Lesson15
lba!k
lesson 4
uin
may it be so, amen
well !, is that so ?
Lesson20
sh
Lesson15
hob
nonsensercorenow !
I
yes
Lesson13
Edll
fine, praise God !
Lesson4
indeeil
Lesson19
mD
(utt mazement)
t.Mt
Lesson25
(Dialogue)
wel, okay
Lesson4
ro/ro
yuw/yu!ea fine, okay
Lesson4
Naninafe :
KI
wow ! Good Heavens I Lesson1l
greetin !
Iresson4
strnu
. Not that the of yi dos not lerythen beforc ,n ibdireot object.
-i

EABITqAI, ASPE T : VERBS:

OXCLMTONS

161

Vetbo,l,:
btb

no ! (emphatically)

Lessons4, 13

Phrases:
rlon All
sU k nan

please
that's that !

Lesson2
Lesson6

4. Several additionl exclamations to listen or and

learn to use are listed beow. There are many more.
Though it is very ditoult adequately t,o illustate in
writing the us&geof exclamations, it is hopeclthat the
eramplesbelowwil be foundhelpul.
a,
s'h6
8t/sp
all ?
sll
m'
tre'm
trfam
wyy
wyy ll
wyy

exclamation of (real or feigned)amazement

expession of concern at heang of mtsfortrne
expressionof surpriseil reoognition
really ?
it.is ue (eply to sU?)
expressionof sympathetic concern
erpressionof inlerestor agreement(e.g.lo
a story or account which is being
narrated)
yes ? (in reply to one's name being calleil)
(exclamationof despair),alas!
as !
woe is me !

Ewmples :
(o'!)
Afte the totise has made the statement to
the hare that he can outun him in race, the
hare might reply :
A'a ! Kai, z k ct n d sud ? Ebi ! The
thougbl-of it! You. you will beal,me in
!
aoe? Non8ense

162

EUSA

(a'h) In the dialogue in Lesson 25 where mar

(ar/op)

(all)

useil the compa,atively neutnl tsbdl to

expresshis amazementhe might alternatively
have used dhE, sinoe the- subiect of the
iliscussionwas a misforiune.
When two visitore come to the home of someone who knows one of the visitors wel aud
the secondof them esswell, the householder
anil the visitor he knows we will comrnonly
exchangegreetingsbetweenthemselvesonly,
at fust. Then the householderwi typicalv
tum to the spcondvisitor (whom we l c
Bello) with feigned surprise (as if he hail uot
seen him standing there until this moment)
seJnng:

(m'm)

(llau)

(rtyy)

l Betl ! tr z tr? Eark dzuw.wlrv.

Bello ! -Eave you corne (too) ? Greeting
at (your) ooming.
If a personrelates a remarkable incident, it is
vey cotnon fo either of the two following
exchangesto take place :
Person A
Person B
Or
Person A

(E' )

EABTTUI, ASPDCI; VERBS ; EXCLATIO{S

ll ?

Did that really

happen ?
All (ktw) Evey word of it is
tiue.

IIsk n ? Or Ctukiy r ? Is
it a fact ?
PersonB: AJI. It ceainy is.
If o story is being reated in which someone
gets inio difficuiy (usually, though not
necessarily,minor), it woulil be oommoq for
a listner to expesshis concernby the use of
this paicle.

163

As a longish story (such as a fable) is being

nerrated by one person, it is appropriate for
the listene(s)fairly requentyto inteject a
casuatu'm (a/ t) to signal to the nsretor
oontinueil interest in and/or agreement with
what he is saying,
ff a personis caeil by name,he will commonly
euswerby using this porticle, e.g. :
ammtr! Mamuran!
Aud:
What?,Yes?
Mammn : It'sd ?
Z !tu!
Comehere!
Aud:
This cry of utter despair is reserved for real
megeocies. One Hausa fable relates the
story of a carelessfisherman casting his hook
too nee to othe people end before.long
hooking the ea of one of the others. This
situation seemealppropiat for the sioryteller to put the exc-a-maiion
wyy AUin t[o
mouth of the unfounate person who hacl
beenhookeil. Seethe fable at l,heend of this
lessonfor another illustratron.

YOCBUI.RY

NortuinaLs
slli

btuh
cI
i.k (/.)
(pr.iskuikur)
Lrubnl

it is true, is it true ?
debt, loan
seeing(verbalnoun of srn, see)

earr(/.)
tt

(small) bag, *200

nuisance/putting one'suogein someone ese'sbusiness
a lie
time (: lkcO

DslsbI
(?1.ns)

highway robber

64

mnk
s'(pr.s''l)
s8b il/sobrl

8u
zy!i

llAUs

week(: sti)
luck, good foune ; tine, hou
beoauseof
week(: mk)
visiting, a visit

Veal;
dad ,

Pa'fticlcs
(exclantionof
epe,t...,
a'a
a,mazement)
do... again
keep on
a'h (exclamation of
iling
doing...
concemove
Id
fall upon, fall
misfoune)
into (d. tdt) &sp
(excamaiotr
of
ay
becharacterized
surprised
by.. .
recognition)
(emphasis
lig/dgy have already
dai
parbicle),
tlone...
on
rie
keep on
the othe haDil,
doing. . ., clo
for my pa
(exclamation of
regularly and rr'
sympathetic
repeatedly
ta
touch; have
ooncern)
ne'm (exclmationof
ever. . .
ztystt (i/) visit
interest or

"n'". r"""'i""tlul,
yes ?, what ?
wyy (exclarnation of
despair),alas!
Irnpoant Phrasu
U y b ! . . .
Alt y s
DAttr OAlt

ci bsh
iluk d hok

may God give us . . .

rnay God bring (it) about
forest (lo'.da,rk bushand)
incur a ilebt
in spite of this, ncvertheless,yet

IIBITUTIL S?ECT I ERBS:

ltJt
rr rl gltt

EXCLAMATIONS

165

from tinre to tine

break into a run

EXERCISES

Translate into Engish :

l. AI v r o yi s' cikin clnikimm. Ir bi h8k b.
dorc ll tnu cl oastu.

2. B.i h ifqdnaIr cikin ailt! rr. At, b k sji

bB? B z k bar ba ttDa ?
3. Btr ta6 gsnitr irLo wa!![ rawr ba. Bi ltr gwailii
yitrt. A'8 ! Ki, b z k iy b I
{. I yi san il shl ELtr rt ys ruc mm bi &r
flw ritir trtr b8.
. D s L! hsu ilL nn ylzu a! f, ttr mt. A]l ?
ll ts.
Translate into Hausa :
1. I visited the chief's home but he had already gone
away.
2. Gosh!, that nan is a terrible lia,r (rrat sk te. is full of
lying) ! Becauseof this I ilon't like him.
3. It rains a lot cluring the rainy season. That's so.
4. He hasn't been in Nigeria oug but he speaksHausa
flneIy (transktte,like a Kano donkey).
5. I wsnt to take out a loan in order to buv a new car.
Xabl.e

ud rl u 5
url il u sua cikia tny. z su ksuw il ky6.
sai si vatri b DLir h8!y. va dauk,va rtb.
ghjkar kudi c.
Sai ud ys c, ' tri, yu mtrn yi s'.'
3see Ka Kdru Na,du, rase 12, ,rd Abrab"m. R ( , Ea6o
LitQtdtrp. ps8a 41. rot dnoihe; (ersioh of this stoy

166

rrauaa

tr y. c, , A,a ! I|[ ltlrk yi s' D? X it8i !i ns

y is d ? '
uil ya c, ,I ghi k aan, ll v b m lfiy.,
8uk cigba il tyr8har sut shge wsli bai!
dii. sai wadlsu Ear sqkId E!s. Auil it lt
sut ztu il cil. 8u malr ruk bl s.
n iim 8si lr ys sii ssbrttrouyitr ky&!s. Ya c,
I Wyy. Yu mun yi hsr.'
Auil ya c, . A's ! muk yi hr6r ! P K ifai
ksi, ka [sr ? '

Lesson27

Itsesol Aspects
1. The sxtjurlct)e
dsppzhasa wider variety of usesthau
ary othe aspect in Hausa. n aildition t,o its e to
exptess commanils (see Lesson 12), the sutrjunctive is
oommonly employeil :
(a) In a large number of contexts that may in English be
translated by the infinitive, notably in subordate
causes(seealso Lesson 12. section ?) :
I went to seehim.
Z s i s htubi nilr.
They will go to/snd
shoot (some)meat.
I! 8 L r Dtr.
I want you to comebere.
Atr c6 Das s ,.
Tbev weretold to come.
Y ylda y yi rh.
He agreedto do it.
y n Lyu it5Hte kMeE. It woud be bett to
wait a little.
ytwu
gbo
Y
biy k
? Is it possibleto pay you
tomoow ?
I'm waiting for him to
I! jtuls y ilw.
etum.
I{6 tl D s8! shi.

()

I many contxts that may be translated by 'in

oriler to ' (seealso some of the examples arove) ot,
negiively ('ith kad), ' lest ' :
Yr (doD)ytimkm. IIe came (in order) to
heous
Sutr gtril (ifoD) k8il They ran o that they
km sn.
would not be caught.

69

EVS4

(o) In some contexts thet may be traoslated by etrar

(whic does not in Haus lways require a specia
vvod):
un
lt k tlw Wehope (that) you wiU
l[y.
com baok safely.
Au c mar (wai) m We were tod (that) we
ilktr.
should wait.
(d) In clontextsrelating to seeking,ilenying or assuming
pemssloI:
'W'ell,
let's go !
I E i !
r shts k ?
May/all I (am I to)
enier ?
Korl Lw y hi
wao!!.
Noboily is to ilrin this.
(e) ollowing certain relaters :
ko{kfin, elore.'
trmh tlr tshl sun g
lnn z.
z !1 ht kds! tntr
E ci binci,

Before I left they had already come.

We will rest a litte before
we eat.

dmin/don(seealso above,section()), in oer tol

that :
Y ke sH ili! t! go1. He brcught it so could
8eert.
har, {r?rrd,(futue) :
Bri m dtt nan har Let's .rvaithere until they
6 is.
come.
-Yor, : har, in coriexts indicating aotion in the pst,
requiresthe relative completiveor th regulor cornpldve
P-Apronous :
Uur tlkt har suk is. We waited till they oame.

USES OF S?EC'TS

169

srs/ctf,mm, it is l)ett?.rthnt :
It is bette that \\e do
Gta m yi hak.
thus.
It is better to stay hone
D fly batr,d gwtim
than to tvel \Yitout
zautr girl.
pu rpose
sallt, tlerercruti n, (onl,yr,&ll b'tt:
Seurild snrs is, They will be here iu ten
mnutes,
He nearly fel.
Saur kds! y fd.
(/) ji -. - (I. let Le/iear) is a styzed cxpression
or
employing the subjunctive N'hicl means , . . a@.naccor dinqto....L
zi t Ebe,ttr ii Ail.
t! ii w P
Katl k skzuw,n ti
sarH.

He rvill come tooro\,

:r,corilinsto .A.udu.
Who sa-vs ?
The chiefsavsrlon't conte
agein,

(y) In an utterance desoribing future (o abitre)

action and involving severalprddicatc constuctiors,
only the flrst verb rreerlbe preoededby the future (or
habitual) p-a pronouns-the remaining predicates
are typicalv subjunctive(seealsoLesson16,section

-r):
Gbe m e smtr tl Mtrist na nm z s t
Saktrato, s bd maksa[ta 'yam r5t, s
zlyrci asbit, s tl$ rau, s b d lacci ill
ymm.
, i h j i rsrts" u* ,-l w he. ct r r he . r bsn/ s/ sd; d cor oes4rI he. n. l ot
ur rr the mr' l dl ot, ,tuo aiion. C sol. @r r ol b" u{od in such
tnsitjon$. See.p5.grph4,line l..fth. hbk a{ rhc en,l ofthis t.csson

70

EAUS

Tomotro,n llr. Usman and the Ministe of Eilucation

sill go to Sokoto. (wil) open a girls' schoo, (wi)
visit e hospita, (rril) return to Gusau,(antl will) give
a (political)speech
in he evening.

(c) Intent:
D zuwlr zi yi
Egansai...
Dtwz.

2. The contintntiue aspac, in addition to expressing

sirnple continuative action (see Lesson 18), has th
folo*ing more speoializeiluses:
(a) The oontinuaive is empoyed to expresscustomalv
or habituel action, natural abities or disabilities,
and the le :
Yal zuqi twc rn. IIe oomesevery day.
B y sit rrsi.
(It iecharacteristicf b inr
thai) he doesn't work
ao
lsd b y tsh.
Pigs can't fly.
() The coniinuotive is ofton employeil in a suborilinate
claueeafter a mar.causeempoying a completive or
continutivo aspect to indicate an ction occuriDg
simultaneously
with the actionofthe rnainclause: X gan shl ysr &i.
I saw him working.
Y ttuhl i! barci.
He got up (while) I rvas
(stil) aeleep.
ltrua zrw yau gsmm. (As) we wero coming he
watohedus.
(e) I worked he
ro ait yan ta rrtti.
chattered fooishly.
Y ddyrl sit.
He has beenworkinefor
a longtime.
3, lhe uture aspectsand the specializedverbal z, in
a ildition to expressingsimple future aotion (Lesson 16),
ae frequenly employedto express:

171

SES OF ASPECTS

ua , Dl giloa . . .

D m zn km, . . ,

When he arrived he
intended to s&y somethi ngbut...
We intend to cone.
I had originaly plarrneil
to go horne.. .. I rcas
going ome(but . . .).
I was planning all rlorrg
tor etun...

() To be aboutto:
ZA shi Ingll sai bstrs He was about to leave
ya rnut,
for Dngland u'het his
father died.
D ! shiry, zB hou lVhen I rvas ready, (and)
was about to cliurb on
kk!, s shi bb
to my bicyole. ry !
isk.
there rvasno oir (in the
t-ve).
((1) Couditional action :
Bu soi w8!il zi yi rlidn't find anyone who
would do it/to do it.t
shl b8.
D yi u! Diat iti ztr Hail he shol-ed (it) to me
I would have bougLt
ry.
( ).

1. Tbe aompteoeaspe.a tt,y be employed within a

sequeoceof relaive completive clausesto expesso
moe remote past (ihe English pupefect) than that
indicated by the rclative cornpletive predicates:
D 8uk shiry suk tM. Mkliki y gytu Dss
Dtrs.
I Another meanins could be ' I didr't
sho wss goine to do it '.

ffnd th (perticulao

lnan

fiz

sus

\heu they had got ready they eft. The mechanic had
(previously) repaired their lorry for them.
g'r il Et sukditw dgLs!r, ya tmbyt, yr
c;, ' Yy ctniH ? Y yi kyu ? , gsi ta aDs, y yi
Lyu.'
lYhen the women returueil frorn market. he asked hor.
he said'Hov waothe trading ? Diil (cornpletive)i go
r,ell? ' Then sheanswerecl,
't went lcompletivejwe.,
O('BULAIiY

Noninals

ryb,it(tl. aribitct)

cw
dabb(/.) (2,. dobbbi)
dr (/.)

rdl
ma (pJ.tfltai)
hatri (pl. hatr)
hsDn (pr. hsDdy)
hlrji
ll!u,

Iulu

irki (/. o m.)3

!n-s(?1.ing)
k5hsd
lacc
!!Llrk (pr. nknk8i)
miE
olist (?r. oi|ristci)
lrr/firbr (pl. sshr)

ri (?r.rvut)
saute
sirnt

hospital
saying (verbal noun of c)
animal
laughter
chief's residence
wirg
tooth
arm (incluiling hand), hand
tax
hrowedqe. book-learnins
wlno, au
fruitbat
on the folowing ilay
political speech,lecturc
mechsnio
breast, mother, mother's
mik
minister (of governrnent)
ofrce
emainder
(senseess)
chatter

' Ths pfur$l ishL mesns (eil) spnrs.

USES OT ASPEqTS

tntrt
tsak/tsakiy(/.)
tskni
Itajgtl

Veal,s
ams
hail (ii)

reflecting, thinking
centre
between
epesentative
answe
give bih to
shoot
arrive (rere)

htb(v)

is
k! (V)
Irh
ry&le
sau!

lecelve, acoepl,

cll, summon
not bother with, ignore
be left over. renain

Pattlas

it i,sbette tht
i is better that
(emphasispaicle), evet.
too, actually
quote, they say

sra

gwmE
n!
wai
Implvtrrnt Phtdses
|lt

ma

lDii. . .
kuditr 88
lar il !o!
rlk y itd {

taLr-kk!i
y ff kyu (plus subjunctive)
yanta...

it has been planneil tht.

it is well knowr that,
aJready
to...
... says,a,ccording
taxes (rr'r. money for the
land)
immediatey
may you live long ! (saiil to
a ohief or other social
superior)
bet rixt and between
it is better/best (ihat . . .)
hecontiDuously...

a OfteDhed ss rtnki dsd,

174

rrAus

EXEROISE6

Translate into English :

. Di me z d giitaDrn gsish sh, ssi a ti lDr,!g
c, yE fl Lyu lD aay msr.
2. trEln y lr ,uw Ditsd ir aik [.
D u sm!hl, trstr il [sD ssi ya zr d gud.
biDciEm yd tir D? ', rls rau! kdatr, Nar
! h ilsl wani ? 6
5. UlDirtD MLrDtz,iyi lacc Cssu ? I. bli m
3hiry,m i.
Translate into lfauss :
l, Ceriain highway robbers wanted me to tel them the
nelrs of the town.
2. I oarne upon him while he was working. I{e is a
mecbanic. He has beenrepairing automol,ilesfor a
long tlme.

3. Originalty he had agreedto wait bere until I came,

but now I don t know what 7 he rryilldo.
4. The chief saysdon't ever oometo his homegain. It is
bette that ou meet him at his office.
5. IIe can speak lsusa. but it is very difrcut for him,
Iablz
fEs B Y Biy! Erj 3
Wata !tr satkin tlabbbiya &i kiltrs, ya c mas,
'k ksy cikir artek j giiljeurtabbbiituk t
kr6i tudi! .&as hallun kwtrtretrs.'
wH ys c, , Rtrk y itad, n yi nao it aon.'
5In thk context d : 'kwsi (se Leson 37, section 3).
6 In contexis such ss this wai msns someztr.
1 TtuNlLte lat s6 the tt,g rct., (bin d . .
.).
3 See Littaf Na Kardntaa'd, pase 8, for &norher version of rhi!

fslrs ()r,sPDcrs

115

S&i $k ya kwycikitr *s, y ki htui

kwsiit. lBDorl ya is siita! jmc,imgya
&i biy! kudir.
.i, Ei b dabbba c,' itr ji js. . K cititr
talakw,n
sarkitrdbbbikai e ltikai kmar !i ?
kwei wtil yB iy tsh samkEl Df ? i, b tr
biyn h"riis sarki! dabbbiI '
Shi k mn. Wkilh serkitr it|bbbf yo bar shl, y
ke fd, ya shid w sakins. Sarki ili, ya yi
tEni,ya c, . Lslle, sstes. Jmcbi irnm bs
!, &ylshi.,
tr8hsrl sarlitr tsuntsy ya Liri nB wkn, y8
ik sht y krbi kuditr &ss h&u!u[ kwtrtsutrts.
D l'kilh ya is girla ime, ye tEby sh kudirl
tas,sai !Egys yi las ilriy,yacw,' Nt, bn n
tiy!3 hrj.'
Wai, i K k,ta6 canin tstrtrtsEi het ?' 'X
waltt ya k! hi 'y'ya!r il i, y b 8 Em P
Ki ! M b tslktrsarkitrtsurtsyba trI'
D *k t! ya km ttil ya shirlw sarkir tsutsy,
sai slk ytuila cwiEgb tsuDtsba !.
s8brlhak imsyaa tsskr-tsktri,
b y cikia
y,
dabbbl,b
kw, ciki! tsurtsy.

L77

BEDUP'ICA'IION

look for
boy

Lesson28
Rerluplicatiou
l Hausa employs vrious tJ4res of reduplication for
various purposes.SometimesonJya sylableis redupcated,seimeshe wholeword."-Examples
of the most
fquent I ypesof reduplicationollow.
2. Reduplication of the fust syllable of a trergives it an
intensiu?nc(ln;ng(e.g.kecpott . . .. da . . . tiniaier tme,
do -. . in successionJ.T)-pically, ihe fust stll&ble is
reduplicated with accompanyingdupcer,ionof tbe
ioitial consonantof the original verb (which bas now
becomethe first consouant of the seconil svllable). If
the original rst syllablehas a fi-rralconsonnt,it may
emain or ma,y be assimilateil as a iloubeil consonant.r
l'he great majority of reilupcated verbs have at least
three syabesanil their tones follow the reguar patterns
for three- and four-syllable verbs. Thus :
(a) Highow verbo becomehighow-high :
bet
buc!
bubbs
keep on beating
oook
d
itsdilI
keep on cooking
ook
tlbi
dudilb look evervwhere
() Low-high verbs, becomelow-high-low :
go out
llts
ltfrt
keep going out
I Whcn. or esaEple,lhe ffBt sylable endsin s nast, Njnitstion
docs or take plso". .s. atutnbryi (tror tttmbf,yi). and ir i.
optiooa wheF th ffrsl syllsbl nds in eD orhe! consoDsDts,e.g.

flmt or tt s$ayor lrissy,kslkw or esn}w.

' Irtho ba8o verb is a va sble vovel (cBde II) verb, rhe de.ivod
intensive verb dll also be s !.,. ve.b. Thus th rues for fiDat vowet
nd tone change befoE diect objects (ss Fell &s sll othe. ,.,. veb

rul4) spply, e.g. son nlarni nurc, su nenirmarq ey

tookd dil ot.r J the* .4lttelthen.

nm
sy

llnm 3 look al over for

buy a variety of
ssray
ihings

(c) Verbs with aJtones high remain al high :

bring
kw
kskkw
keep on briuging
cal
kir
kikkir
call various people
se
sayar
salsaya!
keep on selling
4
(d,)Three-syllable vebs rDeely eduplicate the fust
syllable (tone and all) 5 while retaining the original
tone pattem on the original tLree syllables :
read
k8rtrt ksktatlt
red in succes$otr
ask
tmbay trtEbsy keep on askg
3. ht oljeA,oal, roniral, may be formeil from most
tansitive and certail intraruiive verbs by reduplicaig
and doubng the final cousonant of the original word,
while replacing the final vowel with an -aCC sufix
(CG: iloubleil flnal consonant of the original word).
The meaning of such a form is typicay soacething
wfui,ch
has been. - -, stttruthinqcfuttontet'ized.
ike
.
.
,
These,
fur.
other adjeotival nomirals, have feminine as vell as
plural forms (the examples below list the foms in the
order : mascuine,feminine, pural).
(a) lhese forms d,er,oed,
fton uto-syllal e word,shave lho
initial sylable low toned, with all foowing syllable
3 ryhen the o!gilll
yerb has en
-- o an -. in th root, thi
becomos -r- in he redupic{t yllsbe, if this -- or + i precedd
by et r consonrnt (k,-9, [), ii bcones -yr- and -iyr- Espctively,
e.s. ht,, tcar, kyslt" ,cat to shrca t sE!, rub (aaaitustl,
gwLaga{:,iub
lagainst).
t S ootnot"igo"oaIv
9 on pege ?8.
5 Somo verbs, in ddition to a form which shows ffEt lylsbl
reduptication, hav6 ar elterDativ orm (Fith ihe ssne mesning) ir
which it is th scond ylab6 thst i ledupliostd, e.g. sily, ?rJ
doMlBdeo! .iiitye, pt dounlaride o nunel
st'Elt,oiv

HAUSA

178

high except for the plural fonn, in which al sylables

are low except lhe fi-oaone. e.g. .
(cik,
lll)
(da!,
aok)

ctkakk ckkakkiy,6 ctkkk

(something) filled, oomplete
dIafr, rliafy, rllfr
(somcthing) cooked

(rdr,
sta,rt].

frarr,lrauiy,trrr
(something)
st!ted

(gani,
see)
(mtrt,
.[*Nl
(Da.
loohJor)
(sad,
hnow)

gatr!,gtaaiy,sa
(something)seen
mntacc,Eniacciy,Etrttt
l'orgol,Len.
. (something.)
lraEm.trEammiy.trmmE
(somethingsought)
sDara.sDarliy, sD![
(sornething)known

() Theseforms derroer
umtdsha,vethe
Jrotn three-sgl,lnble
first two syllables low, with all followg syllables
high except for the plural form, in which all syllables
are low exceptthe flnal one,e.g..
(siy,
lyeyy,itysyyiy,oilyyy
(somethiug) set esiile
sd asid,e)
(thi!rt,
IhtEtecc,ihttacciy,fhlEtltt
(something)untlerstood
unlarsnn)
lfly8yy,Iltyayy,Iflyvy
0ffy,7
healthy (personor thing)
h*oll,h\
(tabbt,
tbbtacc,tbbtscciy,tbbttt
(somehing)ceaiu
be sute)
(tfo5,
tfs&ssh,tlsssshiye,tlsssi
(something) boieil
boil,\
. There is en strentive feinis forE in
-oCC. rhich is not
with tho otreervor&. s.g.t$ss.
unoobbon. pcielly
'This for is deiyed oo a noun rsthEr hen verb. It e
&ppsEntly the ony suoh er@ption in the whol longug-

REDUPLICATION

179

Errnples :
Iity smtrtriy6 c
The owl is rrcll-known in
EasarE.
Diafrer biuci r mu k s. We warl't aolcedfood.
Z!tly trtrsmmiyar
Gold is a sought after (i.e.
b c.3
valuablething).

u ku sh ttssasshen
rur kawi.
We drin ony boiled water.
Tbbtacc
It is cetain.
Ir.
4. Ceain nuans ind,icating a yal,'ity have a ilerivative
adjeotival nominal which is formed by red.upcaingthe
first syllable and changingthe fnal vowel to -, The tone
pattem of the new form is low-hgh-high in the singular.
The plural fomr (which duplioates the fina oonsonantin
an -Csufix) has a highow-high pattern. The meaning
is usually tensive.e
(kErli, sbength\

&t&,
very stroDgthing/
person
esl (pr.)
(kyu,goodnus) kykkyw,
excellent(looking)
kvww(pJ.)
thing/person
Eaarnples:
Mckykkvw c. The woman is beautifirl.
gu tsrll n.
They ae very stong.
tryqw na sy.
I bought very good looking ones.
5. Aterbial, naninals and,eopthowes
may be intensecl
by reduplicating the whoe woril (see also Lesson 24,
seotion3).
3 Wherc the noun bo !h;h it rcfers is lominine b ,;nr, hss s
fminin forn.b. Mny Haus, hoqeeer. would say Znrly
,l6mamm aD n6.
0 I.e. orc so tbsD s sibple Dli corpound..g. mi zudi. dcep :
uertj il..p.
t^trul,

80

HUSA

(aza,
qL!.;ckltJ) K z maza-maza
! Oomevcr1.quickly !
(shir,
d shiu-shir Aucluis very solt
De.

(snou,
Yatr ty snnu,9lo?,rI,ess) s:ltxtru.

spoken.
IJc is rvakirrgslowly.

6. (-'orrrpeteredupicrion ol uliectiuLl, non,inals o.f

colonr a]I,r]sorneoihcrs essenstheir intensity (seeaso
Lesson23, sectioo7). Notc trat tre final vorcbccomes
-qhortin botr the seconrand (rvith ferv erceptions,lke
j-ja beow) the first occurrcnceof the edupicated
word.to
(la'i, tite)

l{o syi Isri-Iari.

I boughtthe rvhitish

one.
(b[i, kc) Ba&i-beiye ky. The backish one is
\18, red )

(tsi,oftl)

best.
Wann!, i-ia tr. This is rcddish/pink.
Wadtr!iajye- Theseare reddish/
pink.
ijve u.
Tslu\i,e-tstuwa
c, Sheis rather elderly.

7. Copleteredupicationof rluantifiersand monetary

termss employedto give the senseof, for exple,' two
each'.r
They arq 5 koboseach.
gm
g.
B sr
Give them eachtcn.
{awlaw o wadnna? How rnuchapieceare these?
Usuefhdu hudu.
Quadrupeds.

I81

REDUPLICAI'TON

8. The plursls of certain nouns are formeil by reiluplioation (seealso Lesson22, section 6).
Native dministration
ea',pl. en'-et'
klw,,?r. k"-krn cbrk (other pluras asooccur)
9. Complete redupication plus final -e and a low-high
tone pattem is employeil th m,\y nouhs dent'ingan
aatiai,tgto indiote (frequently) somethirg like oorzdres
of . . ., oariou,sknl,s oJ. - - ot simply amnnber oJ'instanus
oJtlaishtud,oJot*iv g, e.g.:
guili, unning + eie-gie, running (vaou t)?es of)
rces
trllo-tslle, (various kings of) jumptralt, jumping
ins '
td,chatting ' tde-tde,(various)chattings
rhwar, advising shwrce-shwrce,adtisings (of
variouskinds). 10. Complete reilupioaiion of certain now,s may be
empoyed to indicate . . - like. Note tht the final
vowels ae short.
ruwa-ruwa
sri-sri
gi$hiri-gishii

rvatery, liquid (ri.e.water-ke)

powtlery (i.e. flourike)
saly (in taste)

lsl slst ne.

VOCBULBY

'o ID e f . . A s c s th c !o { e l rc n ri rs l o rt rn d the neD ngi s

ers, ..g. 8 mny-mny n, 'l'n"y.," utlt lts.lh1pa ut

Nonim,ts
kwu(pl. &ksu! or
clerk
tw-kwn)
(/.
dsly
datry,?r. dny) raw, uncooked,ulrripe
primary school
r6mr

tr lf the {lurntifio is x conpuDdonly thc 6t nord i rpedtcd,

e.s y b s nair sh dayr d si-slsi, n. lta|. thoh tll.ti ea.lll
Ludins su ba twab kpaSi;. r1,,y."r t.'L t',t, rpt,,,.

1r Thus the term for tnck and leld, copettio1t ts gs-gjo

killo-tsdle.

182
sry(/.)

bt rasi

beer (localbrew)
gwalgwY)
(?1.
Swltrg^wslr
titr can
i8rrbw(/.)
test, examintion
kwslabd/kwalb (/.) (?r.
kwalb)
glassbotte
Lyklyw (?r. kyaww-) excellent (lookg), handsome,beautiful
tt (/.)
a oomplaint (e.9. in oou),
cy, nose
rag
edction(sin tmding)
8ak8udr
secondaryschool
simint/sumuuti
cement
tbbtacc
(something)ceain
t&klil (/.) (pl. tkrd)
paper, lettr
Tsi
Ourope
ysif
Euopean cloth. a yard
(measuement)
d!tuty (.f.)
golil
Verbd,s
8v

lhint (i/)
tfist
Particlzs
c

bbbs[ kw
b6 d.86k
c ne k
ct jsrtbAw
DaD&as
yi ia,rrbw

ir
In?ortant Phrases
b mnli
bin ghi
bin rh !r twalab

an amazingthg
somethg to drink, o drink
bottled ilrink

no reduction (of price-iu

trading)
head clerk
causeena,zement,voniler
I thought (tir. thiuking I
was)
passan examination
(in) this country
take an exarnination

EXE&CISES

Translate into English :

l. Ai. E6 mDt tr kDbitrci illofr.

a Lw sh

d8!y,

2. Cwmm k dkt treD tkn. ffilr k sk

dwwi lkci bilci y yi.
3. Mtra tn{mbeyk'h ciki! cd E bl m smi
lbhsbs.
4. tri ! Wai bir tIlEk y tru iiy-&rar iirgiu
ssmt b6 d ts hm ssur kdor ln gud!
. Z tri kti tr syi bitrcin gwatrgwatr il giy t8
kr'slsb il r.urstr 8bbtrwnd !8 k bkt.

put (thing) down. set

(aside), give (thi"C to
someoneelgeto keep for
you)
unilerstand
boil (intpnsitive)
thinking (from cwe; se
I mputant P hrase*b elow)
silence(ideophone)

i83

BEDUPLCTION

EUS

Translate io Hausa :
l. Horr rnuoh epiece ae guavas? A penny apiece, no
reduction.
2. I thought you woulil come tomoror but you caue
vesleClv,
3. Thprearemcny wonderfullhingsin tbe rvordioday.
4. You shoulil eat cookeil food and boiled wte lest you
Eetill.
5. if I don't tke te examinationI won't passit.
Datague
Tsllo : Dsud!
Dsud: tr'am.
.

184
Tallo :
Dauil
IsUe :
Daurl
ft,llo :
Dsual
Islle :
Daud
Tallo :
Dsuil

Tslle :

Drud
TrUo :
Ilr|l|l
faUo :

flAUS

I[ z ts ?
Z !i gid. Ylzu n !s tErrtc8it.
I bAliff. ttra ! tr k aik ?

Lesson29

Ai, Di kw ! kDd.
rh ? Ctra k h8! mskarsnt.
'. Bra u na flta tirEr. B1smi shgsr
s8tstliltu bs.
B kt ci iasrbweb8 r ?
I, t yi mill ry 8inl. ue b kE, tu!
tl na gimi rit.
I d ky. wn irt! rit ! k8 k yi p
Ai i! d awull iri-ir: waui g ra kr
shi8lhitT Ety, v.f s D8kr lofl1 it ky,
r8li !i'i u, bDs! lirn yrrl D !t lidtl
t*rdt h yi.
T. Yswslsi! hys[t rltg tagLher !rri n
s k tw . ?
I mm yuu al ttr yi! wrdtulr sbibrwl
|r8n fur_LiE{
!r rit rtnl, it virt, d
riEinl. d bin rh [s Lwrtrb"
Uitll! Ctrtiyt ! |si it tt!8$ho!r lqr
I L rtr bi! i !s LwsfsD?

Ilrc RelatersSai ail D

l. The reaterssei and il (the spellingof rvhiclractually
repesentsseveral difrerent rrortls) are among the most
frquently occurringn ordsin the Hausalanguage.Tbey
the moe nportant
eachhave e videvariety of usages,
Lesson
17, seotion2. are
noied
in
of wrich, not already
t eatil beow.
2.Ssi as a causeintroducer is often follo*-ed Lry the
oubjunctive aspect. There are two kinils of meatring
indioateil by this constmotion :
(a) The weaker (and more common) meaning is to
indicate a regular contingent habit or an inevitable
cotingent consequence,e.g. : r
When I get up irr the
rnoming I (awaYs)
have a oup of teo.
ganyn
you don't ete that
If
trs!
I! bi k b
y
pant, it will surely clie'
etrt
ruw bs, sei
da[ ye z, sai m geirh Wen(ever) he oomeswe
will (certablY) greet
shl.
him.
I! n ttuhl rt sil 88i ln
sh ti

8&ri ! B tEsr tub ttm svr br !

Abircin gwrngTs! ft--irki!

dri n P
D&!il Ert !. Wsi, r'n d r L rlirui
aai
riailitltw.rg
Iallo : Tstd. bh oimIl a ysitit y ytru rtsl
bilci il ywi flrl shi ciki! gwa8wst
NjV shi h8r 3hL8rbly !
Dsuil GskiyuL. Ai, hek ll itriyl ynzu-clte
ts t rtabbuwmru bar ramimk.
Talle : L8U,hsk tr.

() The stronger meang, often limited to shorter

contexts, is as a strcng courmand,t;ryically meaning
rMst, ou4l ta or lhe like, e.g. ,
You ought to go, or Ge
8&iknn.
away !

rs verbl noun fron dsdilt.

u SeeLesson19.footnote2.

I See Losson 24, diloCro (footnoted phr&ss), fo two ailditiotr&l

,i

186

nus

B z ba tk!.. gai rq
kit sh.

He hasn'tconeyet.lve'll
havc to cal him.

3. Styli"fd utterancs such as sai k c6, os cf and (leos

f.equntly_)r&i k g-8t1,lyouougltt to secit are frequertly
interiecteil for emohasis.
y"oi OA", r"i k
sarki. He goes around as if he
"
erc a chief.
rtitt!!, rsi k c bi iy ba. His work (is) as if he
doesn,t know how.
Walutr lb, ssi k gs4i, This thing-you'll have to
bitr Emk tr.
6eeit (to believe it)-is
really amazing.
4. Ssi oftan introduces a norninal pbrasewhich indicates
an excepion to lhe preceiling statenrent, (See also
Lesson17, section2.)
B Ei iyiw s8i ksi.
There is none able to do it
exceptyou.
86 simn ilui sei il Onedoesn't get knowledge
ie&ri.
without (;tot of) effo;.
Ii km, s8i bitrd ta c6. As for me (l lJ do) only
what you say.
5, 9ai me,o,nguil, often inroduces claussin the completive, sometimesin the oontinuative.z
Bt r! t[ ba sai u gam. I won't go until I finish.
B z! tl ba rli ia s! I won't go uatil I want to

triyt.
sai t ilw.

go.
Seeyou when(trtit.unti) you
etum.

'Quit6 oftn, fhough not invariobly, the ssi-iniroduced causo i!

s dpend?nt c|!F folowing an indepndon! clus6 iD ho Dgstiv6
(8eerne nrsr two exnpre8).

'ffB

RSI,AERS Si ANI) D

8si n shilyi tkra.

8ei ye z z m ci.

187
(Don't bother ne,) Let ure
get ready first.
1Vewon't eoi until he
oomes(lil OnYren he
hascomel'ill ve ea).

6. Sai and har each oten, nean unI' Wheu, as often, a

oontast is inended. har focuses on the completion or
fulfllment of the action at the end of the presoribedtime,
wheessai may sinply refer to the aotion in genel o
foouson the star of it, e.g.:
I won't go ntil tomorrow.B ztrt be ssi 8bo.
I von't go (at east) uniil
B zn tfl ba hst sbe,
tonorow (hascoe).
Bn yi borci bs r&i d gti I didn't get to sleep unil
y8 vY.
tawn.
B[ yi borci bs hr ari ya I didn't get a rvink of sleep
all night.
wy,
7.8ei is frequent in narrative as a clause (senteuce)
intoducer indicating sequencend translatable as ,ez
or so. (SeeasoLesson 17, section 4 )
Muu sar Bhttrstr il [an. 88i Buh seish sh.
We saw hirn imrnediately. Then/sowe greetedhim.
gur z. 8si sukzsrd." ssi suki ht;ssi.
They oame. (Then)they sat down. (Then)they resteil
well.
8. Dt. ..8i is comnonly used for zoea.. - then, wilh
efeenceto eventsin the past.
D ns ga! sbt (ssi) i When I saw hirn (hen) I
went to him.
wuins,
3
When he comes(then)
D zuwng ssi sik.
(there'sa ot of) work.
t .oniry. A vetbal noun mey usuelly bo
'D urslnsi\ lit. on
srbstituteilfo. e finite aerb in ihis construction.

trAus

TEE RELATER,SSAi AND D

189

When ho cntcnd (then) urc

stpped.

lmaksbr(pl. lmLssi)
sw(/.)
buLk (/.) (pl. buklki)
cbw () (pl. ctvyi)

(pair of) scissors

hour
grasshut ; market stall
gTa,ss
sewmg
vcation,iest
khaki cloth
excellence of ohaoter ol
quaity
tailor
traile, occupatiou, profeesiol
gaments, clothes
trouble, difrculty
trcses

.t88
D ye shlgo (Esi) Euk
tsay.

9. D ueaning rzl or awl is an4iy iliustratedin Lesson

[7, sections2 and 3. The useof di a" introducerof the
clirect object after the -ar forrn of a verb is treatecl in
25_,section 4 end foowing. Il meaning tuian is
L:.esson
illustmteil above, D ss itrtroduce-rof the tLing
fiosseseeil
ofter the continuative is illustntcd in son lg.
geotions5 and 6.
lO. D (or wurl) is employed to introduco rletiv
clauses.It rsy meanthat, ln, eta,.l$eealso Lesson20,
eections5 and 6.
ain il csnl
tre thing that I see
ltich zti t
wheD (: th time tra) he
will go
r'l tri mtumt|r itl sk hey chasedaway the man
8it
tlet ws ,Jnt
ttr wr,!d blhi it
bsDtll
a boy who bas no eenle
lla D is employod as an auxiary with certain other

el&tea.

ntr il bii b u br bi
L!.
tr di c8Dm b8 muni
mllltl.

trlnl

ht
kki
kirLi
Eadloki (pr. D8drk)
rna' (/.) (pl. rarr'dr)
hrr (6dn9.t)
l'hel (/.)
wtrd(?r. waniluD)
Verbals
ditrt
haDi a

itu

kao/kswad (il)
an 6

tinak (i/)
ygtrk

sew,mke bY sewing
prevent, hinder, keep from,
refuse,forbid
wait {or
move to another place, aler
position of
point out. show
help, assist
cut (up), slaughter

Sincehe didn't give it to us

it iloesn,t maiter.
(Even) though he didn,t see
Us, \e ree there.

Partnl,es
kim

Nomno,ls
sg(pJ. acguni)

watch, olock

lm,ldnlrl)
lkslmi (/,1.slkstuDo)

indicatiol.srgrr
pen

. Typical olsmptes of the way hen io enployed rre : ya hstri lli/

Di;iki - ,'?*,ti n" hon uo,Linsot hPk?pn. JrcL sains a iob :
krd k bAnma| binci - dor't rcJ. hin Jood. rn httt shn
grr : bed dr;atina is prosbed
! An indiro,r objct is vrv lequent wrth nm" e.g. yd nD
min - he sho"d a.; n n! mrs hatrti - I showedhin the
ro.,r; t ntui w ytuibincinll,: sheshed.theho! htstood ; but
his str.nqtk.
y nn tsr : ,ta sh1oel

\.OCBULRY

eni/ln'uni (/.) (pt.

(emphasispaiole) at east,
at s,nyat, as fo. .

190
rlt

Inportnnt Phmses
lkn dild
rai tl c
loi k Sal
rh whsl

TEE RELATERs gSi ND D

EUS

that is, . . . (the preceilirg

stetment is then ephrssoal to cLarify it),
Daaely,2.

D;n@ue
ElrLtr
ODbo
Etr
Cbo

EIr

sewingmachine
le, as if
you have to seeit (to believe
rt)
have (ldl. drin) difrouty,

ODbo :
Efr!
OIBDo
Etr!i!

sufre

OEDo
Elt

EXECIAES

Ombo
EIrl

Tronslate into Engsh :

l. Y kmt lD ya,!k w&[ln yd. Dlti lmsl&ht
k timk6 !.
2. tht b Etml! kirt ba n. Yant sy had bHtri
8iLi.
3. Il ys rhtgs brttt8 r8i ys r8url, yr lnr di!r.
4. Zu iirl !hl. Wlt, rr dnLt ![ ssi y ilw.
. twai }|ln z t 8hAwhel !u tilstr b k lswsd
rt kysrk il wEri bs.

GEDO
Eft!
Olmbo

E sr
OEbo
EtnDi
ODDo

Translate into Eeura :

l. Sew me a good (looking) gowa. I arr going to the
danoetomotrow.
2 I taut you to help me to move my sewingma,chiueto
onother stall.
Ae for mo I will wait for him here-perhaps he rrill
come ofter a while.
1. I diiln't show him your watoh. They say ho saw it on
your Fist (a,m).
D . He hasn't eaten yet, Why ? BeoauseI refused him
food until you arrived.

Etu|l
CEbo

191

8Dru madhH !
At ErL!! Brrk il YBE.
Brrh tilsi. rt sik Yu?
ail i b v &rw.
uitll. EsL s k s.
Gskivark. trs! vw klluw EJP
'. D E ir rDar bu&Lrk.'
I. B[! !s! !s k8! il tlYcl trwl n!.
D Lytu. D Ls! citiD brkt ts clvrtl
?
DE wsl[l! te twr c6.
Eat r. x[ vi s' t n&[.
Z t iv k diDll EiEl rade!|u
rtli.
tEtd tr P
Ai rlm'lt c. w! ir n Ls k ! ?
rtr btt! citon wlit gdl tvr il
Dbbsrd8 tu.m.
r Dlt. tr r d vd n ?
l. Al kltf ns yin wslrilu[i il lrri! vll Dr
ytr 8. f,8w tr tudtl dilt ?
leir
"nili
t"i ror ul'r dbtvst-tlt'
hrdu il !d btvsr t !sD.
Ki, yn yawi I r!bLlvtils il rsir hudr
bs, ssi tB !mi ws[i.
I nn yrdr. ilv vnd! ct'u.
D kyeu. sri vu8hz! z h Lt f
Ssi 8bo si. E tg! iv 8rm dirh!! il
ylu be.
t, rai gte k ru.
Yuw, sri gbe.

. The lddition of to d conpotolv alters tho mosDing om

;n ans
f*^";{y 1b,, * kscrl ro nuv too; i a anva!,
'a3e'
*,11;,u"
iron or ouminiur roofins mst isls'
., *"-r*od

,^

193

PRNI'IXIS ND SI'TTBEA

vees. X'eminiDeforms are not oommon (nor ere

womon who hove these ocoupations)'
leotherworker
bitl, ditir 1
a
bitt/btd'
chiaf'
$td,,
'
couier
wtgea ;ttl ,dbvl
ofice-holile
brart' ra'rtkun/
(fttl
cli
"'
undera chief
arLai'

Lesson30
Prefixesanil Srrfrtes
1. Fausa employsa number of pre6xesaud sufrxes to
cbange basic forms of words into words witb more
specialiedmeanings. Ceain prefixes and sufrres havs
alreaily been ilescribed (see lessors 25 anil 28), but
several others ae common enough to warrant mention
nete.

3. The nou! d, sot?,is wiilely useil (in the orm dra; /'
is written as a
'yrr; pl. 'vrn) as a prefix (olthough it
serargt wod) i-othe followg senees:
@1fo ioar"rtu pt o* o7*igi^ ,

2. Bf- : prceof orgin, yofeson.

drn ro, 'vr'r tao,

Kono pergon
'vro tro

(a) Cortain nouns may be prefixetl with bl- in the singular with the resultant fom indicaing f,\e pltuc of
or{fia of the personreferreil to. The masoulineforms
usually enil in - with inilial and nal low tones (all
other tones high), These words have feminino and
plural forms as well, as illustrateil below.
(ra!)

d! tr!l,

locsl inhabitant(s) of a
country, son(B) of the
80il

(b\ lo rl.dioalz-ooarpatm:
tlrrl,
'yrl
Lituw& 'v! Lirus
dr8 ta, eto.

Bka,n/Bkou,
lkanwl,

Nanr
(Eaus) Bhsurh,Bhsulhtyi,
Eww
(Turai) Btr,Btrbr, Tirw/
Trw
Btu&r, BlrsDsV,
Frn5ei
BnEc,Bfltt,r trr

'Y! tlll

Kano person
Ilauoa person
European
pesoD

(a\ As a iliminul;e :
ll yr
'yor tlsuwi
'ya ky
sikin s[ lkci

l'renchman
Fulani person

() Other nou:rsmay be prefixeil with b- in the singular

to form nouns ilioatitg the o@upationof the person
refereil to. The tone rules are usuolly the ssme as
tboseabove,but the final vowelotbe mascrine
fom

market trader
Detty maket trailer (who
- ,hpby" his goodr on a
table)
ttle boy
small market
small belongings
in a short time

I Thesomsv bveoriaintted fon a plocslldDh'

for iartl, btritbereis sedonanr'
or'.
'in- i
't" "mployd
inv givon town or region har olrv on6
"inco
""rti.,i
!arH.
-..r;"e

rl

t94

?BEFIXES ND SUFFIXES

gUSA

(s, l,o/rt, ma53/mrsvt, 4ssvvl, Esrv

'
ooe who likes or loves,e.g.:
late\
'
Your ologefriend
ursvintl la Y
doesn't see Your
gsni! 8ib!}.
faulis.
who loveBSaeh
one
nayin Srst
likes ice
who
mssYi! shhkI one
gi,h.ear naii moiivi, Eoiivv' Baiv
hearer, feeler, e.g. :
fe,\
haPPYPerson
Eai ildl
(rarl,
marlr/marshi,ma'rsshly'Be!s
lackiogin. ... e.g.:
k k'
Ear8hitrhstrkll' senseless
(Seealso Lesson 23, section 6')
(ik,
ms'iki'm&'ik
messenger4
serLd]
(8ikt' m8'ikct,8'sikacv'ms'ikt
ilo uorlc\ wolket
(ditrt,
madtrokl,maditrkivi'm0dhk6
tailor
sao\
(lL,aul Eshci, m&hut
?r1,tt?,d)butohe, measeller
(hsi
mabif, meheiltYi, mrhil
qae
Paent
bidh\
(hrukc, mehukcl' mshsukscv' mahkt
mailman
oo mol,\
(&r,
matri, mar
blaoksmith
forge)

(d) ln cettr\ s\l,izadwptestons:

dor sDil,'ystr sud[
ds! dk,,'ysr dk
ds! Adim,'yan rlm

tsr citi

195

Government policeman
1l. sonof a siick)
N.. (: Native or'Looal
Autoty) poicemon
(l. son of ou orilor)
humau being (lir. son of
Adam)
iype of gown

(e) tan (never ,yar or 'yaa) is used with verbs (with or

without tdon) signifying a lnle (bdtl :
I don r|ekt (kdn). I waited a bit.
Y6 den tir rhi.
IIe Dushedit e ittle.
8si k dsl lsg kudirr. You shoulil lower the prioe
a bit.
4. Vt'rious tpes o nouns may be forureil from verbs by
employing a ua- pre$x with or without an -i suffix: (o) No
slgnXting lhe aget ilaer oJ an acti,(n $e
-s
formed by prefi-Eingthe ma- and (usualty)sufiring
an -i. Ttretoneson l,hemasculineform aie hieh-low
for l,wo-syllable
words.highow-(tow-)highfor-threeand four-syllablewonds. Femirine (som;[imes)and
pural (usually) forms o heeewords also occur,
Forms having the -i (high tone) suffix take a , referentia' -n beforea modifoiognoun o pronoun.e.g.
Ea!yin 8rat,easyint; ihe othrsdo not. e.g.
mqil ildi.

t th short oIn s5 is egul6rly enployed jh the meaning

cg
l.ndno IoMt.I Lo derot the int.medite poinLsoft'he cornpast
sdth'wett'er'
a!w-m8! ssbs aotin_?d,l'kuil asv'mma' . Tho Deonins horo is passive ie one eho i3 sent (comp3r6
Tbo.wod i3
Esct!'I - (i) duton. (ir) dep.nde,jtli e on'ledbg 90)
l' aod'r
Uo'ikin
in
th
erpession
r"ophot
r
tlu
u""a
-aioy

(&
m{d/meftyl, ?r. erlty,
srrrjoass) surpassing.
exceeding,e.g.:
Wanlr mali kyu
!r.
This is the best one.
merkd
moe expensive

,l

196

EAUsa

() Nouns signifying a pkne wb*e lhe actlvity indioated

by ihe oginal verb is performeil are also formed by
preflring ma-. The ending may be either - or -t.
The tones on the singular form are al high.
(a[D,
ma'suD, Ddtrnsi
,ttc,oare,
,twh)
(8itY,,?,
as;al E'sii,mdjlysi
(dof,
maitat/Eadafi,
cook\
millai
(let, o&, Dshsuti, mhltai
up rn@r)
(karrti, msksral.
req.d,\
mrtrt
(stlB, masallci,
putun
mstltri
o salll)

pace where com is

sold
storehouse
kitchen, cookingplaoe
place where meat is
sold
school
mosque,pLaceof
Muslim prayers

(o) Nouns signifying a tool,o i,m,pl,enant

rvol.ved,in the
action inilicated by the original verb are formeil by
pefixing mo- anil eufrxing -i. The tones on the
maoculineform are al high.
(auni,
weigh) malarltl, mutsi ony mesure,scaleg
(b,
opek) msbdi, mbdsi key
(ghb,
megirbf, mgtrbsi t]'re of havesting
rcap)
tool
(gwarll,
rnaaaurelagwuil, gwilai mea$lring rcd
(tad,
beata
tlrum) mekadl mtdsi ilrum stiok

PRtrrxEsND suE!'IxEs

197

. A -anci (someines-ct) suffir is-employ4 wjt ethtli,:

teEfs to indicat the hn$lage (dnd custlms) o/ ' ' ' ' Arr
tones are high.
EuIoPeaDlnguage-{m
{Itr8i. Euope) Tr8nci
Nigeria this usuallY
meansEnglish)
(dialect) of
lenguage
trsrsnci
(tr8!, Kano)
llano
language(dialect) of
(Zrtd|l, Zs|r|sl
'
Zana
',aan{raa,i
language
Arabio
(Blrsb,Arb) Irrrboi
A rathor humorous (but acceptable) term-to d91qrste the mixture of llaua anil Eug tn whrcn
many bilinguals convee has cent'y come rn
GuIleDCy.

Itis;
EllsDa'rc[

(ftom m/llD' ducqrd' Petsanl

Dtbrsrcr

(fton B'B'C', tlu Eausa oJ tlrc

B. B.C. E ausabroqnas*\'

So,too :

6. Certoin sbstraci lons moy be formed Irom more

clefaite nouns by usirg te foowing suffxes :
tones
a) -lJc, -r,rtsk : the Pal'ity of being ' ' ' The
ere low-low-high-low :
deaf-muieness

Ibl.doaf n t4\

bblttst

uilelz*s
(ewour,
'
Mtn)

railties)
stat'e
of
8wuratak
wifelessness

mtrrrr o"-,"ioi|""*
intn,berson)

198

PEETN(ES AND AUI.FIXS

(sbc,baskrdl6 shgtrL impudence,

rascalitv
yrntak childishndss
Q* boyl
() -at, -nc, -t, -1t6 : tha possessed,
bg . . . :
gwnint skill
(cv!,i, eape)
(str-&,o ,nrrt) t&n&srt
smallness
(Bt0E, r?za)
mutunci
manliness,selfrespeot,intgrity
(b6w,slaoe)
brt
slavery
gsistt
(e, a thnrt
shoneBs

VOCABUIJ

rhYsl

.
(an8o,

Noturwls
r (pr. dilIi)
shdi

agwolrci

7. Nouns my be fomed from certain verbs by using the

following sufrxes :
(a\ -xyy : rcpd;16onardfot reoipr<nity,sefllad,atttud,e:
(bs,rr)
bseyy erohangingblows
gyayy
(s,l.@el
mutual love
(ie,yul,tl
oontroversy,dispute
iyayy
(ii, hear.\
being on gooil terms,
iyeyy
mutul tust
(nr,nnng\
urtayy intermariage
(E,hdte\
nutual latreil
&tytyy
(hi, fol,kw, obey) btyayy
obedience,loyalty
(b) -tr : personor tlving charactei,zedby :
(e.oryet)
Entttr
forgetfuperson
(mkr, erde) Dkrsu dilatoy peson
6 This torm is usd iD Hus& i$ in Englih) s a trm of ebuso.
Note that tho noning ofthe doriled form is tken from th iguative (rother thtn the literel) meening of the originl noun.
' Note the hortanins of the firct -- he.e.

iackal
Lase,rotton, buttooks,
foundstion
hawest

8irD
tlrt (/. gtlrtw, ?r.
gultv)
grlr (/. swtr,Pr.
gr&dv)
{

state of being s
ltrlcgrooml
bridegroom
(dli,r'?,
ddc
Justness,
pe6on)
righteousness
(se, e)il, thing) EsEt 6 wiokeilness

199

shor(thing)

8wDilt
lntk (na.)(Pl. hnttl)
tslt
!n (p. kuDrrw)
matt (pl. nb8i)
nachi (?7. nlcz*) "
mluoi (?1. mshtrt)
nrhulcf (Pl. Esb[klt)
mmrtoI
mrtdi (Ptr.no'L)

rood
6r. Dstr)
rnd@7.srndun)
dt

(/.)

V6balt
su!i

dir(i/)
drl (?.4. ili)
ld
cLb (i/)
Las
Dtr

expe
skill, expertise
cor{
watohing, lookg at
esr(s)
kov

(rit.' bit"" ')

"r"
butcher, meat-seller
msdma,rl
steail of, in return for
(from mimsk,9tlsd,u'?)
drummer
blaoksmith
stick, force
rice
measure,weigh
bite
beat, stre, thrash
fall ilown (here)
reao. harvest
arrnge in heoPs, disPose
(wiih kun : tds,e,!)
re late

r Thi6 Dlsl, Dote' iB irregulsr {it should he Drozi)'

*.i.-J""

L*"''iog

ii oru*llvdr' not'ciz'

Also th6

200
rari
rr

lack, be sho of, loee

(wil,h. vlf:l : wnpose anl.
gin4)
chop down (a tree), (sna,ke)
bit
pueh, knock over

rira (i/c)

rtu
Po,rtles
Ladai

ody
the story is over !
damn it ! (vey stong
swear-woril, trd.
' bastard )

tr!Lu8
3hS!

Inott'n

201
PR.rFrxEsaND surT IxEs
Translt into Hasa :
1. Ee's a forgetful person. Don't tall him to do anything
for vou.
t irn" utt the rvorlershad eft l didn'tknow
z. in J
"lo"t
rh,t to do.
3. Brins the kev here. Let me openthe door'
pa'y
l. i *n"a a'rit uotil ihe tlrummers began to
atertion.
if his rvife sings a song the chief I'ill be
6. i';ti"
surprised.

sauS

Iable

Wets r,! rsli hlkk val vw' Y'D mstr bi!

gs ssni gurrt! nm fas kura il
.1. s"i
illff
"" suka,va s tili v8 dsut' Yo tsh
J at*a. va
I llkitrs va sts bi! w8!i itic'
r"- ae
*;dt
"1"vatr kaltorsL v sa iluk biu il hnhki
vaa iir Yunw' Yan s Y smi
;:- ;, ;;;;
gai vs vr ilbt il zi se'e
""
ntr.
*il-o]ro""te*tatD
itc, v8 sai il hDkk' Ya c
rr nan ra ii katr tr w&' Murvrk'
.*.

Plvoes

rrir -a. yume

drn rtndl (1.'yr

Iri lD!

!Etlt)

lar yrilil !n yi
16 w&
'yr,! trctr

3
Dil Sarki! Dbr

nort-west
Gove.rnmenpooeman
pric.k up one's ean, ilispose
one's esrs to listen
I iloft know whst to alo
(composeaud) sing o song
'soDs of the soil'

ii. al Gn i" *

iltr tk
-,um? ' "i"n.

tx5RcISES

ztr8kiitr !&
ssi vush

trnkk, illi va kaskDD.itr il dil vl-ty-{".t

brn a f,e
as ildi. D y8 ii hak .i is mtrt
'l
kmn'
wd
iiui"J r' lae Hnse.zfi ra

Tranelate into Engish :

1. aclir y sri es'iH mn likit y bn sH qsd
hst y wsrL.
2. ghi b Bheurh ba n, a c D. Et rtuk rt
bsk y iy Ksnsrci.
3. Zriy kurl mas yimm t8 k d fm. fbitr,
arwmasymmi ta L d ita.
4. D z m yi siktmm tre nm shi y D!tsr.
sabdhak n ms bio il zn sayar ksuw.
5. Us gwui tr, B wanil ya iy r wsLtrDaik sai
shi kodai. Y kmdtm rm sh mimekonAuil.

il"
-;i

sai

vo tato. Dili ve dauk'vs c'

"e-eo
shi. Kttrls !
' Mitll ', Ys tff {t
See Kd loui Kdha pge 9, forunother
' He nade;
'
Pln to cet it.'
'

rA

versioD of this stort

Leson3r
Cltfirgl tr
l- Itr ,esD 4 s nnbd of th nd eoluotr g$hbg!
t is tL sin of th wm to prcilo
vere duced.
the strdd itl d huch lolg (o!g Bti[ hy no nm
oon et) lisi of cwi@ greiilgs t! w8 !.@ry

(6fu aplio6 * for !u!)

ev@l)

ra!fth
lyi ?

G.ne .epli6 s fo. ,!!u)

hlo (io a
(sn rerliG d for du)
rom)
vlt
3['s wel
do lou
? lrl
liy ra{
laly tL!
ttrl dd

Dr ell
ert wl
s's oU

lyt,t
IrE
tli ajiy ? ho'8 }!r
bAsa,iri
erl6s ? !b gir

ll's sIl

al rigt
gLt

3!r
it's beter
rrEd lhi l's wel

wl

?.t6
l.jt t la Di

getings (you) ffo (me !s N for .an)

lrrt

(d trt*ins ! @n!ud)
ll Bn&i ? Fst's te

(D&i) $i

(roplY)
1

(rcPly) .

liy

|nenIlit
re t[d]
{tu

rcllie

(eD r i6 a fo! rt! ?)

(fd it)

(sn Bpi6 er fo. iu!)

(sh rpi6

(me ep6 s fd lnti t)

cs fo rau!)

N lor !aus)

}t t3nt ll{tt P
ilid you glt trPrll ?

(@ Epies * t@ un ?)

(sm rpi* s fo. ru!)

(sbs r!6 ss lor nltl

(3ee ?i6 N f! rau!)

; Eqqlorl dh@hd

o aDlu b rh;{d
oihd)
qro h oqniis,
bu! .rt

b e
h $;
d d;Do bi!r
i*
rnii!
"d- b r
-d"aon ;.h brr j! ii j8 r& j.
r$l
epy
3d4

?)

(me rclli@ a fo! Lrr t)

e&etiry! in {r@r) o (sn r6pli@sfor r$)

t B|t

{sm rcpliB N Ior Lri t)

g@ti!g. ( bt P.n.)

204

209

r.?U

ad!

mrit

@yMigt@(yo)
(ane Epli6 osfor lrl

bs

P)

(sme F![e sor brt r)

ut

God tve nenr o

Dyibos

(sre rplis N ld lyrP)

(9M B!a s fd ltyt ?)

n"d!

(sne rc!6 sfo lryr t)

lyaht Lrlyt I

it'8 t6ti@ fc it
lJdhrl
!a
it'r liheMr
for i

(8Mo rdis r for l.arr ?)

(sn rerlid I fo. lrl ?)

utntittaI
th@'r s lot I

nor N (yor) c!d@ (sqn6pe s fd bnri ?)

v&i lirl P
ov sr (you) orlilftn ? Gane rcpliN s fd ltya ?)
rlvi eir P
hoe .E (rou) cli,tr ? (sn sp6 s fo Bq P)
{sneEp6Nfdlirl

i'soilof
{l!@ Fdi6 * rd br
aal ?)
ra ta atarl
tlo ia't s h6!od
(E@ rqlis6 s Id tlI
rl ? bnt mhitt
6ra fd rlu iD nEt

?)

Plv)

tiy ,lri t '

'

(sne Fpe s foi hr

gatin$ ( nisfoto)

trl3

nay tu mks (lou) w[

uy it bso

' lihuy

: ioul (s)

,d, ,

(so Ep@ *
gsetin!(duisLodtF)
. G, lr Mdrr,

gMtiDgs

.!til.

.!!p| q!drl h 6e bdo. dFlu.

for hr

tl t

zto
o:!r$iE

rlr Du jiD da ,.i

o!t, s you tohorcv
4o/ GodbrjDgi ebot

my qd bDg it soul

oljy, e yotr snin

o}s', seeyd smetiho
oksy, se lou ohotine

y yotr sEive safly

(ra) g.i d3'rdl

l r t
tt6i i "

ry.

@on .s.D .[o d ior;.m

| !!m 2 (r;g0
16riDvdbi,

Dsdiu FdoE.!d E ro@ut.

oft! m!oIed in gsti4

6n, splodid, tbrlk yon (ril. pBirc

God)

ldy) ol_r.6ne

(I'U $re
(!y to" ihlta)
yo!) s rol4lut (if you id re)
(fom!s sir boforo be{iprig u
aciioD, ,,9. Big, si!8 wdkt. h t! !@ of G.d)
go hoi anil t$ ({a6vd is to be
Gld rill!
i .!. n{} if Clodil!

213
000000 Dilrb, lst

3 0{X, n !t

Lson 32

Wd

m@ id

@6 tdm li.t

ihnn

boft, Ie fEt

@ddiy

Ifmbls
l. In Lsotr 1l tL rds 1-22 ed sveral r6liil
6I,EioB
@ iqtFducil. It is lihe tpoe of tLiB
l@r i<j list Hls rbB in gMte. iletril ha iD

I
2
3

ih most @tr@. Tho t lutar

rswed fo. r* i Db6 3bo6 9(x)0.
Nimtd btwm iloe istd sbovo@ f(ed i! o
regd' lrl@d with dl baDd! liF (62),t

da. na(20),rLd blt saEa(10),

dadt|t.r.

dba'b ila db (873),drt b.lril ila dad tut!

drr,t dr .r. (?49r),dn d|'. (d ana) Dlr!
(r00t), ur|! rdr da drbn Drr i dld rd ill aa
.l r.rr, c.(00,918).
Th. t@ t9t3 j! ihl .r. iL dadtea iL dn't! i

r5 (so).: hlrd
5
6
7
I
I
l0

3. e ieh fd
18 !bti. birq baDor (sDa)

!. 8e ler

is r&1.

rl @iotr 6, fo e fonstio! of otddrdl

19 iin&r. bn d (sl)
5. 8e N

l Dnnhm sbov 20 npoI d, st!r h rhg,

comlod lun*lij
c.g. lri! il 8yr, &!ti ill
tc,
bty, itJt il dsyo,

6. -dddbn n oys dl e.g.:

20
30

!r dalrd .ra (!a)t

Snid.
3L&birdtbltd8y.brD
!.a{!c) t Txlti! ittd.r..

40
60
70
80

U, &tio

?, d t! @ of aita ith

400 dti !r/&bDy

500 {n yu/LltEdDitry
000 dub/at/,.nbr

I $rr'id, tL'iq nnin i sb .rir nd i sDn sre ued

8d96mmy?6.
12plurg.Forruy?
31,

?. 8flra.dd mplorE . . . ib, dsr d/t.d ili . . .

Cnr, trd! hih trts (!a) P 10ns

shda,

6.

4 tu ov nlX .?

2t4
3it rsa ial n.rr i) P 2 fmn 6 (l6vd) hot
Eud!.
mmy ! 4.
daba blru dka cild! Tr! 5 frob (ir) 34, oy
tad il !d!, ur (!)
mDy rcnain ! ,9.
rr 3 I t|lfE t

I$on 33
TiDe
l. Tbe d!y8 oftl wek(w sbo IsD 20) src:

a. M,?liariot bplot\ ta, M, eA.

Ittd0r$r()?Ir.
3x 3: I L
lb ltrs .l[ Llnr nti !. 16x4-60.
9, ,aiilir . oI. !ibg. ud .a!, o.g,:
6 gG to'1l|my
8iitdiah!a.id[!d
!! r P EnL
tia? 4,
r8i
!b!.
IIow
I@y tiaes doesl0
t|[ !.rl
Dl
gto200?
20.
L! ? !blt.
10. ,arazrfu EF apF6sld s ouow;
* i3 .tL I i! r.l! or b I.
Otnd i&tiom re usu.UydMibd *, eA. :
d.'3 hid uh d yr itar oib r
*erdd

tiy
blt
Dlr d brF itacadri! tr
;
is
h
it
titrer
d li il8adrj tr
t
rt is Ed d d.r bi' a@t @ .rt ilis drin r1,
s follom:
ll, Por@tg4 @ d!!@
10./o: 3na hira li (It. 0 on/ovd 1m), eta

L!!nd
4a|l
F iilit
o or or wek e

DaL Mil d{.

Otd etul

Moiby (
trt D nd

d Elt!

i! opti.L

!h.

DaL itl r. rnd d aL!

2. Obd q?@iou

!.bti!g to ilaF e
duy
rl!
y@totdly jiya
rb.
dsy befo !!r.mjua 1 ii'
y*edsy
saL
ciitlr
tharxa!
caa r
b rr!
rInbIPrqth*'d.!'eliapl'b.vs.tsEd

:
tmor
to aL'8 b@@
tbeeil8FL@c
fm ibys [o@
viLdF o@
dey wk

2t6
r lsrt (!) ?
tdl dsy.
tdt !t d ili gb

rirhir4.t/
L s n i l h t
,.
lidt fr h6t
T'rrdly i

-,

lYen y3 N @@tdtrrat (not !a) uad, &

,e4 ddy. rculd b. lrra snl tir@ ddyr, trta !t.
xralr hir!, thoug teslt nmilg @ d,ys,
nG6 fqumtly rd iitimiiorly
r 3 a la 4 iw,
:
..9, lr.!abir!add&..
t?6r,aw titu ar
^!
l@; 6i M!. blr: @ r@
^. .@ &tu I ra lrar
td' (f dnrr): "', tu ("'iry) d.16i, Ms ,d a

Nln| !e i
one o'clck
'
tn past hroe (Di!d
- ninrtls)
si fte

r&t riil ila tatl

it yt lci dr Eill
four \renY
alhlri!
.d {cDl) i d.t it
lvenini.il
!.b

rsd ri lirn r.ua Eilr

blr*
l.!t gEl nriti &rriD
ila hlr
t.Il blys !t rDDi
tuGrhn.ilsa
ft.i |I 4 tit
.rl d.y. n. !t!

6ve Dinteto n
twenty iv to ttr
e !.n
th D
oDP.n

L,sttt".

1'i.@ r&b.ra neu-.. d, a.M t w @.

..9. jira raltla:
ah.
lst rday d tLit t;tut
d
ii' ,iz;
tnna:tM
r&.Ll
dd b
84.t.
drl - at t^h N
^at
l. Cl@.t'o is ot?rsd hy to B of tb. ton b.tl,
o'a]od&
at 'mtal's d eve ord. boMd from
Dngsn:
I Tb6 (x6 hdi-r !i nd trali .b :
n urd li) to r lpo.ic .insl. d.y
rx

b urd

(i) foq48r oIeF G.6 stli ad rr ri I

ti6?
Eav M! da!' d'd eh 4d d

xMa

() ro . !!3@ iio! G8. trlu

. or, e @o4onl rt Lrl4

bt t ditir.

lab

sla

[tu!
hl/l1d
Uay

8t!h
Ol
!'eh

!, ru

Dk.nbr

ntl i rura
rtrs.
rlaa jV
ri il yr nc
r.tD ji

n motrih
next nonih
b4t non
bs, oontl
two nronihsllce

!a!, ,r! dag,

ibu!/
dN/dii

By sen houshry MYsltmter)

2 8

rlLa

heftlt

$s

(OctobeF{ov.nbd)

ilty ssn (D@mbe.-Iuly)

hot, n gey 3M (rc-A!il)
r rL @r4 h!@,ibo
ie

bom

tsd o .h dry

a iid {: dry @rd@ q

'

Lesson34

onsy ardMrkefng
l- ThcucmJin Nigcria,nriil Jn.ry 9?3,folos
tle forDerEnglisl lilling s) siD of lontrds, chilirgs
ond Fe, btrt lRd it\ o\ nisil cois, I Jstruty
l9?3. Nicer coryeried to d decirol cu@ncy bsd oD
rhe Ri; {t*). \hich quli[e tone! t0/ ;ot. one
t" is dividq ini. 00 106 (k) c\fttrcy cs sro
isud in denonimtiors of liro, *. i*l rd 50k, Cbins
isued re 25k, rok, k, lk nd lk.
an re@ncyof lb clangems ttut tle nrDcsof
revis]yi\suel unitr rc sii vidy nlloye, For
xsmDli2 knosn.e li pound).lok 3s r
(shi;s rhtrghnos ony dir;d i;to ro Lyr!
,nsid ol 12) 5k r5 tr.i (fomdy 6 rmb).
U! t 1960a of !(b0, @il losn ac rhi s*
Dtd. Tnonshtis "@in asonsbeenout ol te
t nD is siill hdd in !rcvebi. ud oth. sFlizlil
2. T[e follo\ring chasn Enres the ostrgcanil tlEi.
drdt (19?3)ritisl znd ndien ves :
Bttt
laflM
Akhar
-\'r.
Nisian
Vol6
YallB
xiseria
(dpt@)
vntu6
l ott
lo"pmr)
!6.30
{10
6.0,0
$5.20
,3.1
t2,t0.0
5
s? 60
,r.0.0
tt 26
t3,04

tr

50k

r0/-(:120d)
5/ (- 60d)

63p
32P

, r! it 8ls u.J h ntu rr

tr,62

or &da,

2n

22\

(r[diur) rl da (!.)
l,r
l0k

2/6(: 30d)

/ (: r2d)
6d
3d
ld

lk

15!
6p

B&

.d rd 6 t!!

l6t

it pri@ (1. give ne)

20k

7r.

??

(Lt !) ya ri

td

(t!d:)

t"

3. f t tu for Do.y, Ltl i! !e ous o sEtI @dr

!. Thoush rEdr {tiL it4 more ;od6m reffuG) ;
loe iqdw Esrrdds sirsdsr ic is !iUotun u!.il
s . !lq8l, e,g.E&l dl tldl f ,1, bl !i dt .n. ,o ,@
h@ (envl M.yt
No,I.Ior't h.l@r ) th6.

I ofie (yd) rok

rede (re Pn@)d E
I Fil (tLe ?ric) by 5k

4. U.rs cutucy terN (&m ttus.efd to @mlioti@ of @im Bth ii.! to lirgle @iM) :

r indse (nt otrd) !y 5k

?lk

ant/at

tlk

di

:lk

Lhtl,

jara

itli

l0k
N.
11

I Bsm to sll (!t you! !iee)

liz

lax (you) norcy | (i.a the

200

hv @nr/Deh

do yo

6. Tbe aouwibgohs snd rp@ioG cr ihl'o!ts!! in

."td l: turtd, ?Fclw6, hrgainrn?). See els io
vocabularis efit diaouesoI IffiB
13 16
p ! !ic on this (item)

rldln|

ra () t

E dd .rl

(!) r

or

d|(

[oF nuch dos tb cct !

! ; . rir. clFcnr y

(tscisry irr hu4hE

us bsi
'r
rr ; blr hs sd rh! b(d oailo
Dn inl e 001s
r iohbl]16rrb 3is sr&i.
tisn[sr

223

vl ra
L$on 35
laEily

adl |.i'lhip

youig6 !td
o sister
lalf brcrhd (: &r of !e

fetDs

r, Esus fMy Md rnjp t3nns do oo D@tily

@ftsloDrl ekily
Fj E!! Inity d LiEh
tm.
1! rm !eil blo F r[d; mDloe t;
pME sod labsl$s
o;dd
4*ig@t N
ri oug bt le Ea@ s!k!g cffiuiy
'dpot
to
r.'t
.!@o ilsigBiio.
8 I,eu 22, wim
? (),.fd a st.9 of eoe of ih* tds r Mulin,

(- Dldividul)

8+it! (: il4ghtr oI
rcheB ui stds'

mother, matnal aut

pntds ut, fst's wif
(noto!'s mother), nated
IM

o andat (shae
Ieter, p8tma uacl
motr, n8tmal rut

yl

er
dd
Irl|i

ba

rar& ii

fily

(nm's NiIe or wiva

laMt8 (n8y bo jncde

ohd sniorreLtiye)

elde brote! r
I S@ro.hd r r|g. 2!r.

!|.

Itr !d, hE trds

o*i D,r b. rPpnd b ,rr
r

d&'ur.-

lihEi

ud

221
Fug6t

sn d dughter

yous ns! (ae !!!4tY)

td@n (!4. 'y D4.) yos wonan (eier !ube/)
5. GmdpFots sd srudcilil:
g.adftlei, gnnd4orLr

irh
Jld

g|uiboD, gEdibght.

Le$on 36

Psr3@-EEcthotrounssd Plool [ablor

r. 4thoug th wio *t of HB prM$lec
!loo@.8 intrcdncdi! iLe 8l.rmd stior of tLn
o{)]ltr (F,.Mm 7,12,16,18,20d26),ir b nbful
to b r1. to lof to te *t in ohs foh * r.[.
2. ft*
r tm beic *t of IMI4E4 prcnous:
8d I- 1zhtL-te ut \d sd II-lL la'-bt ..t. The
cd!tiye, relf,tiv @npiiv, oltinnstire, rcrtivc
@nttiv, ebitu.l ril fturc II es@t e ht otr
ilo Lgh-toleei-Set I. Te sbjctiv d fute I
aIE8 N blt oDth lov-ton s{,t--SetII.
l$a<:ln m Frgt 226dnl 227.)
3. Tvo mshlEtiM DlLe ue of di olj*t ptuoutrs
(plN tL. inpor3@ r) e letutr-s5!@t lmos G4
mti 4 h.lor fG the dit obiammm liltl - t[
ti @ruilucrion (F l*mtr | 61ina he regsiive ir ch
rea ill lDwiv @frucio! (@ en 8).
(Se clls m ?ogd 22atrhd229,)
4. 1 mn-p-i preolE hsy !l b @rvoiotr
ctlil, DjsrsioN of Jhw psnoum sE fuil iD th
gnhsfolws: inilpaddt,Iisn
6 ; i@pablc
Md *laBhle lossiv, IasD 9; dn*t and indna
(Se.ahartn ra4e 230.)
b. En-. ndt$M pt@h' !rc fomed in HNsa wirh
(utrrly) it pltrs iL son fd l&rd,5e,/-kni, and thc
jnspor,e
lo$sive prenon$ su,fixd to it. Tsc

o !r - r . !e

r:
al:
i ; r v r :

l
E!r,r.!

': F:-ir:
2

CJ

3EE41

:-Sig$"

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t z

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l

nilEtEE
3

e*

:r*"e?!
s

5 e r ! ; s e ! 3

:E i E

2 ZZ LEa!

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1.9fi13tt

3.

T
E,*g

:szczzzilz

P]

i.

'

!:.

s
:

-. .

- !

E
,E

=t

;rufte

$ Ile#{
'

.9

re=-g
442
.i

r !.i
:
*

E!

-s

:
t

e2

5 -es

i*trm

E::rg:

;f;

?RoNowrs@s

lomB .rc odi@nlt prc.dtil ly s nomial, olt n u

ilitprdent ?renoun,-9.:
I nwll
dlrano No ourd dlrh.
selves
you your
.i dra!& yotr yeu k il tlnlr
svs
a dL!l you ()

fu+,a

+g*;+
I
3

ittati.e,

lr : r ! e

i
^!ttrt

iyih@seleg

.dlu
ti8,

s/ir

lE , etc.

^ali. era.).
Or.thot oJryte, that o! hira.l,
TL ihiA pmtr fons n.r be pleeiled bI noN, e.g.:
Audq his]f
! ila lL.a
iic6 dttus or pmpethemwlG

Foilog s s few tt?io *nple

a! gu

of t $y thes

rht ila s fo ne, I didn' sil

( n d a r & k L lr $ ,
You youEls hov (it).
ji
di (ill) ltila !. abh dyt I n)nf b@rd wt e
T6Xve comiitil si
cido (r'l- Liled tLem

a .t 4
.

r l p : !E

h;imsu
sI Ldslf

A! oM, i6 d@, er... e

+iErE1 !

vo!se

.br d !t!r
it il Lltl

m $D,

231

.{ non, i!, i ud ro ntr ea.h odw, e-8,.

Do yotr loo{ acb oiher -1
ru !a! jli ?
g g. i!e.
TheX s* roh other,

r33

Vdob

L I drrN nle l)r . iLc llge subcdg.ry o verldt.':

! rroduct.ol b !1,.d.Jsri6.Jr'on, ,e L.son 2t,
l'
'Ihc '.x
.lu!,dr, suJo al.o Ffcr o r,. cl$iic:oL
tsfrc'l l y B. I . ALr,h ' rn tn^ lont !f his ic.
r '. ;j ' r 'm ' ( l 'or hi r k d i r .l ,be
.. l,k
,i"n^r l
"f
"r ,J

1. 1 dldt@id
of vebs|s pr@tld i hm lesm
vil@ tLo gdr i!o chru @t3g | whs, spaAtatd
w o M - p a w ,

f !1" f.rlh
Thcre fllo'' r fan,A o ri.
'idroty
lusns
sr.n4d
eoodiu
to P* ubs
ucsrtn n the*
,rtigor5 .
r4'v'ng qDr
"rth

Leson37

2. m. sptc,d*a wak n llsm @ Iieited to r srde

4pe. They @ divisi16 to o soups :
ol Toe vhi & !@ded br cn pffi-epeu
pMou (id E @rr i@) :

! (*e Ism r8)

r (*e Irsn 20)
() Th@e ehi.[ M folosd t rljr rmn-qe6
pmu.
T4e:
rl (s Ie 16)
(se I&oD 16)
. {m Ia&r l8)
It (@ Is! r8)
,a (otpiotuly t du@d)
rr ( pviouly teducil)
3. I\eM -a.Fawbatc t a grclp of fou rdib pbicL
fotiotr clu@ $ rdbsb but tt o D*so! sD*t
psoft. Tbey ror goym iti@t (bu;o Ddft)
bjc(e lson 3). Thy re:
il (: sri D.ding $il fhction) r
, i!

d probbry . lhrenng oi i

. . . ., oi. d . . _.

l,|J r ,.uJ. I r o.- - u!.g'v d

@ ni i i n8 ut r r 'u..i r i v
sb, do noLclbbs
r
n.lm'bv6r
tq
'qls tpl 1ur'u
or
iis engtn) befoB !
thcir finsl
G!@!i
'li'{ objdr. TI'F* soLs msy sov4n dird r/or
'ndiB obl or. rn Nr M6, ' folowdhr tro
obj@t !t !n (ddroDgh rn ojct mnst f.q4tX ba
{up!e ,n LheEossLi,rrbqlarion).Gmde I \a,s
h'g\r b.naFmqsnd.rd
"rdrM'lv lJv. n'gh lo\,
CruJ vfr'/ 'ofl, vprl d orur eninSn -s
,\hi"l' emrlo).n in r' @h inmrivp r'.Fl
c n !i .c i )
v hn. i , Le
"La' noL f"los pbr
rrinurip Npqa. .,n ot.je t fooq . e ba c fl,
l ' l .oI'- \u,
r *lf ir 1ploy.J r u' ( ;'- l Iv
' .sx!.1r \ - r l"
f u1fl i ng fofl 1 r l ,i 'L
1 1 \" r i r p{l k
,14' ,! .' k \r nal l',or
e \o\"
{i 'a
(*o
(,)).
ronisi
hson 19.w.tio 6

ry I:\v.l
.abi
b,4ra

{B I r& r'4'ds4an4
i{d;tr L!"1;8io
''
beors !.n t[o dnd ii[ bE d{.[rce!nr,L'L q l,
vL u,oi 0Llior,j.cf

r.' d. Lnrntn
Lrtu
dt
'i '.
ili lnlr rhifl). v! lfor' ro6i. d

reu dn).

23.{

il35

le is .hA thc oric

eul LDl irii d

@nghi n'c thc os
hei6ctchingthehors

!s

wiion s. or tlp form trey te hefole nxliEt

lie fllocl b] no obje.t
objatr) or, ir no {*i
at sll. GBd I vebs ordirily lav low-ish(-lov)
iDne DsttenN Md in -' (*e belo*).
Th; {sl om of iL rcrbl non oI G.|de Il
vdbs h the srm shsps ! the v*h vher no obj@t
llrtry Grade II vabn ho$e!r, l.ve
lblo{s.
vanuN t)A (Lur nc!of
\*l,slnun.ot
rFgulsr
ih. -s r'fir ty!, x@,i vith hil shich Lrs
spdisl isory). T[iE v*]tl troutr Dt bc 6xd
hy thc -r/-r gnitiva.link, plls loun or lrolou in
th rc@o. f$in for nouN to fornr o co6irnotitr
tl,t cfton& to tsrd trnslstsinto -Ergli\hs)
r v*b plu{ d'ot obje con{d.iion. Il0 iDd4t
objcct o@un i vdb orn (sLich in t gl8de 3
rn*islonn t) irm!oyed- iJe Le$on 19 lain 6-

'E
e ekinat imr
y.l a.Ebr5/ttbbty.B
i) Grsd II (or sjs1 vosl) vrn- dejr Irdd,
consisii.g of fr@iiv sbs vic cog th@
tminal vowelto . bforcr trcmu direct ject
andto -i b3forca nou deotobjo. Ths vdbsrot
8!vm diMr ud/or itliEcr object6(s r,*Eon 15,
t wtru r {i
rvbhrn to r

'ro

!br boh n forhd

8rr.bro dr, wilh I frins6! do th. fd.rn*L)

hels{eil t tdchr lor

r ri{oDg (or )ry'hisL ilnh

rd -.t ir pturouoobjet.

heiEdkin tc mhr

23i

29
tadr, hdi
aitt
1&6a
(.) GrsdeII vdbs - 3 e4 trde coisriry m.iIr of
lor-bgClov) to! inttuiiive vds it tnr
T vorl,l
-. dlr cqto iFgds. tlMitiy6,
n@n @rmty, ougl nt elt, my c
Iomed by dnply Dgtlilg tho 6 { of the hsio
fdn. Tho -ra sufEr is trot sed rc vitl th.
i.Fg.. ndl).
GBd I eebs uully .'npl, hiAhtonodfo!n]
-*/
b folosod br .n rli@t objet, e.s.
x !a tnl rar.t,9d @, o/
atm ! $D6 tn
Ive lom in { o. {with ",!
GBde Il-tE
tle
ehdse if rt h*ic toro i. Iow Ngh{ m_o. !n
(iob laxEa) sa, ttd pib'11ltJ Jn
.ftd
lir ; ta {6 i! dt, t @ Je p rc.

(d) Grde Iv vedx s d"n*.l rrdde of rers i s ldrc

hrlh lo\l hi) tone rdttrn rLLl " tninai _
th fofl ' f il,e vdb oftn
" thc
'orl
-c,nina;f
ndicts roc oonpldt. xtemive or torn.sL
rctin ih! t]e bNio fo. of tLc vrb. Gnde IV
ebd &c Nollt hnsitive, tlolgL tle .rc nay
connor nrxn'.s it tis cssrs \.ll
T[o prim.rj erbdl dh is lonied ke tl'ai of
Gloile I {i... \ith -ri if no objc lolo\a). some
conno. Gdd. IV vorrs horc 's6nilry ol
nuns'sNcl.'.$e.intlccontinustiesPccbtn
objc lblo\s the rdb tclf is enplo)rd (as in

-e

it
o-rPr:i.
I is openinstl'e door

[e o)enedce d@r fDr

!e iJ olenin{ hedoo!

ILEh
:i

clirt
Eighl Ei,:,

jty
bld
dsu
rnv

c!
sil
lsh
k{dr. ro

rneh
rr
i
rli!

249

ii38
lwtiae

b!
rtu

lttMita

aaa.atr
ne

Vhs

rrt
c

l
(d) Gdd Y Eb6+ dted gtud" of vdbs \ith [ishhiehchid) tone pattm eld a tml -a. The
moiDg ully 6usive, ough oter, ls !alic.l,h@ilgs ftquotlX @ur. qt.il V vdbs
lre t sitive but reoir the relster ita to Dreoede
th diMt ojot xclt in the +a orn G.g. yi
3.yu/6t d !l ux
r.ilha !n, tu eld
'l)-GradeL
T! v6al non 'Ib fored lilc th8 of
Not th3q f@ te -rr snfir yhn m ohjt
follw6,t -& sylbb i3k6 fliDg to. wld
e obi folw8 i! te conii4utive, the v6b iteif
is mDlored s GadL

UJ Gode VI \ crbs+ dzndr sndeof v{bs } i3 higt'

bigL{-igl) on pat6n sd t ttnilsl -.r: The
!enn@ *Di0v indicat6 hlt t antiotr h8it
referoi" r m v'is oopieted ,n the vicidty f tlLe
$erc of tl conversstio\ thogi t@ a@ cn!e!
Dasngss Nell. Gil LI vdhs deived fron
tlose
iritiae vdbs re ordi@ily tmitiv,
driverl feh trsnsitive erbs a odiBrny
T vrbsl ND is forned lit that ol G.aile V
(inchdibg tL faiiry iore on t syshe pMedig
th -x smx). TLe pttn ref@ obj@is itr t
contstire i6 iLi& th smes Gnde v (d I
IV, t[ough {i}out tI chngein 6n @Fol
'!il
lenstbefFs nouDiirc46obj4).

h is tskiq norey out

rl n.tr Ei! da rldl
to} ney oufor
he is t tig aobet out

240

I$on 33
NoDiuab
. T cl$i@ion of noniuk lHdt3il
i th@
lssB ilivii@ ih rreop irto 6v csrcdi*: ird@dat, odj.iM, ad adtit ,@iM,I;,
'patqa'ua.

hrolght me th food

Iwstie

2. 'I\ g6p tqned, tulcp.nilantMritar! is the lrgs

3!b@t{o!- of troal!. It ilduils :
'ole {nmt of the m@ eDpoyedil th@ leru
whicbM not liltil in Iisd
10,2l c 24a bl@gnla

lirawlw

to @e of tlo o! flb@teqi6).

qFde VII ?elb3-8 ditl gnAz .,1 \rbs Nnn

(oF )lo I'g ione !.it3n
$d r t@al
-.
Grsd TII verE e iltitiy
l sy p*sire
ndng,
thoDg M drlitio.I oDotstior
of
pr*Dt.
or
is
ot
n
rllo
thioug*
!tntiaity
Ih vdb8l bo !!E iL -r umr, hi (trrik
Gad$ d VI) the prsedins srlbl rc8iE
high and tn vowel slo, .9. :
3 tia y s@nbled
(ihseYeE)

!i

tie*r
sUlg

ty

re

Inri'osari$ d iid.rn; @;iMb soh s thos

listd in I,s! 2, !4tio! 4.
Not thtrt ll rerrrmal r@
indtd i!
tsn 1ecio 5, excq'srl(hich d6ivstoF !
ve!b) !E ilenvd re alo!niletDo@.
3. 1lr gDup tae.d adjedrul Minz& i@!de :
ttecdelM
laest@o 23f6 s vituy ofuptet
stingofihoe@lloyd i the lsD),
(ee Iaes
rt sDd 32 Md wtid 5 ol
Q,rjd!
4. Te srcup iarr adod,ir.@nt'z.b jnctuds:
,rderilno@ GeeIN 24),
IntenolatDee nd.fuitznm. ucbs thos lisdin
5- Ts.or temed ,?ctlds iDclud |
,Sp*'jrr GL*n r0),
Iqrosatbe \\d ,nefat spbjds srctt rhoic
Iistd ir l;essn 21, soiion 6.

243

242
6. T gm? t nil ?DMiMb

(Isn

bsin,

36, sotior 4)

lp 1,M
lw L*ot 6).
(w laa
I Nambb ps w s* prw
Di'ar ojat wM
(w tM
16).

9),

. Nou pluals N itivisibl jfto fou nrjor ud

$vd ho cst4gori6 (@J,eson22). Thnljo.iiy or
e ?ur&lizoblnonasvlich @u i! the aocbridof
te lesm e iBted belo* nniler the spproti6t
plusl cs sd shclrsGtior. Sone word! mur
noft trn nc3inenor th! B siDgplu$l fm is

iM

rco6lg nute.i.

(e aborI ()(n))

ti, in

f!!i (* olo II () (ii))

l6,lidn
nd!!lt{

nre.n1cl

sool (w rlx rv (a) (i),

w ()(i))

Einfd

(of sovo.nert)

(Filci ani@l (Beeqko Ix)

L Plu.l Cbs I -l 6i& . ig t! (c : f!l

@reMiof sinsuldfotu):
|liEl, diEDI
Bietr{w sls IV (o) {i) end

v ()(t)

..tblti, siilod
.rr|" erl
bllla, DttH
itabbl, itbbl
dturya, dnlv
t t !ri, t rt6r
nr a, iilll

ho"pri.l
tr@
gw hut, ]mlet sisll
(donestic)MiD
wo it
L@ (*e s dltion r8)
lonp, lonter Gee els V

()(t)

L Piur&iClsU- -ci nding, ]l but 6l i.nc ligh

rY (d)
rv (c)(i))

ff

() (i) trd

III ()

'ri!,

iwn, drtt nr
lrili, .teati

cock Ge ls IV

k) {i))

211

245
hor (se elsorr (z) (it)
!

arEq sDur

lasElrErd

ldgo l&, plotrsh(w rle

doey (seesrs Y (o){0)
body (@ !s u {a) (ii),
II (c)(it)
eed (@ ssoIl () (i), (a)(i))

hole(e de u (d)(i), Ix)

"hi"C

(i) siqe:
h@n, nulra

un, hd (w sm II {r))
had(e !s tr (r) (i))

tlllra, tra

ole(w lsoII ()(ii), Ix)

clir (*e dso v (a) (i))

tlrl rlrl

rail, *Eilul
blh, batllul
jtI, icLulrEri
rg-,isurud

nout (&e boII (4)(i))

brg,l{200
body (w sllo rI (d) {i),

.e II (a) {0,

rr (d)())

0. Pu.l Clas UI-c

endi8, igh-lo*bigh toD
pstt3D (c : r or 6sl mmnmt of sinsd. foF) :

n k) fi))

,.1 lara
dia, illiya/dlrira

(t sinple:

!, riyur/{wnt

ody (e

.d (* sr6orr()0, (c)(i))
dos (sa ssolv (u) (i),
rY {d)
life

sin, rco6s ardia (e

am, bdd (*

al& Il ())

,, ij
ev' (ting) (w l$ v (1,)
and YII (r)

246
() .lc eldilg (c : fnel ots@nt o singul.r fon) :

s.k (tirg)

L!!r!,

Lhl

Iad,tird

ainqrtdtJa

it, ttttlfri

id, ri90

241
nbrle (ss,rr rv {4) (ii))
les G4 .lso Iv () (i),
IV () ()
b@k (s* r&o Iv (a) ())

3ch6 (seebo I, Iv () (i))

11. Plusl Cls lv-ri,

-, .i -t!.ling,

() Rdupticitdor *rnalil:

(i) Sipl:
fed (e sLo Iv (a) (ii))
mtah, c@L G* ale U

(z)(t)

|nrl, Xlfott

ohi (*o 8le II (d) (i))

s b im1

dtt,lnnbi
ulEt

Ll|l!.i

ltta $arillri

ied Ge ssorY k) (t)

hist8ke (s4 ds Iv (a) (i))
ook (e* 3!o w {a) (i))

sis{@ l$ I d IY ()(i))

0 sin:

ar,dr.i
t viLi
jlrl iird

s8n (s 3r!or !!drv {o)(i))

scloi Geo!o IY (a) (i))
ted (Fe also Iv (a) (i))

!@t (m.lso Iv () (i))

ned(3sls Iv () (i))
aaiL, t$I
doDy(sa &ko II (o) (i))

dos (s .ls. u () (,

rv (d)

I Nob !r trr! d .r&'hE Ge ta.!rr4

sho (ins) (ee sso IV

() (ii))
stI, cln (&e also I and

Iv (c)(t)

249

244
ewo (@ .bo IY (o) (i),

rv {r)(D)

sb@ (& Lo I, Iv (d) (i))

(ii) Rdupli.atd
:
arja!,aaiajj;!

(d) ..! ndins(rii sisl

dos GcersolI (i) (i), rv
(a) (i))

12. PlrC$s V -ic./n cbding(c . iinl @r\r!t

so| (tLiDg) (h rlso lV
()(i))
ne$ (3e 3l$ Iv (,) (i), lv
() ()

Dt.f,

d!a!ra!

vord

(i) sibpl :

tlr4 n
evn (tnins) (w lle II (a)
rnd YII ())

r|4 rr
tdbl

rrd

cllii, Eiool(@ .ls I rnd lv

{) (i))

(ii) Rrdup@trd:

{) - e.dins higb'l{-hisl toDp.han:

old (tg)

(D

C. Psl C'lasYI---., -i ndigsvit aitgutrndng

260
() -i @dirg, .l !!i 6nl sylbbl his tn ($ne d
oge n Fodtint vo*) :

251
t6. PIIEI Cls YIll ' -.rl/!rl
all his] :

i6. Pm Cla$ Di
(.) -r ddi.s, 3Ut!6 hi8

cndg, tonsarc usly

Bll igl :
- {ding, 1on
($ild) niDsl (seelsoI)
hol6Grls II (a)(i),I ()(ii))

14-PlrlCl&$Vu-othe plBI! enilgin a :

{o) -icc./c. ""din8 (Y: vowel of 6i!sd fotd i
C : @nmnt o siDensrfom) :
ig (!irs)

i. ?uol C8s X rilupeiieo plnmls:

oldk (seesllo U ({) (i))
tri*n, lr-it

cr*..ira.rrca ils

Nstiv Adi6rtuion

evi (tbi!s) (@ ro l- (t)

EdIII (o))

sdl,s,4nia
i i.rd
dl 106 no! classit'bn 8ny

llL.r4, Eaulr
!n dtirr
banf/&rndttra
lsre hoe, llous {#e ado II
(d) (i))

a.t, ttltrr
cm@

P@!, sill

P Fou.
Supplement.y Mateias

Lson39
I4ttd Yitirg
l, in! nitiDg jl IaE i bdit'omly dd @oairg
to & btd p@ibil orilio. The tu 0@63 of tli
outiB e @h smled by strdsd foml&e.

2. 146 raddrion uuat:

[,On B.tr hrl
t tt! !a! ta t ilixa luu
ra drD La This 4 i! fron t bd f Md

Zlrl sl [aLEba
ti al .d.nl tL6
&l

To Ms]m Is
To tL !!otad
MIaE Ssi

3. m. op ing zatusra?L ir tl[y

tr]rd l!

Fith

rrl
dr
.6
n rr
ili
O.irltI
vdl
my
ud
,fioiion
ud
spptue
enil
G@tig8
||!Jl-_da
]( irl
.Bi!c, rd t.ta tui
f.i6tbbip, I !0!6 you !o h6ty-t you eit
t'nr nLl ta r.ihl D! r a!. tli
you fsmilr r-j!t
s re are *. Ieb
itbe

Mi teri ila sr6 da o tlDi

vdt buc
tbt I hveoppotity|
}8lPy
,ru
m!tl r@a!
rrn dnil t! di
Eiie yo tis dl letter i ild to Mi?o
ho.
barl, (u) bru
y!
(oq
ftd or slsBtiol
levs of

26

26i-

U ie iter is not $el hom to the add he vil e

tre r laagraph .t the ssuttiB to inthdtr@

TbE odiig is, howercr, being dilpl.d by is 116@

qujerl@t .LI li @. d t mc fomu6 s :
fl !,...

4. T\e od.!o iE hud i,sn intriltrc.d by eh 6ucl

B

sri&..

. . (often !b

breviid8/o)
itrsreetss...
n.iiln dl rtlLa rl . . . I Hiveil yo ltter
dl'
Ill

.{nil d t i...d
t!ienl...

Ini
I u

infomg you. . .

Drr f,Iu!.

ff tis. . .
..
The hody of th litr sI @Eo to svd4l pdsg4?ls
d r @ntsi?!tvd ih nitq is sekiry to eonEuict. It my ad t smetiry like :
3.iu!DqddtL&
Ul net.
6. Tl LNI pdorw?h *ill twicaUy qjo th !@ivd
to gret mtuliienils md ek tu's lsig, e.g.:
6.i it! Er!t!! ri
dllr dt Alit it det
Gr(rb)uld
r md ,{.ud ud GEbs
dt [u$
idn r
dl t rdtLh nEll
.d mt of acqutc$ rtro orc n@r you ,
n
hi E httl.
tEi!.
Godn3) l giv us h.4li!. In@.
6. Th tBditioDsl adtry i! te Ebic signing{
follored by t uitlr's sigai@ :
lts t.t (,t.... dd
Ea td/wtdB.
!oee).
' or ft.tt

t. ilr d...

{it !)!|r\...

l
abi,!r|...
!!tr..

I tm Fu frimil . , ,

269

,son40
Prov@branil &iddlot
1. Th EauslMgmee is ich in pbvrhil md lhorisic
qlBdions
(rnom $ !ri! D&L
lilealy ttglitd
@rd) dil t* lby !idt
rce ir Hsns ste@h.
& in lgih (8nil probby every oihe erguss) ihe
hoducor of s prcvb &t th dght monnt cm b
huc noE efrctiv in n8kg 3 poift rhe t!@t
+llmio
-Are, $ X.gish, ibe Br*q F oftd
mr 6llulo to s llovqb to noLe bis poht (nthd thm
sting te ehole ploye), iepodi.g n! tle lister
2. Wlie
pydbs
mny of
Lm's
pbvdhq

3 c@pe g of ev@ tle ndi !@ii

i! losihle *,
th fooFilg Ib old@
t most oonnoD. Th stidt is EfeEeil to
Didnmw d i wo! @s[ col|ciom of
$c s xat ,{drr@ (sLil'
Corlorrtin,

196 .ar . I. M. Ek qeo A. ItMe Ba DaboBt N.

(1966)- Te mo oondte oleation js tht by C. J.
mittilg (1940,rpnil 196?). T8t by G. MeEiak,
r90,i, uJoDtely, ont ofllint rnd !!t ili6cut to
(6) PrcvEbs qoilg to prold cmduot :
(1) .! lir cii! ga.b!aa. Lesvhechickd its
a8. (i-.It l*ling dgsi,)
(2) E ltif, !n r!id. llf oe doeE)!o ong, ih
(3) D Eur& t rsr stnE tb ttu, Ratler
thm (ilmcg) d lil il,n o ( wnd l !nr
nnsn GmLsoo !3).

sdsd to) rcfup to l6ve Ois pl.e). (t.a r6ve

vll aongh 8lm d Dd't rtt hpt wl8t youft
@Debleof p{oil!.)
(1) . Di's!i;rri
o: If I.d (only)ioo@
(k) l.ok ol (oe's) hqd. (rt.aNo e oryils
ovd milt nilk. Fhst s itorc iB rlorc ud moi !e
uilo; d You Lrro Yerith it,)
(6) Dotm! sbe. r *ta th!r8. Idi.ho ssle
of tomfr's fooil e @6 the @kia Do.
(t.a Dot sloil you oro tondre y-ing
(6) oid tiy! salio sbda. (II v'g) tvo hom6
(!Dvids) prct!4tio (ogsimt) e outbrea&of 6r.
,.e. Dot put Uyou esg3 oebeskt)
(7) s.! rsi, hll ti. (ff ore) .efws uot*,
(oDe)rfus o@6eu. (ia {i8gdils .@ on
(8) rrlrDbiDi lrir, 3.i d L4. {Ii rs ?ue)
nedl@nms (on t p,.i ol) te sot (to tlirk
crrd) eret the hym (itho ilisste..) (t.?.
Dotr'biihlt tl nnpcsibe,)
!Edtq
iD !n'a a ll d..rg i.
{9) rite
Irb (pElued for) s qy nomjn8 d&.1,jn t
(ppviou) evoi.s t!y,E tied tosetd. (t.s.
orewMed b folqned.)
00) tl. yi tniDh!!!ld, \a!vd,ruito.
l@t aft. xou otu neds. (i.d.Doplilo! Xousu,
dotr'i glolee ofr oih6.)
(r1) Ewdrr b.bdi! r.rl.
GMd
(12) BnEr gtti stn!!i sij.
rUov. (i.e. B defd aol t! !6
(3) d hal hnr rrii. Brsking {iil von't bing s
(dom!t) 6ft to tunc. (i. Dont ileped oD
mm@ne/&eIingtal r t iLte job.)

,G
() ove.s qloing eiivity :
(4) nl y e,' tthi t! ere ka.' Godsays,' Get
q, (nit a) let ne eb yu.' (t.. God elps
ts wo LL themelves,)
(l) dt!i! nrr .i d rht. The v.lue of good
enF (is ir) nd.ldngNe oI it.
K@pig
06) B.n! raei cil tI r ngin yri.
stlmL
den't
L*!
:cmnt
in
loft')
io!'3)
(r.e.
vo
the
Sp oui
me
lone) fion Lnsd.
@n4 rcnsining silat or't slye t ?rcbleD.)
(t) D yyr.E si t! ct.' By ns ol d.i*les
rivr ibp. (i.e. Pesten@!F of.)
(8) Asi$|yIntu!
trcdtsive iEbet3 ihe
o cdc. (i.,. n ouoe of peyetiotr h bet@r
thu a poundo{ mity-)
(19) zntui tuli t3 t, GodrlatioNhips(d!ed
npb)rt. (i.?. The msintelmc goil rlrih6hiprbliro peoplerequiFsrrqueolvisitg.)
(o) hovdb8 *oning ?tiec :
(20) Eaild Es dlirt. Prtine
(2 .d
E.rlillcl.
p!i6i
w6tX !etM.
(22) ti ui yr r! drti dnb ra !n lEout.
piint peMn rll cookt stneMd ihink it8 broth.
(t.,. ?rtinc is e rt!e.)
(23) ! ilN hI t ! Evl', t! ji rnltlt. ' ll\vellilg) slowly docM't kep (orc) ftum aFivig,' sy
t to.iois. (i.r, Slov ui suE.)
(24) Yr dl shet iv, Trlynit tonoNv (= littl
by litlc) yo wi[ ! abl. (i,s- fe by ]itile orc
on moonp thg-)

261
(25) Yr! d hcrhl yr ri aUl sid! rij\ra. {Doing a
thing) iiile by littl thb hrl it posibl o. he
ridl t ilig & e. lt,a. Pqsete!@viu ont-)
(26) zRl ila m

di.
CDilg
'ihin
'r'i
'tl
(,
'l
d
6ni)
is
beter
t..
coning
son noney
gooil tim. (.a It is bltt3r t Eive Itt tiih even
s 3ns[ gilt sn to Mi @ siiL nohing.)
(d) Pbvs ssts lets of fe i
(14 Dd tilI n!. Nisbtb'me (i:) th.loa of sil.
28, Do! [uura
ti n drl ba rl rtwl tl tr.
B.s@ your url na bMme Iour snUis,Iou
{onltu't out it 06 ed ilkclrd it, (i.?. Oe@uot
t I'sdoDihe fdili3 of dds depr&trk.)
(29) oat. dacaEri. (Eydyorc) inlon e (@6!.)
infit of!n. (i.a vm the s@ta3ba st@!.
tgo) iH D..r4. Tbe bodr (h) i.om6. {i.a Iat
vou sneihhe vou suido -i@ ovdo tliqs.)
No bsttr hoq oDs
{31} ir !In; da;rd rl
'r.
(t.aE
lty cloudhs
tie iaht, moEiDg'iU @me.
oa, Ever silenceis sPeah,
32) xlrn Er Elri
(ia Silr@my be gi8!i4!t.)
(Ao4 th ows of
(93) ,lhn rnolJl a ttDbl'i l
the a ole 3ondsL the fs@. (i.t, One'r{e
o*s wbri is in on 's he&i.)
34) lrho ilr D d. ,{r old loM () a klojng
(35) rv br.! jrn. T[ t'tooer (,. borbe)
dom't ile (t be) tatooeil- (;.2 Oft $o chets/
us oteF d@str't like it {b@ tL bl6 .rc
(.) Pronds doling wii! ds

tnil efreot, rdy.

262
(36)brad! Lfu tes.t y. lhr !s tet,
TbL! to ile cicko te izrd rl&D}rrter oma
b@1, . (i.e. SoDgtr sdsnt 6 trdgh !o eirtue
(37) ri !i y. ri! i!i mti, T[e on wbo (sLd])
Ls mB w l@k fq tue. {r.?- Dr6ond@[
*
iils u.l*
he ldl sa a :el$
for
(38) . [ t n ru| Dst! Dty&r. 'I so E
(it) ' (is) t rmedy for iis.
(39) Irnka! !ab, . an nEl.t.
T mggo id te
4t b itself mei, i.a It's,ll ! !@,
(40) sn b tl rka b@,"
The nrltN
rlod'
d*oeld ritont M.
{t.,. . (dire) l4t ito4
rct 6ne oul thout. esM.)

(41) ia. nite mil d ti 8tu1i. chddoesn'r

laow fs uti it b[D hin.
ff) IdoelsDou provrb6 iDolvils @nlNieD :
(42) !Li! !n, !ld . ohif's fiiad (is) s chiof.
(t.d. Th6 idd of !m.
hjsh pditib sbres the
positior.)
silYt3ge of ihs
(a3) la !.do! bed !. KidnN is s hd to ep on.
(i.r. Dog E fsvou is s eed invstnat )
(44) ni sI *d.
God t Cif (of chiefs). (..
(45) D !rl!& sir. h.ti! [t. i&i]d libatr dlN
ett* Uck oilco. (rt.. SaU a oaf is htter
(46) Dnliy E4 it ci c. T woril iE s pegisa
moan. (r.e. No one loovs sL8i ir cne of rhe

presmmy{ bor a sid, ,iae, alegd,

d..)
(44 cer rr (o r5 L&i) ji. Seeinsis benrrhar (or
c[Nd .vox) !ing. (i.e.Seeilsis bevig.)
(48) Oskir l LFsh. Tnt bir |Itr ooney
(i.e.Eoh6iJ t L*t !Licy)
lln. opot).

263
(49) Ol'n gr ri !o. n lpt ir mother's
tom (s bt) ..&blit (t.e.A !en vo is inlor
tMt in his om tom is jugt e"oter otdi!tv ?Mn
(0) seD m6yl r L!. shoot's (snets)
the toi is better ihm nising (conpletely). (t.e.
Es r loaf hettd tha tune,)
{tl) Jlli y rlr ii. Te hody is beitq oi @rEilgl
healingthsn e4. (t.e.ff or rsesto stento
ailvioehe viu be tngbt by h&.dhcks.)
Kin
itt w! hi w! bs. e Sod-a (is)
{2)
not Sconiko, (i.r. TL sin snty of two th!8s is
m syls ibuL tI F the sme.)
(0r r D r.dl b. lDIi y a bLi! lt. nven
is ta,!n{oe@ @tnt)
iLous !o ndumot
rie is ioo bie fo! ih moih o cickn. t.,.
Snoh-ed{uc iooDetle obviou.)
(4) L.qrr! id elrd !. ila is *@h.
(65) lsb! !u ra da drh. Laok of owledgs h
dekd te t tim. (t.a. T!rc is nothing
vore thu ignormoe,)
(56) taD ya n
PNNins Goneting) bet'ter
'ylti.
ih e4tie ( trss it). (t.,. Posesio! nin
(s) Prevdhs fo norc sp&islizeil siiu&tiols l
(6?) i!! !u,I nr ita rarray.. (It is) Northles
(.,.
Fok(for)ebld.niol!ise&iiolook.
ilnstrtion of o suprenerse of eflo.)
(64) trEi iinl eli!. ? \{o d om reekblooil flon e
o@ 1 (i.,, Yo m't get bloodf.on a storc.)
(69) Biilaoa tsbr. Th Kr! rriwsy sfotiotris
n?osibh. (i... Not s c6r@ snrFhse.)
160BNt i tri d. vot16 orc !s! cs*d
's s els ore. {i.e. Ts vills au@redeao!
orhe's tch.)

l4
If lm,k
{6t) t!!iyiEatir.!ar.datrir.ldil.
&yiigifr you, ilon'youtueishtfd
n- (t.e.
I do 8@d to yon, dd' you Epsy n vih 1.)
3. Aiirdkj arc 3 @mon fon of 3w word 4eo.
Rdills N t !io[y p@tit a6 stdn3 (i!!er
ibe 3s qu*i@). IJ the s@r i rtnpd by the
ridillIeeiredyl!ttrl
I sieup lli.I sru!tu
,i? rd), Ee tho told tle &rd.
4. ThfoloiDgholbt ofd.liu4 is 16 b|gely froD
q. U@icL, @ Pdr,Indon, 1906:
(l) Bkr$ 3dad.rr [utl
il]tl. l'l@:
Old
(ut
I
8ve
otry
on
it
he)
r(l0
tld.
eon
t@ket.
lM:
1! !thI.
(2) El. l da, aErr d rlji
l,|.6:
Wlaa ita
.rr. I'.thd b hut {br) j b.d i6 out
siil. l'tlia : Fjr. d aok. (t a iB *6 bit
iBiil of huiefor
& ile oke shm out
'!mt. d tbntrgl a gN Fof i
thmgh s d6r, {itrdow
re*nble s vti. hd.)
(3) Eryi d.r. ta lah biy!. l,t.@:
Wai!. A
iilg p.t ilividiato ttu. lM:
ltolrc.
(4) ana!t dr4 E.d.utl
:
trr.. M
(bnt)
Its
Bttl
nnb
100
ta.
it oly h6"
otr
(lt.
Fp/strs
tyd.) l@d I A b!@b. (t.e. .L
agostriDgtt@ r{]0 o norc pie@ of gN togehe
(5) X&!t t ci ti itt. ti he Litra tl. lm@ :
Ee. TL mrltt $s elil trdlbla trp, ii lf
3 dog gling. ,4rea i Th ongls. (i.a Jtq o
!Mn frni$h6 eatiDghis tongue g06 'deg
uouit is mouih piciDgnp iL Eini.g foil.)
(6) Odtynr td itctli. B ni bas sdiylr, lsi ci
!. L n4{e, ;1*r | Dkda.il ciH. My m5e

!65
is pregn. I ilo{'t ridc tle Me. (I) ony ridc ur
born f@. .,ftrud : hn sith bcd n1 il
(7) R.w!i! r&ldy tlLriladet, ,r,sz"r: Aeyi.
The ctrief's tnrbsn rs impossible to Fnd und
(hh rdd). ,4",r4: .4.rcad.
(3) Dl $!rri 5b ll. lnsrd : IC$i. Tl' u
ol o Xoung Dn !s Do d@fly. ,e@ : r e9.
(9) i r. trytr,
!n j gr!, n j y64
dr, n t bn i! ba, ,4wl:
Er! Lar6 cili!
hrda. I shed ny calabeh. lsentouDost,
I *nt to ihe wst, I ruhdd, i !d'i driil.
-4m.r : -{ dg's tngle in is nouth110) Ut-rr, sao 3i. -,lN&yf : url, Thre each,
i io (ie) @nplet. lru1d:
Th tree st n*
on \ehioh Iros E st ve! nle: ! loca kind of
iov. (t... \o tsn is cohtleie \ithout coohng

261
() !.!

neet3 3l ieting in the eat ol the

Leson4t
Ir, e$a dt ,R.

Ailditionl Conve$atios

Liyl.

l Ii Is LecnloEiblt includeonlv a linid !rrEl

of t ?ica dilglqi!tbe re!lrldsr6. ls!! sl4.
titr, 8@,sed bpiolly pps below, Fdl rs$latids
obotgiyn. Wer dlloDltio ig @esry !tr st*isk
(*) !!em EfEilA the scudent t sedio 8, rot6, st

Kn r rya?
Layit.i.

2, ddition. 8ecting cotrdsiotrs l

l bi liG,..i I dr L m.

tun
o) ao! !isi|| Jil.tr (rLo h4 beensrc]) t to aft* r

[!d

!. sj ?
!

Boll
Irll
Bdl

xairala,tt ttlynt
lrrt ila.

l{ giil ?

[i!a

r, yrnji ?*
xAi iEi yu! dnuF| * sraiI
EeU Esl, rlrlr ! cls! oiti P
BeI

! dli ?

,,tutc.

YuEa, n

jiD ilt y!i,

B.ll

Ei, l yA hE it r..

29

268
3, Con'mstiolr doling vith foodine :
liy : Cl blslit * k,
ssn : !, gda.
Bt.
l

n:

I, lEEt hli tl ruta lNn

t..

A !:
I l|rn' Datlirrr ri$i da
BTfu Dr H!, El b jrri t
'|i.
Il:
f,lna!.&rl dartta dadll.
:

l,
la rlllrr darata.
'l!
lta !ra!, ta'l irshd * !a1,
:
l, rr! ii ! r. Ll ! ?
a&tu I. tfur r.!i iti \iht yas! P
ttlErdaa. ralrL
^i .a la ri bdl. lna t
lafn t6
AN:
Lrt

Dr H!. Eli, !a r.i t *

aitl[t, bl i! tar t,.

t datrtu.
() i|lirr lnd E!.!

,1.Con'ersation
on tlc rDd:
(a) l3n DeetsCrbon th sat io rLt i

l .

lnnu &b

Pi

ti rls

uitu4 r yi t&nri ?
Zi ni h g.i ilt d.!'!!a,
i it tytr. Dsgrt ys L P
'i, ilac t$y * . nn yrd

wliAL,

Z! !!i

rud

&l. * l$iuri.

!all, y Labta !Di thwn!.

() Druil takesa trip in o lorri t:

fr e pri@ \rirh h dve.:

Dnah,ili 3t! iA (.!.

dnnlus tea :

Bi r.ul

r. bltit,

E shai-*

On ri * il aile5 !,!,
t db* Ei! rr rd .wai,
r, l li ! d ritu * ?

Bl ciktu tytlrwa. ni an*

z h bir shiiit s5! ?
Bnb! I! h 3biilba, ,a li nb
I. liw urli. ShtsiI r!ri,

e 3! sulrrit yrA I

ri

ti0

,71

(n)On e

d, clstg siih he not$ boy r

Xti, rt!
Dn t. glil !
Dsuit:
rir@tl*:
8aai! W.Dlatr iti!billo
ii

l. it.r rei diu ilirtl !a P

rhL.ra
Edr !-rrj.!
Eii I wad! Dtl trr ca?
I !a!i I Y.!i it t tr,
s!5 t E ri lrt t *
O*iytta, Ai yi yr rii *

Eaa !, nru
E*, r.i, rui

rrEl yt 6itl * t3,

tg rt ct yt rilh

DmitA : A'a, tl t4 ilsyi !

(vi) Stuc on 3 Blppdy Lili, ilr il.iver an.t nator Ls_v

D b .
! il :
Dit :
tl@ nl :
Db:
Ee tl:

"*.*'ri
.Ot,n
6,
..
r r !ELs r! fn,*
(to p-ssDgGl 8t!. ! 3E.I
l. tdn l
I hs. !
8bt L !d, ii tta.
It @sm4!s)X.u

I, Ni c dr sbr, . bi Jgh

it"-d.i*.i1, bsr!

(in) Sioppingfr 'rest stop', tehng *iI fellw

I Kb.u I

5. Conrsaiios i $ork l

D.!it : B\i s!r. B lnti.

B|n: , ri !i di ri nt'rrl + tk!t.
Dsdl : , tin !Ei r.*
D ty, n lry ni !r ad.
E,lt:
(iv) Stsrting ag&in.L divd ud tle notor boy :

T, rdr* tsjjr."
t : 16, Nl e,
K

t'!d {ll, frrr i rr ll

,urlrai!
o!Vr, rl l& .hnta .ne.
b t El

It,tit

rFia in l$' llt

X!i, sllnr I &kI

sa'id

'4, ! !ei tu iti

'i.
Dl Ly&, b sI h ii yr

t.
^!i
a yi d laiu * hr.
3'id lli ditili ?

Kr.!in: 8idr!. ci ! zEer!

I<e!t:

!I r !a!, ns ii ! *

() Belr n tlo ro.d,DNd sd Bl .

D.litA : i luyn ru t DctI t
Ld. L*ai ss.!i * it vtw
Br,l:

* tL!

$dn

fam

!!.
la8

Nigerioa YdDs lvdtd

8u

td

* br,
LG :

: r'" l r. 3il iD irl! tlr tutrl

b..

213
l ? !b i!!t n lselr ?
l, r! rn tEnl dt dgr@! ii * ,
Es !. Do! b a Ls s !tu ha ?
i, M La, tEn b s il ndl-

Ds!*e

S. it i.[ri!
Ai, rtr

tifl ts L tE v+ il

: W.id

lrLor

taEMa !a.

a&nra: xli, rnrl rl! . illl tl.*

Ya!b: Ca.L&a. @r !a s i
ldrladnrr
ll! : '1, r.i

itl r.rl, adni .i !! sa,*

a.tt : r bar!in.

* si t a ?
s.rE

lltbi

irt! tnD t

(d) lt th ofrlF(taDlo
lntd ffi Esng6

i! s clk (atirll),
(uLid).

ld d

8da !
n ai d tuh taDn d wn,
crtiy !-r.i .n}rlyo.*
E.tr ! !& rli B' nla

ItiL .

Z tl !d rei!
zi li

nll t! {'b.li !
Eni, nd.n
i ill !, l' hrb !E, bdn bci.
cllirel
L asn h.lt ts L.

ntr- tioitaiingh,rv6t:
D eiil lxi * hriEEn * ziri tu

(it oIDo Ydr llr fttar

I

l&l

z& yi snrl t r.t.l SnirDtk ?

'i, s.i l rr dori * rrh!.
3'i d.t da 3!,*

i l.!, 3i imb.
nEn ft. c Di letrt k P

Ylebi

e!.i ! r&Ar t it itrt.

Birlr * l-sn I !tri, * il i 9
l, EEe b tA ke ldlr br,
Yauha s kih rit l ?

(ii4 ruL .

nt.'

!!.*

r, va@ Ll ja lifi!

yi lnn * ,!d.

Ss[ r. ! sbll}

r r *

ol s bir!, Ea r.y tls.su * s

a-ata iirr I t! rlrn&.*
'l

clkirl, ra bla s!i.

S jll'

radrt

ht!i!

||ta$lht

ta

E rr da.!r !!d!.

i ilar. Ol tl rdu.

t, er ri u!
t|llrd *
6sa b!h& llrlr
JlDn6l *-

r,
I! !A hi t c si k bir ir LAli
jsr
Iltatittsi a $y oitr lrdhe

27

r6.
: I! ri sr YEl cin !a o @ r
il-r ile! hl brtrr.
lri

G) nhsl! s eone to the d@io. \it s @nplitri :

xll

&itl :
6. oorve.satiDnsdc]ilg Fiih hlth :
(a) 8aD.! nets Bbon t P8t :

i, !A i etbit r rbd sd.

r f a ll dt rirl ! ?

t, b! yi bNcl hs yl[ t L tldu,

EsrI . Da r.!l
aDa ra@ l.

rnrl ltlot L.r

Lrala ur ba!

till r bn k ln ! ?
w aHL. Errl t !,

Bnba

Edsid.lr
t yi ci * ! ?
llra . Iul it r'
ra htr,
',t ,i ri Dirs b!| y,b.*
I DEe leyi t Lyl!z!?
iitim&itims' rltlridNrni8it

lrf.
r $ y.

ldti :

ht. ci ysl

daela *

i, rlu ! lb Y3roi ? |
i r itar D rali ir,
l. BFltrt * ! th r En ni.

r.

,I. In !a i. , dI ri * ! ?
'i, D a + u c b&
T, t ir ttul r@ B:l j L ca
r@!
Lr.l d 0nIrL* rt ct
iU liru
rm
3iit4 l b t l8n,
T.
BhI !,

!.i gn wbra.*

7. CoveMtiols deoling {i wttr :

(d) EaE ad 6.b sitilg outsid lttt hone:
Aai sirisi! * tu ti trti.
clirdtl.
Bt! Alrll !,
I
bs* il|D,
i yi lrr& b.4.
ni
hrta.
Blt
Er
b ri r! n..
n
g .{'i!' rdr va !."
rae3 .i
E tl !. $b d rM!
wddE
otreta.
nl y !,

Ei ro
@i

oi btubi itDi! airi

ir tll yd rnit abh

e"iE Nig*i,

raen

esms

rr

to r Eumlean :

ri

,ri

dip out (to Dy mp) (iioa

&, .zrrdrr, dtatu dt)

Lrtr

&b P Bi r. rs r nriEn b.
S.i iL itinrn ! tr rnn mt.

t!

ir.i !!r LldM it b&dn.

i rui.r'
t, oE bi y..l r ?
Wei lor,i ! il de yl*n,

bist

r (o)
1( )

Bfnti
l, aDE .! iiEl sli rt nL.*
E&n! l, il& linl it b&*,i ri * ! P
wtilil ln yawci ttLi ba yi.
l !i d Ea.la t ?
E.La !a. hiD si r icE.*
otiye!,

m titr ttl

* !.

3. Nts on ste.td itene frc @rrdstiobs

tstd saioB 7 of his esn :
yirt tld ?
2l.)
hor's (rq, ims (. bodt) ?
(w Lson 3r, sction 6)
ve.b.l ou fron itlE!
diDurt
I'n 6ns (t... j'i a ninte
3 (a)
n'i
eDongh(iiom lr., .,a{r)
a bit betio (tu Iorn)
heve @n fl (of lood)

3 ()

ti

{B.itish E!ss), o@ne

r ()(t
11)(i

ledle (of o, ?, dc.)

m?, bFL {$ . slicl br)
ldi6 N tle o.diet n@ of
Eslbrtatim
ld !@ple a
@U s goo& od bg M
of Niger. Th6 @ b@
sit otd pa3@g* vbrcl3
iD d biwq ca. arg6
ube @ils s r11.
stt (t dgiD), stdt (diYig)
notor boy 0. @td itos). e
i6 t[ p6e! ruloiblo to
e tstlordq p@ple, ete., !t
r|l pl& befoE tU loty
ssr&, i i{m ihe &im
if Iiing g@ wDg, to pt
vedg* beind tb v4lr
wlo ihe ony siola, {&n
tihe) i. @llei the fos, tc,
' old Lit', dpdioceil prson
atr rhsji sho hae dd rh !i(btlo
eimsebymddP.
i nsil !moreusly.) Alh.ji is
t titl givn to Myon Yno
hs nde t lilgiMge.

214
4 () (iii) ft'I

4 ()

uridte. It is nor coBidpil in

di@tfor s pe&! to stt
tlt t @on fo his going

cl d ([e - o.n or ll.]

rhedus of r{al' : pd$qser
siet g.ig ! (r, ib t letrcl.

red vsietX of gil6 @n-ih

lidt
mtuirg
il oweli
tt?
gaiqd
of
om
rr .6tie

4 ()

nil
bidg. (fDn Xitilb 'gidq )

4 tb)

weilSe. O& ory oaEi6 t$o

o morc worln Uocc
($Dly
rp!rinatly
four
chs i$@
Fib oa 6rl
vLittled dom to forn
!dle) rich ihe nod bot
ps behd (o. frotri o0
he rer vheels wloeq
the
ldry is so!6i1, io kap ii

5 (s)

at
{r} Bt oh (..9. $!.!s
t!
us, Joofng, nsLing mF

6 (d) (i) t& dr

!o oFce (rls orted siOu

r|yi:oD
of tLo isle
p6tsg ttlEp

ki"c)

5 (d){n) ddr

$nrd!

0i

h.d ol tb

larL : 6i

boo)

in 3 cotet.!cb ss this i, m6ns

5 (d)(ni) bta.dr

rsit
5 ()

orly mtuiry
v{itl o{ Di6t
%ritl
gdls @h
of
tlov

diil (tle -tr fom of., t)

le it @ go h@|ry. tkM
boiUe (of h@, rx, et. se
lm uder a ia) boYe)
sp, b. (as sick-see 3l$

Jo}! Uolt @!te6 (ee of s

prcninnt @nercirl 6m)
iL IIu8 dry bgi$ ql 6 p,E.
Th\E, I d'dt slacp tod.,r it
H^te ls I d'dtt sh? last

r ep!ated

({ fn

ry (h shrer(yo.)rmublo
(*e Lsn 31,wtion 5)
6 ()
btilr the

bef@ (st l@i)

6 (a)
r.tt (w lso udd (u) ahov)
(on !r!!ti,
l d@) lie
|n @Ntip.til (l. 3tonrch .9
t!E !i ? (ran : hc, !itr)
i {@ .bo udd

{rt )
7 ()

't

is

tin

cN (verb fon

eai!

4 (h) (in)

(tobodF)

(pruBr f rtja,

(se

tut'ato'id)
or ih. &q

(6a l& der

lrm (t". mm the lt of

su d td.L of nisiue)

7 (h)

(nn ols (reer$ {Nlcr

oI r.bl.

be repaiEd, co@ted (-! fom

bn E tl,i.,re?a
)
bot, mgg)' eNon (MrL-,{pril)
jst befor l sins cn

rdlc

sloil (: ci nde. a (r) (\,

AilditioEalToxts

!b t $e (i,- !os{s!g

1. Sovrd {bl6 ewelcdy reetrihhodmed s @!kMtinrl nstrios i th fororn! lsoru (ee

Lo*ons r0,23, 2d, 2?,30). Sw6 no;r. intoduid
bloN. Since soe voaion of coh of tL* lae sredy
I)I)eardin lritrt (ususly niu ny indicstion ol tole
!d rowd lergt) a refdoc t thee is given fr ech

2. Ut[ ttr
wai 3&urMv.l rs ii ilMil8r si
hlsi Rli
0 itt rft r n!u, Dt t!}a g6!
't y grh,
ELh lu !!t ! P [ ei Lsi
D il r!! bl itur( d.ya !! tr sla
!h r. ot, ' Ai, ilt srs nla I Es, it
d$ ! !i 3 t s.d, Ftil! !., !n ! t. [l do!
li h. !, bmd ilo! irth !-ni.!
iil Ea
. hNll-do
l su ! dl iuddN, tr.ita

ltatt rana d edl ci ir, sai {ini lhi i t3!

y Lntir e.r a rat6ge&. Js i Ie, vbi c!, vMi
nE tud rei ci Ear lrt. Ya cdrL Fd v.
ca m, ri hlbt ]nd.
t6. i z.rrr,, y orhi !8i ri. DiL v. bndtih,
rd y. sl Lt4a, r. cil thi!.
D n rs jri, zi tAnrB.$i lsl y. cA,ri
Itft y. .@, y. c 'ai, lndalr k nM : kn 3
LalL cili lio ililr, ltts ldny!'
Seearrrd (urdrrr, NOITL (o* GskiyaL'orpod
tioh), 954, pogr ?, S@ .ls !rnL, . ('., dso
Literurc, t9t-'9,ttty,. A7,

lc went'iir ndtLirer

Ra totu I<arotu NOL (hos ftrkir! rryor

iid) 1954,po3e4. S@3ls bhen, R. C., Ea@
Litadh., 1959,peee31.
bi
(?i.
4

ddldds: 'Er)
d.l dn6

biDdM
youg @D

ist

o\ s)

jny

puu out GIor oI cL)

285
Ctdu
Isidi sdn hiyu ruL lir cikin lrerN
madan, e nt rti.
sut .l iy, ri ir ir, bt
di,
Ad !m, $i d.rd
ra sJi y3 e, ,Yu
y.
Lwnlili
ti.' Ir ir itdr, ys !!t, ys ni.
D!yt!, n' y. ts ri trilrt TEi r. ! n y
ia!!, yr c'., sf r.! yr hu li. ch n, y. yi
ll rt c, { lirhi

8* Ii, r,r/ (rl{,

tEn r. c b. yi ilt rsni nD. a r. y6

knllta !t il !aa!, Di r,lt y eE rnh
ta lpriltn il L.ru rlr y! ri rtDDn rAi bi
rl :rild E. S.i ys rsn shArl', !! t!!.
Da blrntn ya kni giil& yo r F rJi[ d
rabart sndl !n.
D sa!i! tL lEl ,3 ilw
n, y. c Eae, { E.i itci, Euri !, L cc Dt I

rtrlt .durl!
Da n

! taint t,,

Nr)lLr\ (no\G.tir Coqrd-

@l!

Ti a! ,

ya 6ts rj, rs , ' , !n6 bi yl

NORJ, (troN Gsiy8 CorpoBS lao hre,n, B. C,, Iiaa

37.

tion). lglt{, I{gc 4. Seeho

-4.1rh3n, I. C., /Id,ra
tenhte. 1959,psg.t t1.

j"dc"
ilhiniliion of justice

hdin

ft

is/r*

nrFsijnc

(dn .

idd (fiom i, Itiid")

idi@t, 6n!ft (h@, ie d&
helil p ibrc tugeE)
pas eltene, giY th verdict
*rd to G orn o{ air, sdd)

@vdDt, tin, Ntiviq'

gltbq togeier, colect Gr fom
ot ti, sat\il. lkct)

c[ (E) (the - fom of ]., el)

c r 0)
(rceDtion o sliglt supris)
rhd (wo 33v4 !oPl's
he6il., !rfos @lcatiol'

At ki rani tud rri dnti k ri !hli't. Ai

ys c rad ak yi tN b shi dn aby, ys cAEs\

lor tl nming f is pverb

* Le$on 40, proYerb 35

286

241

6, Ar dI n
l.d@! Lli Nd Hr a ia&i, oi lEr lri
btliE{ !da iy! .ul !Itl. 8.t d.y.!t rs cl, ' tli I
t .ll tu u 1.. da b ltr ! nllda na Di ita
tutn, ,aya ,a e yi drD P'
N, tt, rr c3, tli, hl m{er & n?
lrri, do! drt se'l r. ! i.r!
8ul iltelliq
tali4d y aajbiii! rI! il t qilil !ra! !|!.
Ai, a .l lil dinE ui!i.'
n tutq Ei, rs rul dra. ' Slit , t 6,
rEa ! il|bu ra t d !ad, 'iil
bl
'e.q t da
d.t r! ta iL lle !& t ts, duk dt !.ta.
m t it Ir rleq rda rr r&l clhr! rli tl iU
3it,hlli hra dt na !t rli thrl. libtt lti
rl ttttalra N cirl! gril hU, lrlr yi ,!lt6 ! ,
.a !llrl
! st (i, r lil.! tDrDelrr.!i
llll L t3l3lr .! kl!.ha ra.Ia.,
s 1rtutu. O!{ord Urivsii! Pms lnd Sslivr
Corlolsion, 1952,psg4.
lilr
e8ri!g, srcingo. !@d; t nag

(?4,btDri/bitbri) big hu
(enpsis!"diclo o *) ded
Irigng, terifyiDe (,i. givg
the oer on,tL oD qustio
vht do rlyce? 0;'rdr
it tu @ne of h @mem; h6
rlrar! ? hat bNis is it

indi fo@ of ,tdr,

'ia"r)

xtrti (?1.il'idn)
t ita
trom!e uilq

(v.)
.Lar

f@t (I@ 6ta,

d obj*t pmnou hisl

sft 3 js low ig i@6 vrh
the tdiiUv6thy of h

! rt r.!i lL, aalild. .t. ra!|

da!i u!
illra snik s6 rt l.i lam*. rm 'lt|! brl ,! r.
ratd !t!iti! rei itli, ito! ra !nt. Dy3 ii h.[ ,.d
lanu klE !hr, r rr !l iht hl! t ild LluI
deyi birdayeD6ca! rrl t !. lhl ! DD, &cI
tr LInr rli b& il Eiu!ti
C& rri Ed@! iu ,l b\vtr ru ilt lkt
t bdcl, .rta g !1. l,lu
!u hdi! bli il !!
rl.. 8. bir sdar. I!ta, ra , !ittit dr bii, yr
tl ttu. tur! bitri LDa, di dqt{.I rltl yi h.
tnr br t{ra bhuw hrE Lsri. dotl !.r lt!
lao.rul !.. r !.ltorsi.
Eel r. tsrta bri g3 Lnl h& Y. . llt
l itl 6liyiD I tl ilio ! E.uihr rr
..Ed .ri
'l
Yr
'i
ItDl !i.
ca htd da IrltAua" y! ru8e ! ill
i! oa. sa tritrar rht, r yi ir rrs
t& 4. ! ttit51 Ft y. lBhca}lr.ut, rr

288
Gasi}? Corportion, 960.

LMn 43

BibliosroDhy
t@ rBjd,sFeve k.r. lrcm roill

a!r (?i. i.iyl)

eil

i6 Mt

c!,ma,
li6I

c! - hre

tenpnont

pr,''furn@(&r. lki4 !ayins)

climh (bya ta ite: olm z?

lft ul
@mpouelpetdry
pI (tLs) off. pul (thine) out
rhrw (violndy) G frn ot

l. Photid of @t6il! ih hd on IIus sit al wll

fom lihehsimiry oftL tFeieI c6ty. The 6r
of the sDgurgevs Fbed hy
ilortet el'*
J. F, Sca l82, foltored by his flsE iliotioBry
1876,r md y rgrr it @ p@iu for ttluck t ltrod@ 3
ibliogBphy of tu@ {hich liBs 22? itu,:
.An
qcol6li strfty of dy mitiaes itr Esw j! P. - H.
gtn, I. drq stuI! o Nis*iM Iansus pmidso
Univ$ity P@, 196?),
h sddii to . B!33uis
lMr of b@b !i
E!@ sttlots @ fout to
sticle by EmIM,
!16 3i thi! dielosl a blge nMbE of pubiiom
q.@.
The @d6 of the ?u@tiou i@ltrd
fshl5,hj'tory, biogphy, pM6bn posll, S@CB!y,
Dim shity, rckiru mtrisl! lrl oEch nc.
lho
sulde@ f su mtdis dne lrgett to the eforts
of iF q*Iil CortoEtim z*i', vi s cls
fo. d! tr@q-fv
lnied s veHy !ffi!.!
yeE.! 8.e 1969,nu ol tlis iniistivs ha3leil
to
te Nor@ N'gdin PhjrliDg Compmy,Z&.
T!@ fUoE a 6aiotr0dthe pblictioD in llgi
or Ssus vhic rc of vrtr io stlants begiuilg tLe

!ow dom G lom of

rolrmtion

'u3l,
ol rpprou,, f

picup,6nd bt.bn@ (..9.sloog

te osd) ( fom o trbta" rrik
tup!*

(,t. wtt6tol@h)

2. GrMrof
lagag. tre ol iwo it?6: reerence
In
sramars snil led8osic (tcdc!g) g1Ms.
'soha,r f

&c4@ ott^' Eoo

ebq4(B@!ruLr;),

1376

en Niaq

, Jo44d

,r /nd8r t;r y,x,er r 2 pp.4- 6r ,r n- 80

o/4.

29r

29t)
spit oJ oe.ta mod@iions mad te Dsnr
gmlr]w to nale ule s led4gogrcal eBmar, i
rs b6oxy rtr DEducory rlMce qnn@,
Ir is
HoMdeil th.t thB bkbepd wlera pomibte
ollerior
mt- s god peagoeic4l grcImm, pts a
nouve spwd or u4, lor u
(d) Pedrqosi@GtM.
Tm pdsosicolFmB
co! be loomDdd. The 6Jsill-be ;Gr $itt
eble rjtl ihj! look bc,@ of ih simildjty of
??Facl. Trpe Mod itresereamilsbletr tre$irh
k f teF lml
Kf, Charles
tuo4'"/,t
c@
Loa &!lss. trivdiv of
Csfomis FMq 93.
Eoilg, ftrloion T., mil lbnhim UI4u, .4060
Adlt C@. wsslilgoD. D.c. : U.S. covdmmi
Priltins O6oe (for rhe Foleisn Sd@ Ijtur),
n wlid !&gogiosl splrocb qbicb, tlouAh bnol
u (iI oreimble) i6 II. L. @Jvje, Eetix t tt
Stvdr d HaM.
Js sudtr rbt3id i[j.sioo.
1942951.
\bt E.a@ G\nMs. ft mojonb, o th arstusc
of lIous vjch Isve LeenrubLd hu be olasC.n osrfenc grsmmalthough tunr, Le the
pMmt voDq lrovid vo6!d4ri6
aDil rrciss
to ssisi begiming ileo.
i) Ony one oI tL"o g.nmo lrvjds any
o@uBtnd tloougbgoiecpBenrsron of
1!e and vowl eneth. Ii rl& proydes noE
soou.e tqtmnt D{IIEuso @mm.r itr ny
of its uonp.ioE nil txs.;
sDjts of dav;
dcfscrsrn ihe wsy rhe book i,..s,"""d;*r,
be regudil & t bBi syilablo :

Ab@, R. c., Ihe Laaes. o thr H@

P@pla. Lond : Univdity of trilor P6,
of I
199. This eilio! is a Mgnnt
Moddn GrMtut oJW
Haw, r94r.
(ii) OLd relercnoe srmes
rith vhiel th
sud! bsy cone to oDtsct de tistd od
bie{y valwted }olo*,
MaveU, J. Lowry, utl Elod M. TohI,
YMda Gohe.J6: Nige. h*, Ld,
.4.luu, houg tnditio1, otrtlirc pr6e!
It ignoB iorc sld
io! of Sn4 elsll@i
owl leqth }lt i! gmenlX reable il hN
convonii to w ihar noBt of the oihq tfdn@ grmrs ltd h.
Roi@n,
Chel*
8.. E@
CrM.
Lilotr:
RoutledSe ed Kgm Ps!, 1925
ofIIsNs. Prodoed
On@L ssnddil gM
bet@ 97 1025 hI nc f th gr8tst of
ne scholaB. rief trertE@i t rut
witl m &ttDtion to torc or vo1
s.rmr
obgtl ut cont"ing sne %lu6bl culura
1!yor. F. W., A Prd.riI E@
Ow,
I-lilotr:
Ood Uniyeitr Ps, 1923 (t no onplet $sma! thn RobiNnt.
mog the noF ufd f t oldr gM6B
h Dot elmx3 s@1.

Mie.d,F. W. fr, GM

ol .ne E@

Ia gwg. Lotot: Kegm PaI, tgl4.

Teno6l dtNive of te oldrglma.
(i PNsils neftio ur abo b natle of the
llovg gmrlMs wich beoaue o ag,

2gz

i93
jnobplatens
or nlibity .re of les vsh
rlu thm &ldy liteil :

Mi[r, W, R., Ita@ I,a,

MissionerySooiy,r90.

Idon:

rr, E. P., rar" Bw l4 GuAzb

Js : S. I- M. B@khop,reviseiletion 1939,
EM;d!, l, Cwe EMd QrMr.
Otlord..
GeorsRonald, 1953anil 969.
Sli6, A. N., Irc@ld
,rgtnd'.
Iddo! :
r.,on
u4iwB of
I*,
1968. 2nd ilirion.
968_
B!e, S., a I M. ,{shiPsj!, ,?irl' dr

Eaw-gwct

X. Dri@ti4.
IIsw: r

. Lipzi9: V&BVedreEnzrklo

There re

ttu

qood diotiomris oI

br8b. R c., DidiMr!

J thz Eaua tns4t..
Intrdon Udpmiiy of Inodon Pcs, 1949(Bp t"d

r962).

Bresy, G. P., A E@Enslh

DdiMn!
ahd,
nglish HaM Vfubxt!. Indor : Ododllhivesity
Pres, 1934(rprtd951r.
Abrm
dioiionsry pbyjd6 a mo.e moust toml
amlrsis atrd mls
fde eltl roF ltb tlr!hout
I .ontm, lev
no IhsI to Hsm *ciion.- Both
dictjoneis oov vitl.lly tlo sM grcil,
. N, SLitrq.
taM
tntlisi
Po.]4t DriM!
Kanu w EaM da f@i
(Iabdh
I-!sM,
Grer uil Compmy, 1959, evisail 1968) Md la
. rho q( didio6 br lcln tr376)rnd nintu om),

E4Lih-Ea@ 1diotur! (Z6r:b r G$kiye Corporiion,

t966) or very nueh ' for t! looket '. UdDrtMely,
tE eithe. ignore or e ursts'orthy in thir Eprsni8tion ol tone 8nd vovl lngih,
,L DoF ufu EoI Olilough ii doee&i peeli torc
or \ovel leigt\') ltaw fa{i & ?@am, pbied
by Inlenam, Gm ud Cnpuy 19 (bt L N.
SLimd tLug no enthr i3 diiil).
TLb book
is sal.rire Didi@ry Endsh Cnwsotioa J
Eaue gtudent3 but i! velt u!nt s m Engli to
Has e!id, eotrtsitrine ovd 300 !gEs of oldinry md
jdiom8tio Esus erp@ioB,
a. R@dth4 Morddt i6 Ilw.
"4, @tioftd sborc
erc u ebuDi.D@ ol suout.b
lrt n@ m
beg produod 11t tine Of ihe hudndr of ins
tlr3 @d lbtit, io fo[oviDg is . 3. .e
i!9,
!DhM.
R. C,. E@
Litaaa @d . E@
ord &d.r.
L!dm:
UliyBity of Iddd
PIw.
1949.
ltr fBt io thi& of t volM tr uorgird
ooll.tion of E3B it3btE
FiL Ebgli6h hDrtrtionB
of vartiDg quglib'. TLi ei Kbft'd, d@ ,4@lirgt
e, hove@, tls dy publihed @U6ti@ oI Ess
literstN viol e |Mlrcd for toDud voml hngth.
irsli, NiM D., Xtyd.
Lldor : LDgnm,
r6n d ConpI it Zeir : G8skiy8 CopoBtio,

r960.
90-t% elennt rr eh@l geogphl b@.
3ad, R. I- and L. O. iuu*v&, Oqod EoM ndd,
s.i6 1,2, 3. Ildor : Odord UliveEity Prss, 1958.
T!e ftll il$t|t d lliny *L@l riling prines.
Eelo, oji, Go"ua,zdi; asLiy. corpiion,
l3-Drse ljstori@ mnl

294

295

Bmqti,Nn\t,
M@ Pl Uatut KM.
C*kiX Co4o.stio, 1948{EDdtd 966).
4 153-!geac@r. of Mutropelih tu;i !!d
joumysselTg Ie n,oubofNi*Rir.
BanI', Nu, Bol tn t^abivo, A:
cmLE,
(rpoBfion, 95o,
n thsg ltuent&J' o ook.
Cou-.f, J. W., d., A@,gtM Kan e@la^dl
l,De@os,
GM anil Oo.,t953,
sio $l*iion o{f.bl Lur,
X[,
md Abublr lle,
l],a ,,tjd!.
-Rupdb,-trrpomhoD, l9t9 (Eprjnrtt
z&0:
hhla
t962).
natm study ok of tr6ly 100 ies8,

l:%;'l*'f P,#
"#*i;"il1t.,ff

rdDe).
Lasc: CMS B@txop atrd zsn: iairs
tror?@hoo, 1924i4.
The Bbi Njstu in ltr*.
JoEtr. H. . S., ed., Lgdarih
of Eaua &n:.
p8 (O;dd IjbF
Irondon: Odod Udv$iry
f
'
iicd l,iientue Snd), 1966.
G@o, H. M.,.od yh,r^ ]Jjyt, A Moaan
-Krl
|ruvesfty of r,Ddon Ps.
"*
?{K
-*_
coU@tion of sleeahs ud nempsE FDort!
lnsttg cotrlbporsrtEous.
Knlt l-. H.. tldn cdd?r, Brkcle,attoe jerts:
-.
uuv6riy o1 Gi'roo3 frs, 1973.
Cutml, gcgspica md jao.icalrls jn Essa ,[
dorled for xon and woye longrh).
aD. aii tub!, Maaom Ja; Ce ftire

;;i1",,"1*,ffJ],

coshya.rporaiib.
rvjT3e.

A g@d, fn blsth (oyer 650 pssd) nv. ,L li

oilhrced fo ! begim* but dc[bi Fding st s btr
ste. olassico EBs litd8tuE
{t, bdt ohi,lfm, Dcr d
Ga.ito ColoEtion, 1958.
?l-pag itsorilrin of svrel
ua, AMnnriL, 2ffi1 ?@4@ Nijdisa 16 M.
Lqdon : Ie,bq Ce oit con!nr, ur zria:
[hiy8 Crpoatioo, ]9?.
.{ 28 p&gehistory ol the Mivl f the Briiih in
&ltue\E. , eld,., Zd@ Muhm i SMs.
ZNi : Ga{LiyaCo.!mtio!, 1966.
20+pg trstnot oI ydiou oso@ Etrdcrd,lsof
odt in ofth olil's p6dd.
skimr, . ., de ?d od Tradm, w\. \'.
Idilotr : Blk Cs, 1969.
Ti i! hfrt of thF volu* giying f@ t6 fst
iie m 3.9i tr$ItioD of r- Edg&'s lesic thM
rclue6l6tionoEsurfoLialeslubisld
in 191113
N I'rt'rj M To1 tuyoriN IIML
sli@r,4 N.. /Jud Fadrn4s.l,VjensUnileEiiy
@iletior of r,ilgs fh Eiler in Is rith
m6. sn,r in aldfur (Arabic)as{lt sNtrd
tdaw. Balewa, $ji s bubta, s/Ei, um.
z8rj: GaiF Crportion,1946G!ted 1955).
TLe lovel ol the late trin Mistr t Nisit
(49!os6), dalAvith thc trvdE f Shehutmer fion
Bmu tn $bia. ,{ DnEiEIiBGlltior bv M. Eiskett
ss pnllh][il hy Insn;,s in 196.

296

)97

Mi..eqaw
srDry bokw ptshd w G6hva
Cdpate ai Nor.ltu Nildiab Pukbitls Conaans:
4 rda {d'.tu (4? pasls of f.U6).
{d Ya Ia Kafu (71 paga of fsblear.
@
29 Wg.e o fsbl6t.
,Sant (to botlls, 66 trit 62 Dts6 of
fMi
helnfI itrmtiotr fr lm
s[6] iiiltenr
'F
Jti irgayt (s r"psgloYeete)
Iizfr Na Xa'ttow \48 psas oI f3bl6t.
ra oyt rard" (3o-psg.e@Nr rBde)
r@6

sdjdJid (4 @jor &Yo).

IdaAotanbala(eltr

ft').

Labdtu N6 D,Da N va@ ts sh@b' .voit3).

5.

A&rd.i!. T!* ieude (sM.I tstoriol

EoLsrcu l stIi hoth ir Etrgrh d

meB,Dvid, ed Ki!s, AI}LoLy, abwr 4 HM

Mi.. . .;n S@.dContda. Nohrdta
UtrivNity
Ddaio, J. M., I EM
1916,

B.la'ti.d Yd,hlary. 1ada,

Ht,''s,.!.., d S.Nsibi,Crrdri'lr oJba. rrss:

.Lfti@ Univositi6P.*, 1962An rcelltlt illusbstrl @out

f IIau66 scity

giU, PoUy, !zul Jda r villag di a serin4

Csnbiige Univ*sit P6, 972.
Eogb3,S. J,, ad . . M. Kk-Gr.,ft, Ihe Etunlps
oJNotlhn Ngid. I4rdon : O*fod UnirrcrsityPrcsq
1966_
Dtoiledhistry .f t! I{eus kingdons

firlr-Geene, . I. M-, 'Nslogims ir E!a:

1963,
S@iologrcalrpe.'
,!/n@, 1. xxxlll,
pp. 25-44.
ilaindi
of many ol t lNoiDltile bofring
@ig into du Mey ihugL conie ii
Drcpm lessges (?dmily Dnglh).
leiinlry Inq ry 'trtoHsusQrcnstoloey.
Zs: -Ahnrilu Bio U YBity, l9&.
Te stuiliesin t rigiro ol peEmsl, title Mil pb.
-,

Ba Dqbo B Na,

Ai, IlM

A colleat'onof 500 Irns ?redbs

M6i,
br,in, Y.r3 Is lhd Belo Du.,
Ilau CrN. Z6ris, N.N.P-C., 1968.
,{ uefu.l expGitir of Ius cDstom, cra,ft.s,pstireE,
etc. ?ubished h Xngl.
RatirL . S., a6o ,t l-Ir.,
CtoN, PtMbs.
Oord: Clormilon ?rcs, 93 (rcp.intil 1968).
-q! iportnt clction, mostly gt!il in Nolem
Sni, MNy I., 3a4 o/tid". andon: 'be. md
Fare., 1964 (p!ril 1964).
.{ vahsblo bjos.ophy f IIe vhn i! Engs!
' cieit b)' . q. snitl.
vitL an itrcduction to lus
oJ
Sdith, {. G., fie j8@n,,, / d ItMa cownt!
1955Zara, Lo dot : H* lojestx' sl8tndX 06.,
iletileil stuilv of the sonomics of ! Frus
Gdqn'tuntit
-{n dcelleni
1800,950_

ZMv.

lolitical

LLda : OxforrUrive.-

enalys ol a Euso

rei,

298
Tsylo!, I. 1Y.,oil - G. Webb, Iie CrN oJ th.
Ea Pb?L.!ada: Odod Uriv6ity Pru. r9l2.
sful @llecinoI cdsl ie6 ; H. md
Engi6h.
Tremem., J N., Eaa Svpista andcustM
Lldoo : J. Brle.
^. Eons, 913(rp.d F..k Css 19?01
A lrge coleatob in Dndi of.dtx.l
m.rrBb,

pt@ts
I"h
^rn
Lago6: CDv.Mo( PrDFr, lgao (rprrd br Crp
wrrg. c. E. J-. I@

InFDajbat. Fomborugh.
HrD|.Ebtrd. 19'6?).A njor @Ue.tjob { 2000 Esusa d 600 fni
?Fve ib bglilh trsnsstioE.

6, leclhilgtrdes.
LLN o 6hemany t@nioel sruB
iD Engiqhee Dotdhde or thos sh rish !o qo bo"
deoply to IIa@ sf,dy. 1 id! indioat rL o!oar
Olhr inlorrut tehnicl sdichs i Eblli6h wiU bfoud ib 6uoh rorbais is Aran rM;e
Studils
JtMt o Atu;n rin4ua46: Jo*"" o wi"t hi*;
Insw
. Bttd ol thP$iwt o! ovd a -,.
tunia,
sturti5 n li@n Li@utw. ,4tnhj nnn
Il,Ga. 1a. ThpF s, .r edd,tdn, e.,si;orudt
Hass rchda$ qlo cultoanty mi3 in loDqusB orha
tlan Eoglh. oosth*doD,
Oldess; ofusia.
c. cDUfl of Fmn@, J. Lulss of G"rmni: P. Zlm of
Chchosowaki&d N. Pilv,zilow of Pob , In r9?,
the Niqsin Lbraqe6 CotE of bdulaln Bs@
Collese; Ko, pr;dued he rsi ilsu or
im
l4!gns$s rvieq mittn jn gsos, Eatum^ 'b N. ud.
TI nc oomrltp ecat list@ of Miti.ss otr H;uei is
[h @npild by D. W mo " th. ;sd
rdiiion
(r9t0) of D. W*tenaM iI M.
Pr\^L, Ih. Iawr
'
@6 af V6t {w ,I.nsioBI ^.
f.n Insrur)
Cenocho, J., ' Glottalizri Haus,' ?rahtr{ri%
of tle Pinlogiql srce4. 1952, tp. 1a,9.

!99
Corochd, J., Stuilx of Quriity in ItuN,
Buln oJ the S.tI ol Ormtal ann .4jri@h $raid,
195,!p. 10321044
Gnbere,Jceph H., ' .{rbicLotn-Woik in ll.usa,
Ild.i, 94?, pp. 86 97.
?hoo\ogr,'I$g"a!,
941,tp. 3l 323.
tt.d4e, Can T., An o|tN HMa Grum,
Bpplen o Ln u49e,1947.
Est, Csr* II-, 'Th Mode nin Rl,rio to d
arcrde. Closjdiio of IIaw Vdbels,' J@ru, o/
AriM 1an4ur6, 1961,W. 2Sl-240.
*
StuduoJE@ S$t4r (3 volMd). Eeirord,
CoEecticu| I{dfod seiht Fouil8oD BooNeNro!, P*ul, 'Idphotr$ From s 8)ntsotic Poi
o liew' , JMhrl ol Wd Alrietu Insuala, \, r96a,

tP,-u_

Plmnq F. W., ' n Irtnduciio to S*dr Haus,'

Ahi6 Inyrse St.| I, 1960,!p. lU 136.
Tb Ororar r (ltodd in laus: Thc
?e@! Prcmus ! l Giiivo copnb, ltrim
Ltn!ge Studb II, $AL W- LgJ l24.
' Ti ODerii on of Geldd Har : S.iia.
Dpdirmi N;intk ear Qotds, Aftin Inaera
,SM;.J 1Y, 1963,pp. 166 207.
arl Nnirsidtion il tL Verla.l
-'SDDletiotr
s]Igten ol-isE', Aftika un h6eq L\, r97\,
_'
,'The ve.bl Sxsten in Es.,' 4ni&a 2,,
Uese,XLIV, 1960,pp. t 36.
Sclsclti, PsI, Generstivoccoui of EaN D
.f lriat lansvas', \, 1966,
LL ce', JMt
!!.34-53.

PART FIVE
APPEM)ICES

Key to Execises
asato E gli Exefue8: I

4, gh s sr od rond.
7. He's (my) salilftL*.

6. It's rot s conFund.

?- Tbey sre nol chitiho.

onr ono hodto!

no!oiobbdDNdh4.

rod re wod iieodqins!.

ft!!

Gedrt lbr

304

30

r. T6y didn't 80 owy.

. Ioe my gvs diit you briDgI 14.

6. GoodL6yE ! lilu [a Iolgottetr Me

TLN

3. Tht diiln briry te bdk

4. The girl diih'i atum,
5. trittr dii!'C cone to shml.
2. D't lei sl6i 6hisM.
3. Cone Nd sit om (to t fenl).
. Wer s th cief s om?
2. Ee's the ohiefs loy.
3. I bloryL Grb's amp.
6. TL gi.l

'nt

to the sh@lt*hr'E f.n.

l The boy went to K.!o Fi6I his motid,

2. You ta.r rei oLis Iam tbjs nmiq.
3. Why did you !t you b@k or ny cd. !4. Iy boe entredyou fridd's loM,
5, H bmuet my bicycl. Ee diiln't bg Io@
1. (ert8) hy {el to the w.t.
2. lLis;6
b ibeNigB.
3. You (bw) llt tis spon th bo1
4, l is tLe olsn ! Te'6 tle chsir.
5. ThM !6ple vat to r @rt i tom.
1. Th* !r two ng@ o the tsb.
2. Jiihneiic is dificnt B I Dd6ud.
3, U put the rD his eoutb, ste (it),
4. W* hlrlg or ? BUohE so to i. d!

, Gooui strrtcM to iI@.

I! thN food i
r. I d hr@.
t. Did vou b;L! t m ! Y6.@b.
3. I @ s-sr@ h@ ! Yd {t@ it !ol).
4. E
ch6crliim sd. to &hl ! Not t6.
'
. Em't tou got gdy t No (or t @trt,
6. EN is [.b Chrbs. b@. Whd

nirc I

1. Whrt .DD@.drt Y.Lubul Loe !

2. TL. std;l-hs !s.d D{. Lt PL
3. Etopdd tie p tou ldd
4. IIi! oe tu stiftlt io i. om,
to i6d'3.
. Ee
't
l llo breu{ht a n4t2. Tt thm ihf b@k il Rtu qcHY
3. who svyoo ihe eagsI Tne bEilsr si e sidol il
4. 8nvat to nrki, s bolgL u e4ei@ Im
6. Yout) pickdt[d n!. You(r)t ok then l your

306
r. I om v6ry gry,

!@@

of th I vitl si now,

3. Te Doorc Fhon !t f@,

1, Wx * rs drc st Kro te dt beforertld,y
5. I ilidr't * tGe t]t I {Mt the.

3. llllr ll yotr (r) do ? shsl ru t iom ,ftr

4. W tou IEXne ihe tressf yo. brip !
5. ft )ou g!g to mdk t toilay ! o, stp goin8to

1. E fell io the wst!.

2, r|.ftd ilM we v so to tl cief.
3. r e rem rle! I sii so.
4 H itid hi wdL iike a o;
r. 6b

r go b d

6bo.

6, Tle gues pt L !@s uder my cE

.
,.
3.
4.
.
6.

I ilob' hsre {evr EEiu unldt'

Hi. firher i, 6r;
r@."
Mt vjl is rd}ils yery r1l le iam.
the cbiof h8t6 to ob @d irlk to u t hmF
(MI) rifo s ou {od hd !trt.
Te !s
e of thst tom doit ilnce,

1. 8eis ili!jg vstr.

2. Doeshe opo b il@r ! Y6. trooeB rt).
3. Do ey;U horo o.B ! Ys, r #x lrh).
5. TLie vok is ot itificdi,

. Wlere is the r!I I gryou yostdil6y ?

t. whi.[ loFy sill you go in !
3. I sn r tind f dsnoethrt I !dn' *@ bfor.
4. lllenvd cn6 I ilatr t mrt to @em5. I vor't uy Xing i ndkt today.

l. !oEj* LiIiI nDy leopl lstX@,

2. P6pe rut doci.s o do ui. vok ell.
3. Menr strcryer te *r.
4, lyE de tht @mpods id rhich v lelt or oails
to t[ ladiq nm of i]e tosn h*use
5. I F;
they vmt(etl) b t i3& to then.

l. SoEerr@esDlrcslsnddot rdo.
2. ThG b;kn* f rod obtinedo litl.
3- This littl boki6 bobt* fttits than that big rc.
4- ttl childm .r plsying the od ma3 lon
6, E ptrr o ([is) biSgom b didn' iLnce.

l_ Duing te riy

ssotr ihis nvq fld i. he brin

!. l or us got p ,t to th tin, v threw bib

1. T !.p eho e .m s nU stsy hde ! o rim.,
2. 15 one sho caD odst et orLy.

3. Wlm I ew Lih tl of 6 sudilen L nt

d Lis io.se

304

x09

L Lbg Bgo,F Ms tu old mrn EIo prlRd his fem

r oedgeor tbE road.
5. Iljs iDprtivetbst-tbye,
"o rigt "roy. W
yon arv r @ rhm !
. Ty dimisil

3 Dotr yu (pi.) eoEt, nhrne Ie 3ppeled yr

4. rou ri the bNiD. Afir airsrer e bo!6.
'n yotr rvei you fter
6. Why *oD
Irem iiin ,our
L ?

2. Irr mee;]

If

orin ris wor. tvy. sv!,t

)!u g.t ired ? Wotr yor @v (ir) ti ?

J . rv n ! *e n tb j styp o fd c . L e i m etr vr oilor .
Godrbd I Gods;oB, yu on'r besbt; tu do |
4. I alkedto b, lost Feek but he [.sn t rr'med h'q
5. lq tle psst they d ho6es bui bo thev DFcf
caB. lttatso ? Its t.u
L I sd plaed to eo to hi6 home(rby.st) ro eRi
uD, i heardtne bem and d{ided wod be
best for ne to tI hih.
2. Befo he (Nr) cec ld wrled erc ln rine_
3. Wm I c.n Dpon hin innsrlietety n bk;. .

Is ou oil rl gorc ? No, thris s iftle efr. Do yu

mo t o@k $be no !

6. wiU fte lrsrr of EdxBiin ave a lDeeoar

GMU ? Y6.lts get rcsdynd so.

2, It r be st or yo to w,it @ fo. o, Bfr

,!u th !g8ir ii il be o.dtie.
3_We lpi skjDg .vortrB il tm but ve goi no

rq on (L) \{or.

1 May tu lemit u ro be ssf.I o iBdi4_

thi6 doesDot LsDren '[ Iv to hmr

r. Wlt I forgot to lriDg ih food cokeil. I brcught it

4, E6vom! 1 m*i8 ihin8 hppgleil Xetrdryiightaed e & ttt I

t&o i& f d dl'lm
6. I'n goiDgio tle @td to hDy riDd food, bottleil
bd nit {son)ot}! i}itgs tl8t I E.d.
l. I !..d to cut trolot. PicLu?t. sisoB nillpe.
2. E. trot lrcMr of goodc.@tr, E. k tryiry to
ke@ bY fr@d frcb lobt3hjn4 rork.
3 Wt'd . hd tbd ir mt sia bee do ed
1- Il mit l n. T!.t id. I sltll sit

rc eti he

Th@ @ in@tios thet you wiu lwe ttl Bre if

yor do!'t !l@t yo tiDgs dgtt sv!y.
l. sm! ii tL nMgr but tbe detor g.ve tr
mdioioeso l8t L got v.
2- IIe s not . H!w, 's6 Fdlj. But in spit of this
l sprsksthe Kano disle (f srB) wn.
3. Zdis is suth-wst ofKm. Ksti@ it ih norih4. We iil plsnrcd to work togethe but e w$ idt.
to sel at nd[e.
Beoa@of this I I&!
'nything
is
no
ore wno c.n do this
5. Mces h n expe. T
Wc sronil eng.ge hin
nork cept hin oe

310

3r

Etrglishto EausaExercises
l. Wenan siilo rld ?
3. nlDi! Eakeui

2. 8i 4,

.
2,
3.
4.
.

3, Yli n.

bi ci tirci ba.

Itrtii it dna 3e ln siiian jiy.

!n liiriia
? r si r ciki! drt!. o !L,
Cids x !. l lak ?
bml y ft! sti t Ler hsry! EM.
Yub bklni ya ci binci. D ii.

2, Eh !i rMcn tr !en.
3, Vrda!!
r. Wade! .

l Ylilri t lrui Imjtu.

2. t yi Bku cilir tLli|i:m.
3. Y. h&i kd gidM.
4, n bi Ley bilti ci.
6, Ei !, LwaiEiE t!Fs eiki rmq! t.

l, tn bi ei sla b..
3. Yiryi btr tn t sn hs,
4. Br yi lik hs rhr&
5. a Lr ttrjr bs.
d&rprchod4usi\!o

oo! m! rrbn rsuin\ rhe

hq. rh ksmhrors deo b ;!rde

I rL. Elslsi Bihq rh; b b

2. Tdyr I 3nsa! Zus !

r,, E r E ci birci gid.,

l.
l3.
4.

313

uqtntn d(!i!)? '1,[r{drb&

Eebiti r& jiya ba? ,1, rar
Lr.i.i ? J, lli . drF DE bbdi
lrF.i Fri d E.ile !! ? trri D.it.rtr aDD

5. {a ji rmrt.

3. aa!Ei r'Hti r&edbi! ibr Dn btrng@

,1,il !A dar wt Eni zrwi $i tn tvsht.
5, lite L. ri Eilt i r sDi kn d!{t rAr

rlirp

!. tu ta! r sld

cili! ilr

ilioa.

4. ril ya rli aiita rhar.Niiyt.

5. li ll lam{ i tui,

,. Yi rm rai IkL vr.

3, Yl it bbbr! itlc gb giitlu.
,1, t d,y!o,rr. (sit)!l r Fd,
5. Bl D ir rhr. Don rl kitf, lElbi !
6. I'l& ye m h te t cild leh tsn b..

L All ta , R.n.
l. ti ! O ? l, DD. nt F Lr h..
,. Yi rli iEl. L d,.d thi. luert!
drsur
3. U he Egt.. (srdi) !r oit Eta!, {Et

ra! rl

n r.

3. Y ry! bilci? I, tai 3.

4- Br hrst bt ? '1, t !tl.
5, Yel iree dnvnni wi LAt

{, Ia iry E& lbirci cili urr. bbnfttca.

5. Yt rayi tare !. Ba ittrb!.
,. wcn nctsll dr !.

l. z. n r r.ra a kl.lri

sb..

2. Ba 16 tl ElLlrlt r,
3- Zn r tEba l, t b r tad.
4. Ili ri s 2 zi yv.
5. Gb. to B.Il ri t (e,

4 cl yfudlil , ! td ciLi! Eti.

5. Zd n rin r ruitr it dl 3u s j4.
zi Lr ilB!
l. !s! tl fi ? {i

I, T so rul d b8s 8iit.u.

9, ( k ila ri ! l}*srta sb. d .nl.

it z"I

t. !a ts ti bl& P
3. Wcidn r naLs Lnr dtuL6 ?

,1. &l it !i it ya* k'bn cili! sd! !an.

5. cn r gc !li! it Ya t gt jV.

314

lli

l . k.i mi&ir! it y4a &i.htr it.

2 . $ir rul
lj it ysri cil sidtun,
'ra
3. Wader! liilttili sui da tit !ri I cih.
4. Bnh tcl d ylv s!d@n t!b.
5. rt $dit s . tre liyA n r !m ru,

{. a dld ttidr bs nb tn IIru6 Laar

ji K.
5 tn !6 t ci hlb ilnin t! sAti t.hu{r mta.
w.dasr nslli 3ri 3h gtv Ds birh 3rI.
2. n6 rna s ysli ai. shi tnli ! Ya ibd6 v.!l
l

3 , D n y rrits t dd.ta n! hd h ,' Di vrDtr

til !u bi d ri yi ba.
't_ f.ili yi c, d l r za* sids t- 6 tvtr lt

3. Dttlr r tsi nlwr

4. cAiln da ywi ri

5 , Y. gn!. n tsn s rY !irn.

1. llri vadil !s s.II 3b!r itrr c.

2. Gilr esFnd
$ $r ntt.
L Z t.ilr noi y& yl!.

r. Nsr-lrr ! swbP rw.n;Lw. (!0, bl ra..

2- cii D r e r cb.nsn m, iiv
it v.wi a
3- rsi sbor Bsr b. it nl
n Lru ci itraffetrhinci d illlsrho ol

4. Ili ! h r sirrtuaLn!.

5. r jtn re r n il sidlionb.

5. Iits h! yi jsr!biwr br

l E. tl zhit br ! ElEa rb a sbss,

L dll 6id rrklrw! l! zi ! rstr 3bo

3. XE hhat 16r! !h tblra ? l, ti !h!,

4. 8ta dshi !!. Yh tElts dri.
5. fs r, ttry dihr.

t.

rr 3 tA iiEk Dl ir Llu d !ij! dirti trl

t .! jii.
3. r! hit, zl lir rht !! sLil
'i
W.i, v sm tl t
). aan a D gso! b.
. Bni ci br ik!!,

l. Il dy&ci siib ldi am y ngi y it.

2. xi reen 6inn y cit slrr ! dsh it F!
3. !i mw d y.r

rl ilr..

.shinlar!Eak !.

Don b ? Dnin hq Ba

xadl t svl El t vi !L w.!j

310
2. JtD LAd n.'iLta dki .uk it.
3. xir

mbdi !!r. B{.i bd t.

xi dallt ild.n he .trtdi !trtd lnd Lsa k0!!,
5. Ila t DBani il.D Dits t rd ritl
ru*r zri ei
{.

tanslationsof Dialoguesrnil Fables

B. Greetinss t (you.) comins, Ie.
B.
L
B.
L

r{w s (Ju4 r&dnss l

Tere's!o tiledns.
Iowt (you) work ?
(I m) hskftr lor work.

L
B.
.
B.
L

The ne{s (is) o y sood.

Good.
Did (you) lpvll !
in.
Hw'$ (xor) lanily ?

L God. (se ro) tomomw.

B- qood, ny cil iac !s (]] tDm).

M. Cood,uiil t noEow.
. Oky, Drt Cod iate us (t ionorcr).

318

319

Y. Greetilgst ydr 6m3Dsd.

Y- Wlo en to xom !
D. Nq not nlti tborrow.

Y. Gooil.
B. How s lyou) ds)r lsoug)t
B. Ilort (yu.) eiles ?
G. TlEh no tiEdns.

8.tu,

d. I3 tis conpouil yotrs ?

Ail. Wl@ is you. fs.m !
b. Thert ny rn ovr tnre.
b. I 6nieodplntg t serilt,
-{il. I'i!e, s}e! il yor stat !
Ab. t the egimiDg of this nont.
d. & fo n, h3va' ffiLede yr,
b- Trf's oy. I (Lawo) BonowAd. O}t, util lnohd tine.
b. I'e, nay tu te u ([o morh?in).

G. Iowe yo @ne ell ?

a. Fine, orhilsk ms.

G. Is yolr tutuy we a

G, Gooil. Did e so ro herki !

B, No, e diib e. t mset.
C. Olry. (S ytr)&..
B. Okoy. (sor) letr.

K, Sh ?eoPleh& @mto or.apounil,

M. Good,I've bDught fod fDa D*et toily.
K, Clood.There pltry of ilrirkis {ster ioo
1. Te ohiof the ownbe @m.
K. (You'e) rigt. I as ome Fi str inpor[nr bd.
. ls et mm o ciel s ?
K, Y6, tris boy ls lmtrglt s lereeox.
M. Good,vrtri s in i box ?

. Tvo atrdtlr N o* m.y ?

, Tis is the bcycef the ctiei's &n,
U. Oky,Nh*e udu hicycld!
. Ter it is tu iLe lnt

M. Thri's right. IIov.boni s rnd soven?

M. tu-

lou tim6 iwo iElow mory,,

3n
D,
M. No I Yo Dade qilteke.
D . (-o'e) rist. It\ onr,eiglr.
M. Oty. Hov mny is six tncs hee!
D.
M. G.od. s t1islrithmcti! dilcd ?
D,
M.

H. Is your fanX wel ?

Y. Yrx well. Ive you cone cI ?
IL Fin- Noihing s wmng.
T. God.Entr,lel'sst do*nII. Gil. Gos, the sun is lDt tadsy,
Y , lY o Fl n g h t. B ot. bi g,l ri nk i ng
rat
'
d. r \e comero gftiyu.
Y. ood. Th$k (ro!). avc you @nc tn hrt !
I{. No, I\c oone on om just mw.
Y, Fine. IIE\ veer to drinL.
H. Gooil,rhDks_ r (hevro) so no{.
Y. Oly. Unril ,nofher tine.
I{. irc, untl &nothertin.
U. -4rethere I)ottes et arkN toily ?
G, No, but ihere de It f y!N,
M- Gooil. IIw hnc do yns cost ?
G- r sLil.g snil5 kobc io 2 chillilgs.
M, Wo{ ihey m expe$iv |
G. Not m I Thy s dl lso.
M. T8t s dll righ. A there also bananas!
G. Yes reE src, ut not nant.
M, Irine, lor obort grav$ ?

32r
O. lt. Thee ere tlso plmyof nang6 3.d oitus,
M. Aood. Lct s. and8et Go'na).

B. IIoN nrc[ dos a bicycltye cst !

, Wc,thera irrEkinds- TheF ore*hib,blck
B. Fine,hr nucndo6 4h 6t3
. Nhitc oaek r nsiB, 6shillg,
B. !Vow,th.i's xpeive !
1. But tbi's b b6t om,
B. ow sbout. bl,.k one!
B lvhl ot s r one!
U, The red ons rc the edst qPo$iv &t I mnt.
2 snlngs.
qood.
B.
B. Ok!y, 'll buy th wione lor I @io, 4 snilings.
tl. No sle. Ttt's the pric f hhok orc'
B. .4rl ight, ho* noh is the relPrice.1
. I duo(ih prioe)3 kobc.
B. I incMso (ny p.ice) bY 5 ltobG
M. CoDq con no{ $ |
M. Pyn 55.
B. oki, I odr (you)l 5'0M, I'l greto i 52
3. God,!rc'e th noneY.
. whercyouBong KndcI

K. I n goihg lo ihe oarh.n Lo Ll a nes LudJ croth

32t

322
K.
A.
K.

K.

To lni @ to go to te da dre d.y .itr

Gooil. Bon you pEnt body cloth is n
You'rc ishi. It he Roliv lot olil.
td rotrr hubnd
srveyuF nD.r. ?
No I I {ld (sme) tqDuts.

M. GmeDgsD {yo)vdl Dogo.

u, urcbnssr 6our) @ma.

M.uor s qyou4iloy igorn$i

D. F, notiDg Ercrg.
1. Gooil.

D . Eto u h e d rgl rtos n ?

M. No,lm ju utor a stsu.
D, Ory- Li's sit dom il chrt.
M. O]. Iere (bn) ao.d shad.
D. GedDcs, \ (uJy) lot today I
M. You're ieht, i's the tjne lor i.
D. Right.
M. I syou sil go to I(n tomorc$..
D.\c6. I l eb hy lony itr the ooru.
Iu.Good,NhayrlytrdotbeF?
D. Ih oint sI hy @Dea6q in the m.rket.
U. Ci. will 10" Etoeoru in Kn. I
D. Ys. rn, si;s to jo;k t; wok rb{e.
M. Fe- lv]|n vill rou ntDn (here)I
D, Not uri ne{t month.
IL Gd. I havt s. nos,
D. O[ry. (Seyo) ;en I reiun fr'n Kano.
M. Right, nay yotr refurn efely.

J. I vr 1oratL ro hhd of rLe hou@,

G. TL eadol tld ouseisn't lec iod),.

J. OkE , n sil e letm ?

. W!y,I iloa knv. E mi to LagG.
J, Diil L g0 bI aeropllht !
J. Ho' I@y ilsys wI e sty teF ?
C. O it ron' bo no. tl a s@}.
J. Il ! eoinato buy Dr* thm ?
G. Po!;\'.-Bur h; vent baus bh hrotherhNd'd.
J, Wll enN probobytuh ne vak !
J. wlen he luns ttll lin I eedhis helP,
q. o", rll tell hn.
J. G@d. (s@you) et.
G. OleX,Gcyo) ater.
T.
A.
L
.

I! smsor wha j hnc dificli for yon !

Wsl, only itlnetic giv! e iolllle.
Is st riqht ! lat about Easlih ?
Well, .'sL very ili[onit bu0 arithntio is

1t, Rsedingis't diffioult 3

A. No. It's e$y. ldins id ds (rry) djoyble.
T. Good, Do Iotr rmd lot ?
. Y6 inded| ,Al L rime.
T. But you cr't ilo tiihhoiic ?
, No,I o do () sUti8ht. But it is di6clt.
T, OkX. Qorti. Fith your efiorts.
Th ym, ihe zerd nil t[e Dg
In oldentins thF @ a ytu. Oneilay sheas yety
u.gry. Sos rcs atul rntou. Slwd i@ingIo.
food wentlre rrs a ld stlirs beG. WAo sh
si the imrd s ughr in. Shms oboui t a Lin

324

326

8o shosid(t ese), .L De
helore I r.tnrn to @tch ih dos.'
So lciook e lizdrd I'onc
'$rhcn she rturnd sbe didn'i *c tle
dos- Wlile she
Nre tns Lrcli?ard rone tlc d!rm offto re bnsh.
\lier ille htem retreil lne s difr !@ le
lizril. While she w&slokiq for the doa ihe lizard lei
t rena s lol and went,ini tl bush.'
The hJonn vs maed, shc sid, ' lYhy, vhtdd you
seekin the \.1d, il it is noi }or lor, you won-t sr (r) !

S. (Ity) site tlil ne yo{ are not Ncl.

S. \41t's boiherins yor !
s.
B.
S.
B.
S.

Or, (I'D) sony | IIeve you tako (sb)Dedicinc!

es. The ddt! sve ne a sho.
Goad. Is ilr sso rvr ?
Forhrc.l' there w but iNis bett. nor.
G@il. lhen did iiliyou ?

B- Wht it \s ystrdeX,v[ile I Ns (wornson

S. Wll, I l,opeit Go.l Nill nr (dt better.

S. Wsi sre lI doingir tosn ?

L WLy thcy'e ducing ihe nerl
S.
L
S,
L

deXdanciDg.

Gd. l{hat kind oI ilndins do they do ?

Eyerykird. Tnercs tu kind thai ty {ll Di d.
!e the r lor l peoDetherc 3
Thdc @!ly;el_ Tnero r e. an{ wonDj
child@ Md old fols.
S. !i;l they a[oe ne t go dnd v .h?

L WrI ce siny ihet ll lgd ! Let'" go toFltr.

s. G@d. -\c ro s.s to don.e?
L Goodh.a\?;s, adn tJan@ an nc lrtr too old!
L Io s,ut yo ? Do ru vdnt t ty (tlis ilTe of)
S. No. I an' d you tind of dscitrg.
L Osy, lei s j6t 6is nd F&ich

Everyone IIs O! wo Is Srngr Thsn I Is

IIe vls lbont t
On dsr s snol brd cidt o
'om.
t it ;en the wom dil ont ssie. ' PIM let o
- The btd sid, 'No. Why, I'n go8 t olt yotr,
ldsus ln stre!3r tban you qe'
So ! Dickedup tl tiite som ond 3t
When h 6nied atin! it s b'Nk dw hn So tle
hrw @qht iLe litl ir, !6 he was sbout to ot hin
iL bird c;ied oul syins. 'B psiiet t! n, li ne
- the hsk rc6ed sJilg. wby.you snLy@d fo
tod.r, b{6ns I0 sbrcog*ihs tou o
s h lu" I rt ihe bid tlt Lad 4ten t hblile $ on' '
BefoE the h3sL lsd irileil iin th bid griGon
fel ulon him. S t! nk begs ta orX t, butlhe
srilon didn t releo* hiD bm8P sI w.s rnger in3r
liiil shile ihc arifron eN up to the sir' SL
-Aiter o
Ji,l tqt ver' f (r.diy lond beforeelran atLv
l' bodr'. \\'l'], ccri,nhuntr ha,l sn hr nd
'n
The sri{tr hd coac up gnst td one Nho q.s tie

n6
L G!sh. 1rc6ine'r s*on

321
is EsI

uoon s !

H. Youe
$nr to rr" ;
@]lil'r 'gr.
gat &ros.

th*

^.-i.s.

l{- It @npleteXil ! T te tetrt th rle Etrgr

o{ tbe cumi nsdc h fsf,l
]. Thst s c.rt3idy smcthing to fd. l 6 ley sriIr.
. (Your) iet I Wr, emne ihc$is a Ie$ 0,
L. Tbst s su. f $mo!eIrls h Mld,
E. (You'rc) risnt I This Lil ol a .ivd is M vi rhins.
!. well. sar sh,[ y ito ?
q. Wy, v'[ svo to foow s iliftehr .@d.
L. Bo rtrols sd {l be verv'l@2. Yotrti!
L. Yu re riqhr. w sv ro @ i! o@ wor
II O&!r, ktb Ao.
. You'verctned Ircn tLe eity, ever ?
B. Y@.I Ftmeit Leibr bf yomiav mom;s.
U Fine. But I hd lst there s tiobi tlB. B. Thst s fo cdrrD ! Wov ! Sn @mpouits oourht
n, il bEil n lI) ohpletely !
U. Gos| (Tose) olle ne oerirly !fousi3!
D. Wht, In olsy. It ilidn't comno Fhe I ss
. Glod ! Pvjou M
otrgttst lersp! jt rrl
onc ncar whrcyou w.
B. N, Ii ildnl bot!r $ 6t - tsut sn boil o loi f

U,
B, l{hy, otr dt' I net . ienil f nirc md N}ed hin
bo!s 6e, II siil ic @poud d bueit

U
B.
U.
B.
U.

M
vB ! Wlt diil yu ilo ?
wlry, I lud 10 trr lim & d.co in ny rco
Iine, h wt !pponed to hiE tsily ?
O} tLey styl at otutlr PeMn's ho
Wnn wil tey (l anle to) sl4rt a eP
Ml

B. Tht von't wrii 1ons. The/[

dil sart .ight s'.
U. Gool. Isy H hep tlen.

gLe thc rtc|i6]s

d d Ni
.{du uil -Ai v iBveilg. TheX *d o! thei y
to skt (mms) soodr. ll t oc them as
nthg et th side;fihe psth. li prckedit up strd
l@kd t it. Wby ii wN a bag ot mut !
Soudu sad, GsL, se Isft lsllen iouoLtodot!
3 troLsv fallm intocli ! Orisit/
i6dd,'th.t
vLo ave fsll to luck ! '
ndn sid, ' Olsy, thre it your sy), nal God grnt
Ter ctrtied on lei. vv nntil ihev @ne io
Audu
fore. Thd sme hishsey beB tel on .n
Th obbeF folbscd sftr
ad tek ol od ro
Jir wie A.li got tiFd bee@ t lis @vt laa.d
E said. 'ls. Tod'y ve lrv faen jnl,o sfo.'
du 6oid, ' W!t 3 I? vc i8len to uisiortunc.
O! it r@ h N all! int nidortue ? '

The Fniibt Do6r'L PBY T,xN

O d.y t ki.g ftc trin.ls ooleil is rcFe$iative
(tuhtt) anr Mid to h. ' Go everrryhd ny @utrt

329

328
to t on6

of al t ninls nd @llet tr6 fto'n

Th ", d l ? i s si d . Ma vyo u l i v l n g ,Iil doilr gb'

So t t a!,t qent sU ovd th6 Ld Dd oollotiltL
br b b e \ c r t h o m . B u r[6 h @m b r bp hhI
iho fuitbat {the laiie) refutrd t Be t honey.

' wny, r' norotr;insl,' $id io'muftb.. ieu, js

thdo ny de of tl flbjt of the kilg oI th nimals

sho s vitr8e lke I nsve ! Is theF ;ny wbo m ty
i! te o k D ? Wel, l m ot so@ to Davtaa* to
tbs s of th sbj@a16.'
Tsi ve tbot, The dlr of the kill of the Minds
Ieft hih d md to iho Dle ua tod e ki@.
Tb!iog, fo bs !r, bought;b bdsid, ' WX,h
rjabf. Ihe btritli iB noou kiid, tsojm el.'
be &n dsy rhe llang of rh bndc @ud ts reprc,
$nt8tiv

{@ni'!) d

strf

lin

io @lleat ts!*

at hiD Byi*, s for ne, I ei't DaehiD iud'E ! rou dr sd r bid m sb, hesid. O.
oDwo dres bnth to it vou! v d @tfeils
id I Come,
@m| l.n ;o s ;biai of tte kin! or re
Wd r
ime.l to tbe palM ed rld th
'diii they (ll) sseed ihe ruitbi ihoi e
kitrg l bide,
Fo. this M hefnitbst is bciwir.i tril etween :
e isn'i rn nihal, he isr't s ird.

T. WIcr are yon going

T. $ne. WIe.do you *r !

D. !ell, l'n cer at o csntd
T. Is tlt so '? I tlonsl ou !r in shooL
D. No- L rea I lc{ (t.;. hoyingconprd)PrnNX
S.lool. I aondD'igt irto SconilrJsohol
T. Didn'i you psibe exaitior !
D. -o,t ;a vry dificult fr n. Bli r!i's olruv,
3incI ve (b*r dleio) get{rk

T, Goil.

What jnd ol work do y do ?

D- Well, I hrlc vrio8 iohs: sntrrcs I nse

gooib somt,tuesI sll god:, soEetimn even t0

hil cle civc\ m p8pesork to
'1orrom Eurcea
T, Hn. a mo+ or yo;r dq bDugl'i
But ow ihey hove stsrtd to mske oe.ttin
tLinF this coEtry le shs,aloth, cment lnd

D. Y6.

tmm

6v.fy bd. $rn{sit qin to rfrubsi'sono

ed os!din fd tbe tu Domr ih uitbst laushed

T. Dad !

D.I'n headedn- Ive iusi no$ le& \ro* hal

T. G@d I Is it t ue ilEt roitled dti.s are oilv nde

D.
T.
D
r.

Of carse! It's t Le ou. om b@r !

IIow ont t'lqeil foit is i 3l cooked !
Ys. TIv savtltil c@krsh thevp.pareit
Grmrougi rireauy rs o-a,is hor ii is lseibl to
@ ot offoJ, Dut rn iiD,atrd sst ii de lbr

as nuc o nvo yoB I

D, You r rjght. Wcll, L8t'sthe wly he
it is ful o tDazins ini.gs

G. Wly, tror! Gretrnsin thc (ltc)

lI. Greetrnss.IIow s (you) ork todoy
G. Wet,vok nevrnDs oL,

3t0
I. Good.Tat'the \s oncs!rs ir.
G. Yotr'.
_{rc otr (ju6) {d*ina in rhe
-rjshr

e vded io gt t neet, S ld rv.ked otrt a slLetre

H , No. I've b*r lokinp fo. vou sir[.

G. Oh. Th t*day ldo";d by thinq, othE Dlse.
H, Good. Btorerou w.F In s". (m;rj *rn r, rh6

" ' Coslt, ihe oherday I Lcsrd

ihe crow. Ie said to im,
you sigig . m"g. Your ic wsvry pleasnt i.deil.
I{os loDg (rill I bnve to ylii til) I c lE yotrr sdg

G. isht. I ve L lortah
I{, Gooil. Cdil yotr w m sne cloihiu 3
G. 1\r.I,il's Dy occpaiion | \4Aer hrl d; yau nr ?
E. ocedtwo (rsr of)shorr, aol a bip @sn.
G . F,n" Drd yu b.iog (/. @De *it)_$u
l
H. Yes. fir 3 thp khskicloth f! @ki! the"*r"nnt
shortsahd

Te cow isiencd (ottentively). Whoi he jdcli stiit

ho h besd it he fosN
dBeJ brnr (p
','.h).
;boni ibe tbrns rn he monib. I opeoedbF notrh,
Ee ** alon io (obise by) singidg 3 sons.
hr {ss tb | TIE mei fel dort, TLe jtcbl pioed
(it) trp a sid, ' Thanks.' IIe Fent ofr rj it. Tbt'

33r
-Si*'L

on. (nade)or.arnarril 006ns (r)

it

dloth for na.king iho gown. { nnch it ihe

G. The vhole j u

be .15/ -rr is, 4 ! ad

lI. lllvns ! thtBtomnc| lf)'on don t gr(to da

it) Ior 4 min I'll (hrwc to) Iook {or sneone ee
G. O,y, I !gpe. j,e1c tn ciour there.
H. GoJ. Whensbr'llI cobs sd et {i) ,
G Nnt ,ll tonomN. I cslt ,ro seNrnAthe'n all
L Olsy, eyo tonorrc\C. Oly, unti tonrorreN.
Ihe Jscl<li ls the Chif of Srhcns
One ilot . m\. ws wnilering obot. Ue rvs loLins
fo. orthinu to 6. Ilon e *r iitle Die f beoi
on dLaouJ neorrook.c detr1 ,1shDiokedir uD
rtr l,is;uth. He m Dlo t[ riih tho;[ n h
hortr and l.niled trcc.
wu, j.cksl ves wsrchins h h saw evdy1ins
tl.t th crow ilid. To jroa, fo.lis !r, wEshu!grr'.

**'

tr" ta* orthetft, bs*t d

333
it (/. sLet), bo!
kEirn (l) (d. $.Id),

Ilausa Egli Vocabuay

sr/.!, Gx.antion of su.

This ro@bu.y iloutl6 ll tle o.ds nil nosi of c

iilionraio e&resions foud uyrLde
hs l!s@
th
er@ption
of
mne
of
t!
l*r
@hon fods
{\iih
liEtd I,osn 39, Eaion 7). No3that the .lDhsbeiel
orde! in wich ne ord! sF amled is Hls thd
h elMt !@tiod fG t, 4 r,;h, ir sit 'ri rathd
i[s coDbins th* lettrs ritl t nost dnir eter
ol t ngl l!sbt s n@t !@ dicioNi do.
N.'a 1 ti stulaais @4tud,agantt6wnn4
thtr he
t lznt* the Mnks o a d ct tt1t rd b! stnd!
iJ*ii!
to t M-btJ sl'86 ldda
i @ thdt
d@butr'b. E. sh dt 41o ah..k uith w o tlp
Iar1. di.ri@a
Vw ouaTtins tn MLr ue oJ rhe

.. (ntrlmnip-sponon
dployil wii ri)

abH (, abhri
atti), fnd

l' (nnlee@r

snbjulcriwe

{ (?L 3bh!t), thig

t ill, wh3t, th hg

i, (iDlMMl

? a ?&nou

d.

- abD blD, a ndrve

, (inrpenal foturc II p

bi8t

(abou)his oM

" - il si, sonEtlg t

.-r,(dclr8ionof 2.nbaEr,(nn s nme)
dsloi juti@, fim6s,
s'd,(exclan'ation of oon
.d (?- idld), just, n
6i, rigLtrls (pemn)

rd! (l)

(?. ,!d),

| il (pi. rdri),l'-ig
rsos(21. agsudi), \rdt h,

greetrng6
ii F?lY to
su/rl6.i!)
l/hlE(./.) (l. rlt-

si, wX, sell (i.hodtrctoI

db

(2i. ribbt,

iLe (i/.),

,.

*nd

f!!lt,

lkci, }indnss at
hnib of, bemts re

(on

ri!(!), very Nch. too

ityyr ( f. tjlvsvviv; ?,
tty{yy), (sneting)

lhsi, (tite of oc who

has nile te pneim
ma.ge-hsj ao M@m)
lhlmit

ltllhl,

pr$e

Goil l, nne! {r excla

ntior ol grstlulns)
(i), Tudly
put,
place
lhBi!
sjty, r. set aside,
relot've r.ri indnes, Iibemlitr,
., (irleNml
@npteL P-3 conse lr, (Ply t t!
. L (inler LbihL
akrn (/. aldmtr), oler!
- hhbsnIFn. hed
a l, (n)cM!.l rehtive
continutiY P. con

lj/nrin(Pl. diituDn),
taDi

(21. altahDl),

335

334
l (d. lihi), jdsc
A!, God
u (/

.t.!!epnsr, nExpen
ya !hi, it is in-

a'i (r) (?1.wqi). onr

dbi, u. hrt)en on

r" . nor bc n ile pucs.

nnn) shol

|lu

(/.)

(/l-

i!lr.i).

lEitd (, l&tl j ?1.

Ejlni),pupil,lhldent
iil, rnen, naX ite p
ADi!4 (o.rmr mme)
.bhc, lcisbility. frienil.

-- hira Danari, he Mobe tl!, ouins

.r .L, du nortl
r., nort\edrd, to ic
e!d/u,

a@i, 0. d n. (t) acwo

!, (inpe.sonal conplrive
-

ota, ongst of sverl

:rzi, L

d, pr@!eI,
heco ps,

jib. rfts r vbie

, (indsonal cohiinue
iiv t- .nsbuotion)
cn !a!, dter wlile

&h, Nl i, oh l, *llt

ohef's srvDi,courtier
B{!N (l Bl.dyr :
rrui), r'rndh-

ao (l Britl; 21.

Filhi), Fuui !.Mn

Btlu. (t ab.ttr. ;
ba/tb.. thc no/nt l,. ttrllr), Hs6

bl6, therc'snothing

bl rr|!, i b lot gooil aa&u/Bar.s(/. Bal&

b,.. b, (ne$t'we Perlnel ; ?t. E.!ntI),
ticls mployed ith
brr Ol. hnlil notril,
bai,.. h., (Liil p.Mr
nasoulinering!e! nes
blri h!, eilgeof i\o
- in . - . b.. (6rs peMr
singd8r negtive p!
bl,., b, (neg3Ypdtict4 mployd Mh
nouns, noun Pu*,

rei.g a bridF
es@ci
srooni narringfast
Dhi (?,. !!si), /10 fe
(i/), ,. boro\ (othd

(l'1.

(d. ridF),
r&ri/brrd

bsfl (/. b. ; d- srll),

pit h-blk, jt-blMk

in d.j, fost (,!r.

su!, {- vcigh, ns.c

taa (?t. n!y), bis

nik (/. h{i: ?,. hl$),

336

33?

b&t, hava gu6t

Btui! (/. altubty

biri, ?iyig

(dh3l rou

bnyE! giil. svrtort,

h.y8,

bc[\',]s,

{i'i-

bre,nuo! more/s. . -

b (J.), hot, nusgy

s, \all, boo! cove.
m t!!, crBg lltt- giv3!z, worth$

sMn

rP
12L6ari1,rhif

!hsi,

!, kpotr hetiDg

lnnwa

(p1. 'riE

jNt bon [c

bbltgl (r), be.g dsf

(thine), D.D. (I. 00rys: ?r. D.-

| yo,hiitto, s.t
ay,0. hid (sneirg)
6!t!,

16),

b4, u cl6r !v!X,

Batr (/. Bldrn j ?r,

rinE), nuopem pd

biEi!

tw, 6pit

most imloet

1/

.iy of

blstiti (?1. tBiici), bis

- ci D!, r. incu s dbt kEi|ri, goiI rilttut
ad ( ), tLe iom o
( LstYcrir t !c dn)!
tist!, (fomls siil
on standng u!, siitg
b*(t hir; p,- brl),
down,strtineork, he'

rr/ i, I toqlt

N/cr/.4
b!8a d!

b.,l!s, bmtins
btr (,) (ri. brrtn),!
rrt (J.) (?. brrkH),
ut rems {b} r
ud/b!il rdd, nl

-ra

n blt

tLre, tb8i

st! o th

!:i (i/), ,. be, tbnsh

hui. u. et ed lak

bi, sdda

(8tr

pe

hi folsing G,.r {D hi)

ber. bl. !et),

o1fr
c+holderuDderechief Blw (/.), BenueRiver
!tin, co\'Ntior. matt.,
birri (1. hrin), (rvled)
- bt, @ncom8, E-

il

ya na6!hL, he cc

3i

irir/tji (r,, brlh'/

st!k

&iin

clt eyiag, qt, i

ci r. 6t, m (3 @tsi)
d tlrh, imu s di
pss tst
ci
lrirr,
e. eety (u id@!ho&)
.tia E c, exootly

(tn

l !ra.d a

y ct&r lal, ii is fll to

339

338
eltrt!

( cr8}}iy ; p.

ei, stoncl! pregMcy

ttti ciri, sdnoss

{r';,.

yA e!. I ab
-cI
6rotilrtd (,rt. st nooh

'tlji,
di, in te tst,

!-\ltu:rv

[, fot

earli*

- ri ciLi, beome p.gtuni

drli (r) (/. drl), liin,

two shUings(: lt.k)
itt (?t. itsi), reasor,

itdr,

tlere's

no

dl, p6'Io!.e, of !e@siiX,

itor

d, d- spend long

ctyrd

()

(21. crrr), --tE!

it itere, frcr s

spoon
o (d. ckul),
itlE (
c,', balL(of sLins)
ctu (/.), ilnN, di**,

d{[ (t), beihs {or

dlard ; ?1.

il.i, ilEd, howevr, on

(n
Id
tle otlr

Iri,

ple$e, for

dDua/d!E/dlEi

ds, (swet) potato(6)

cni (t), . jre, o[6t

itL(t),,. t6, bot

ds! iti (?1.'y.! itL),

ilailill, o. Lepon oo}jng

spdding a ]ong

Dat (r), Decehber

dr(r) (?t.drLi),

dshhi (/.) (?i. dlbhtl

iladr[,

ding, 0. kepon (dog)

dnD 0.), chc, oppF

dh!() fu,. dhrr),

oty&/oI {d), 0. ers to

(: dTJD
drwn,.turnng
e

tmErly,

-eds, rcngrn n pNi

d n.. it nas b@n
damed tL, i is wel
iu

' btrsl ' dountrr, un-

di!/do!,

beosus o, in

dnb,r. @k (i), inpect

d(drrlite, r nighr

ouutrDa, rcoF ewtrere'

kep oD looks (fon
dnbl)

: Dvid)

- nnda (L8k), +ite

of (iis), aevertbeles

34r
ihk dry!, !l te sn
- dtrt r.!it anyoneh

d:!vn), rs/unolod

(thj.s)

d4 6ilnN drc to Nind

(6urUy d4reid as op
pced to serr : ddm?srne,

dt! (?1. itu*tlnl

d!i,r00; ik(-

dri-di. ooe ht oe, s8ly

nu.,
oM (pr. osr!.J.

?.

rlita

(tig), vhitnes

td!

c Lsppir6s {,.

lI.f.ll

(?t ldlra),

tnti ), clf'3Fidnc/

fln Ei (r) (!1.l.nD,

figtiDg,

l{r, hegiming,stet
/ts

db,o. Emove,subbci
(?,.
d'!si
Il, 0. di! ot, xrer
'ye'rr),
lrcl (,i". sor ol ore s lrE, te oDin gtr*tion
di!, peaioe used {ith
nmbe6 (seeL6on l,

drt

rrd ( r.i d. r{i),

: ta

af brcther (. @ of

(l

ra indeeil, or tbe ote!

Ldl, qel,

drr. t|k, one only (t.0.

plicd
(ti. $n of .
Do, nolos tnM one)
dl,& ji til while oso
'tr (?r, 'y.!,b), dh,!. dip out ed bring

dy

Ntiv dnron

d!u, 0. ii (condcty/

), ndtivc l Kdo
de rir (2. 'y

dnri (?. dlbri), udnt

F&trrti, (w BIr.i)
r&al' (/. trrEi'E ; d.
!tn), havjjs bee

rt!

d|nll (i/),!. rLe/pi np,

e ail@ (?,. 'ru
ita), peon, hm!
hing {l. m of Ailen)
- u ilLa (/. 'y dL), lt, 0- (rr) stot, e
(i,. son
N.. poli@
d lnl, Ftbo s!
jn l, gEt grnd
-de

d'l, sttnl, u!@Dt

pl9t"1x)
(-'r)
dr(). daushtr

r (r), ihjlg $iit, sloko

rlltsrr

!.,

Le fEi

(?r. t u-

Ld, 0. sll dom to eeliola (Vl ,. unitmred

r,llf@ (, l|dmtD
c; ?,. tittlaEl
udestlod, intlliset
L @npletly (medr3)

r&ti

{i/), 0. b oyotril

tstl (/.) (/ ift),sin,hide

ltrti, loin, tv siligs
(: dsll)
rr. (/.) (?t lld), l@ust, ilt6 r. ct rt melt ri

u2
ny, q b cLsturdjrd

t !'rt(r).(?r. t ui!t,

by

lalt (r) (?i. tutH). foe

r.6niL j jin t&

canu (d), ,. Det (vith)

ca!,r. clrt(cnff iletbly)
l.la {, g.tn i

-! n , , , , I p l f ....

- r n dt. . ., is tle
Y.. bel' i sbeiter
' -Ye be i is lttr
fir (!t. ttnrd), wib!
n6l' u. Ieep oi@ -ur

su,

sk, epleere of,

reglrding, rh pc-

343
gidr i?L eidtl), on,
sidu 3., nosqito
--bi

siill' [s.d of iL

use sidn, vonr of

ihe hoGe, (tust rife
c's,ry I dl-!In
sin, r. luld (Ntrs[I wit
olay,brick o oete )
t!., t Nold bhettsiht
gr (r), it nt(s), siriti bas, botion, bterbI (i/), 0. M!, lrNsr

ld, (e BattLc)
ft (?i tny), op* coo"- - gr&ra sll rogrrhr,

!ti (?t. sum), iom

- s.rl y r.y, it has

si4ij i2,. rt!tsi,ri), rin0[' big*, Lnu, ntr-

tq ltims.y eot
rtq r. (fom of :r)

g.n(r) (pr.ceau!,

setrTe of o.ploueh drr ) (?,. clty), ele'

lte/il (dt), r, rak onr,

Ehoc, ilpde, erpei
clhlr
tli (l) (y' ittr. lnrh.

('), lsrdoDiig, loF

l.i, ,. (f<m of ssyu)

rri, @nins o Ih

nt)

rE (), s food mde of

@kd or nit rirh

g!. (, !j yI;
sii .n), shoft

- ilg&L, ltrnly (se

siiLd (Zt. g.tui),

,i.

3:e,

s.yl, ,. tl Gqu6 m
s&ye oi il,get for

sb. (/.), etchins fire

srn (/.), ihd16, g1 l-d sidia vjtl ihrnk,

gs.t. ub (conPletly)
ss& !. ! exprieh.od,

x45
- 3E-sE, ten Pi&c/

swu-llalt

{/.),

beins

!b rhdrs, clcve,

s'I (r) (rt. snti),fn

stsurty), lf ilclGs rr,

sd1/. stst),
nn!
nng (ge.lso srrisnF

crd. (l).

(fo.
hal. ,, prdcrt, lbr,id, hnc ssdtn(D),
E nsd lt end of
lcitd '. yours f,lnIy)
nng. (i/), .. socalur l

sDrdntrr(N).

st, nrkAcight'
siist {tt sgt),Luctcr
Arv. bt sellr: E

(rsLD.Audor nrere)

i. dippisfm'n ! vell
snjo, cpedix, on th nr
! sl, o tlrc nn.

al34, runrinA in hc.

end ffld @mDeiirior

hay,r. nnnt. clinn, cRxs

lb cone rc l, don'l re

(n.)
h. |p. h@triy), rn!
(rcldshard), lond
hey (t) (?r- s!y),
hsn unti, to the.f,rnt hat

3ut (tr_ su!ty), sho bdE,!. n@r, bc jojned

(hing),frasri oI
raqbs,
Itlil
sidc
o.! (/.), (ts! il {.
Njgei!)
!t

ili, ,. naqrc,

t6t

sBrac, srgs, patnbl

a, 1tlrcr'swf (not
on'sn'othd)j mremal
gFDE4 rthcr. it oul
gqugre

h.lf (i/), L give llirr

hri. ihe pilsnn,sa. to

(/t. swesr-

judicrion ovc.,
iroess
.eri {?,. srr), oodr
hlud, patin.e, nsicnn-

id (?t. idlr), eye, sigl

iilD sa.i. cqmnLtunce
isiy() (?. ivdt rore,
h!tu, loss dc to sonr
uluoky i.idetrt, nns
rtsi, goin st!le {;.4
guin corn or nillt)
h!tt, Mdness,insqity
Irngnge, f Ilus

h3. chr{ctc, i.pera

iglt

hushi,r.rrtion,.nger
h!4 nonntns, ridinoD

ilEi/Ei, nowlcdge,cdu
Ie, tr's n!e, lioD
nn!, ,titn ?n6,)
i! !h n(h),il Coil
t. (frBt person singulu
ii. . ., rccodngto,

3.16

317

jl., (6Nt persor cigul vii, rnn \ilc/vivB

and
connuttre !,3 cochililra, !e's [oe]oiil

jtt!, t, te on goodtcrrs,

jvldi (l), arlitr

ii tui. o. ve nercl. he jvry(i), DcinsonBod

ji (?r jijAr),ed (tlne)

. shI(), (ee i)
ii-i, krioN

[ns, al

I!, (,nand mre = Jesu4

d, .. be sulcien,recch

- ji yuPi, u, l,olgrj

- jl vu/iit/!u, ris1i

ji i,nery, syrrletry
jihi, dry allr tnoror

jrki (/.) 1?.j.ku![!!i),

jit (?1.ji}rdl grMdclld

jilr jir. ; ?1.jru),

l,sra i/ ksirI;
?.
kle), enougl, sfroit
(J. orn.), !ind, air
'i}l

ji, ,r.spend,ltr tnre

- jin $ds!,

lfte

e litlc

lsi ji, cctor later

jtunDi (, jrD; ?i.

jnii), ravpdson
uually given to light

-y

iy ll.s, h car j', ,. ?u (ld4, dres

iy,iirr(l), ro!dr).,
iyi cbdi, (oe s) wist

jy,syyi (lt, @nircw$r,

$,ij!r4,th.Y$od

k. (Mo^d sngnl nri*u

ine ilatie cornplhYe
.d tL
D & Drcnou

icn-nployea afto. ai,

ha,i)
}3 t'ar, (seoondsilguli
lBiiuL p o
noellio
Ls l, Gmond insula.
mM!ino rcloiive con
tnnve !r consruc-

it|, sne (i.d fnic

sglr ide!nilat

itrca (?,. i6tuw), tr,

preoe of {ood, tvig,

jirD, Le ile{ondert

jiryi! san. dPlne

jirir, terdurl | (in nlconlgln t sulc jii,
rle voltue laided k.

/k, (ecd {nsulrr

.i,ject ptomMne
ringltr rrro
, (seco'Id
lin. oonilctirc p-r lto
, (smdsnquan'r{u
line lrttrc 1I !.i lto

348

319

rr, (socondsigrlr rqn

nno p-a Drenonn x6st
t, (sond *insd. nru
lin subjDcive,{ prc-Ll {secotul singoar us

(pftLicl.
rplyeil
L}!,
vith hahihDl NIot-

l.da/&, do nor, * {fot

lored I'y {bjuncrive)
radii, (ud dau

!l dr i!a,I r\,6elf
ri (), harvsieasr
Lk[ lp. LlL!r). Bmn,t.

l!, (sccnd sinsul$

nrsorlinc cor,riivc
,iJ&i

kri/E (/. LiwDti),

br}a!i,

Idrti (/. tu), sp !,ayn

i7,. rrrari), lo'd.
Fuins (priru.ily) in
tya! dL, th, iple-

r.

!ad t!

t!i, nedillesoe
t, you () (lccodsingtr'
indcpenilcni
r, ft ding,fudyng, larfeminne

tt&,a fe ,sitti a,
aligltly

k,, . h;rnF

xbit6, (onan mnc)

to, initcd. on ,1. otlcr

r. 6tlrlisl. l,uild.

k3/k.,it (d).. r.'nor.

iL6, ., b*orD j'hhro

(rellt t lAudbH),

hll,

sn!U, errthen\trt,

!!uw (l) (pl. [6trryi).

noe)

l.btr u) (?1.rd;t),

at,

k,r. Lein uooes of,lc di

- oiw ya raDl !i 'ra
b@Ee i (lr. n6 n&s
- - y t 8rya, lc \otr

t!i, Iou (nr*ulinesu.

r^ai,r. c..rJ, takct., od.l', krn/iii!,
roo fo
be ctu81,Le.{talr.
o\sd l,r {,Jju&tivol
Lit soni), hern.toD n, .. caror{
l,.in"

krc! nln, noto iroy

y, . (siict) snap,l)rcak
r' ,. rnage in heaps,

(slcciiqd vdb on
lloJed rehtne @n

k re, it i$ (cnphalize;
tl thc or clanso

lrsi Liu, Frick p ! (/. tksDi), l,iolch,

(one's)eas- t|.r rten
rtu, r. fi s[ori

(itr

ldshstui,oDiho xt drr
!1. rcneni. lccs

l.ryd, r. go routrd plaoe

twy, ,. g. rnndboui
rBti, go oNund pla@.

350
ki, Gaord singulor fei,ne P+ proN
tu
j)
3fe
i,
b,
Poyil
ri !, (8ecod si!ular
fcbnine lbitu.l p-
Iri ka, Ge@nd singllar
feninnre .ctive coniin!ti1rc p r @.struc

35r
&htyi (l) (d. isir),

Ltc./t'ic c),
ooo, gans i {pisonl
Ir, r, vrLer, pehaps,
(qu8tior icle), (!n
cotrve.rmgn rero,
gr're nonl into d

ri/kt,. G@md dbgul$

rem.ne
obldcr pob',/Ey, (@ond sitrgul
rentne p- Plononn

ksi (?r- g), river

Ir, (@onil plu8l

ireoonpletiYpr!

kri (d), 0. p.I !tta.t'n

r, G@nd duBL inde

l, {se@ddplual r ponoe enrloYil tb ri,

-l, (sonal sineu foi

ine p,ssiv DronouD)
eibryt (/.) (?t. biyyD,
h! GcondteDin rea
tive .on!eiin. p ! lro.

Lr (, Lvco; tl.
Lw!!), everXom
ry6h/kyuEh.,{ben-

olab hee, lods or

L a!, Gecond?Dl
habitusl p ! @turc'

ni !! l !b, I
l@hd door ti8tly
ku,

(s@ond plral @D

(s@ril puat oon

nmYe p- 4nsmc-

kn ta, Ge6Ld prl tu,

-.D

ila 4

edJ

kaw [owed mny

Iti!, Gond srguar feni
nrne coL!e.Jre 3 rro

- !iii sh, Lrjghi $eer

Linl, G@ordsinglsr fnim @nitrurile aspet

ts illwn, evertone
ree,(seekE!)
wnu, (ee s.Il.)
wd!, (8eekt)
E (/. krc ; /.
Lrr!), vqt, try

r, (@ondpluol ubjtnG

Il":914
Fn'.4.''

tn, (sconil pra p- pm

noun eDpll.edrL b.)
-L, ls@oniplual loset

kuE

(/.), sil6c i oDly

L@.. nems, clce!6

!ndn. sot!, soutlFds

rry close,cad .lsr
t@., 0. 8PPo.on, gt !4f
L!}ua. mGtakq emr.
n
nsing L nr.

(: ntri)

hjld () (2/. rin),

Ldr., indeed,as tbr, . .,
losvr, on tl other

i ()

(?. rtt),

352

33

tw" Goco.d plu{l tuhtro

krtuh, ,. coll@t n1 .

!r, (w.d plftI t) x

rronotrn enllol,sl \dil'

kwatd4 r. codprc,gilo

k'sb (/. vbhri),t,ol)o

wdyi, leen desc,grced

ky, (*conit sltrAul,rf.ni

nne ltn& 1I p o pro

tsd (/t. kr). n s.

!!), youngd sibling leht (Il. e{.qa),

tnta! (. rae*I;

ky,(secondsngu.n,'i
ndloc
ikmy (i/),r,. ni'iitc
nn l- tronorn er
twd, (tlt forD f Ism
erplot'ed lfore bnyi)
ykke* (,r. orl) 01.
k$.t/ksatb
(l) bt.
kyePfi) sood. Iand
wslAb), glass lotle.
soe. htiful,(often

honr
tly (pl. rayrk, wil
ft|!!n, ,. stp/Gs over
lt!, ,. cros(mad, rivr.

(), smallns
ruretr
reqt (), youns! stcl
rr. {J), cryis out, com
print to orc suthoity
t&1, 0. ircw,
Elet

nbi (t. tr; I.

r.i), smsU(thns)

ytrri (/.), nhDl hstred

16 () (d. ln), door
effort, (woru\y) sttcmp

eir, u- be @mplt, 6nh

nghr.rnc, a rwctr
four lon. dr {*len
Lnn i9r, loDg tie
rn an. t n d.ys
trEna/lwd. r. steml tl.

tye, dilor t) (r{.1 only

il yar, \rith dilcultl
yu, gorhFi (su,Ut n,
is 6isht). l'flndsoDc.
it Ly,go(1,hndsore
hnful ([?. ]os4$ins

t..t| (2,. |rlra), ntsl;

&l biy, tFo o'olmk

Iru, u. c inde$ed, nrae

rr (r) (l. rryac

{s1f

s,onth. ground,tLo\fr

K,i!

(/.), Nisd Rn.tr

alr/14!.vc. s)oilesslr

yn ft! t,
it's
corpletly bmed p

ttt (r) (?,.t&.4, Lsdl

ksro hiytr wn,

I spcntI lolrrinrctef. itsssr(?,/.anR),
kwin (p!. kwtr, ny
netl hoNl or b3sin.
ho.n (ol uir.0. tr.r
ewDt,r iiedon. (\r .
d'Ue../..). sbsi.ll.
(ilA).,.clrsf to lie

!, o. burn (.onpetly),

t!lu,

hcre ends the

ttrc), lie, uhuth.

[E!

(r) Ol. esrh),

aa e, h.re n, llis

wei it asl, veD

kwr9a (/.) ( lr. or,r
r , !. tgn.r.

trkc o

ey.yi (r), r,nckofieLead

lhr ( /,1 lbir), re{r.

364

355
IlrE (?1. Dori),

l.ii,

0. $ol saltilX,

lea, (political)6pe'

bit,

!!di. ei of reclming up,

arftune0,c6mtln
titt (?L liittlLl), bok

fuVr,(4e I,;had

lyr ),

6t,

D.cill (pl. b4i),

fq!41
s

.d.t/Mda6 (d. odrtai), iteen, @orig

\'el-

lr.yy ( dysyriy;
?L lltlYayy), hethr,
Ithad/I.td (l), 8llilr

ll.fu,, r.), feuli,

- ha ||i!, that's ll ialtt
(,t , tere tins
-i.tu

tc/t@at,

&ne his o\n

|rlo, u. hdone Eloid.

rl!b o), weiln*ilay
t!.bir, (sseEttu.h)

.d (), (fruh) nilk

ntrli
{/. Esdrty;
n, xsll (an exclmtion
indiosiingthoghtful
E./D., a$ lbr. . ., on ta
oihr hsnd, howeve (n

o, (6rsi ptursiuturcII
E/r,

tolro! (iniliEct

rit. Ol. likitcl), dootor

6./.!rI
i 6c6

(?. n.eral
of, superirio

y.. .
'. ni siil, hil of tle
Ei t6bt,6nll nnoi

ers (?r, nsuel|),

disployshig g@di on r

sn), Nod, ing sid

Eai rwi, tht ich is

.jng (.-9. fi i
!i, oil, {t, ga, petml
(tt?e of her6hing tool
aleil lik . let8ry)
b.smtl (?t. Esdn3i),

ahridi (p. nbiidat, kcr

n.ltcr (i 8hiG
otye; l, ),
ptie/long sfding

Etuer (l) k. E&!-

tu iErd , u,ait olyl ;

?t. bt'rad), sord

Dr'lDi () br. b &!.i),

de wlregli is sotd
br'ei
(?. D'uui),

atut (d, hr.n!-

nri (?r. l!u), pose'mr

E.tlhl (pL Esl), high-

lau! (1. l.!DDr),colon.

li?t. L),lr,
ln/bnn, ciirs (fruit ,r

eatLql (,. edAui),

.[aEloi (, n!h&s
elY6; /. nahaati),
maman. Danpersotr
Eb.!t (!,, l!rai),
pl@wler turt is sld

eli! (/. o8iiyr;

naiD.ko!, ihsteail of - - .
a., (forn of Dsys)

?1.
.j/.liri

uter, orc vho shoots

(, .jiety. I

f*lr, one wlo F/

356
, rolo ]nu (n. err.) bdb(i) (, Ddtun ; /,1.
(indneotljectpronon ElADri), iercher, lr.

8l&iye

am.D8nci, {doyfu trn

concd t .eler t rhc
ir1nre of Hsnsa onn
l.lngi shiol I)Eopl
uent in lh langrd:
cnrl in inforDco
; /. ba!E),

Dktui (?7. nri!hi),

nLet,

r. /com stc,

l5
d !ic, jn thc (dt)
Eir (t1. Drtli),ltunF
ori {/- bdhy.;
@!),l&Li.g i',
Dlc ( Eltra

MEl,

('n s nme)

t t (t) (l-

ry (). l

i /.

o7nl,/ni!, \{ (is
jt) ?

bq, (wonnh) brusrG),

!ln.l
(r,. DEl!}i),
r,irAsurpri*d. nszo,

n!yd/n.i (di). ii. rul

Lacr.rctnm (n ihn to
it\ tloce), ohDA
into.

Dt$
, eretiDs ( nplr to

@|/irbt
diMt

tofor hin {iD- oi (rr. Drr.), !!d

objcct preno!

ra*H!.r,
rM wo is
custnrrily 1.t, dil!

na/E.nn, rolrs(nr
di4ct objet ,onou

r.Di fur h.rn), cPed

nIl/rjr,
to/ror you {/.
*rq.), (ind4r obj
p.onour construciion)

E!\ nda | (en exdc-

EsvFr; pr.qr),

grifo!

( l gc s6vd!

E/Es4
tofo. (in'
diHt
objet preND

g/b, tofor (indiMi

bIt! s.. ne:t seek
b! jit, last week

atrl (J:artr; I,
.rd/DElr,

t/for rou

Foron @nstucrior)
@ryci (l borracv; 2i. oarre),
&t{ra:, rl'mr. wind

nnt@(t arlr@iy ;
/1. a atn),frgoticn
(ihing), forgetfut Peno
Dntrtr' {orgetfnlleM
mnya-Eny,rtrPor

ul.

i./fr .r (indiKr
n'rh, (xpsitr ot syrts
EoE( /.) ( { D or oq) ,ano

rt!, 0- squcc/pic toIisu, !. l. nnder resflre

EMrAei(/. n.miticly ;
?t. D!wd1.). $esLl'

Ei.L novcni. roton

n, (6rsr plril in'loE!,( l F nl ur J pr r p" ou
cirLrloJc,ls ril' eir bE)

38

359

- o! La (6sl Dlul
sbitual p-s con;tmc-

m! t, fEt
rertive oftusii;

Dbra
!-a

4D, (dat !u.1 objecr.

E! nt, hon, leson

nraErc rnli6.
-

n ( plutul p 4 !r
noun endo)'il *i hnJ nr, (Et drel fir.
-E, (6rit !lu.l posesiv

(?1. Esn), noe.

rl, 6Et ingnl*r Fs ?m- !iji
loun enl?lo'redlirh hr)
jn
-!i' b hel.ocss of, be !a/hl, thh/hse,
3t (spdd vrhl
tlot/thee, /thr
mploted contu
dt D!, imnredi
-!h
M gtL in ilh lowr
(
mj'
!u en, in ill;s ountry
-!3/-!
-6/-t),
(6rst sinsulir t)os.essivo !Dl, r. look !11over
n!&,, Iis (depcnrtent

{4, (6Er ltud !-. !tu

EEsulr ; ?r.
roun npr'rit virh h)

onsi (
irtu), hil/vit (per-

, u. $iad ( i.r.n),
fold (3 cloth), point (.

ti)
t (bt plB rLive
condriv P- Prcnoun)

(fNr ?tu4 oonpl-

btrli,
(Bt plDl
@n
tinustiv s co!6true

mhi , (!irs sinsula.

ativ coanustivep-

urrd

(,

?r. 6lesi), ypo

u/Duh (Pt.!rt),
te ih dns whi.n
fon te iniligm$
rn

(t) (?- n@'ei),

(indepe
rrcnoun)
(ind!npsoE)

!rar,fodns,ndins,
, (68 singubr &lotive
conpletiv p- !rcnou)
!. ran {ri sgnra!
hbiu . coDetmc

B!4

s/tl, theirs
ddi Posssivc
al/tt, !B
ild lo$ssive

!.,

![,

o. te foldeil up. be

!s/tl@, mine (ndepen

dent pcssiv pronou)
nn, *in, ookir for
!n (i/),1'..oek,l@!for
!a(l!n6bniyi;
/. nn;n), 6oght
anbi, (: !r!En)
!o, r. skand bring

(F dinen.r @n

-/nl- (t tr-/-), belo.girg to (peled io

possrive !rcmu
t
fold t ild!l&t
; 6Ei singhr futu; II

a{, ho$ nuch/non}- ?

!.v-Ra, hos hnch

!rk/lt, you (?/.) (n!

lib

(pl. nn).

(wild)

n5,lar arar (: 3)
ag/uns. ite hod (of
rlt I dn lndna you) I
ni (first s.glll indcpeD-

360

3l)

!ild, (6st singDr!. object - !ra yibd myton

Nti-tiy(t), Nis""i"
t, ( * r n
l d !.)

liYloDe| 0t. n.y you

. (p. r6nr), ol {i!

gd, v[, 6t-fl@.)

!r!.(/.),

!i (.),

'.

dn, fe
-i

!.!'

s h@ o{ snn,

djtyi (r) 1/. jiryi),

rdso/.J r. (lxeq,ues0n
!t, r. reqllt. rc-

sdu{da),0.Net (Nitrr)

(or) a cert in
.h n, Niting,

'.br

(/.), Noehber

[, wt do I ce !. I

!.i, r. diiil, spsrste

i, r. l&k, be [mble to
-tsbr!

(t), ep*s-

(ury'rrer),

ig@&nce,

i.rali

(/.) (?1. !.r!.y),

(?1.

- ttr..!,ri*ar

nrut),
yelos

i! rt, sirg &ng

lclrlgr, o. (!d al-

r. Nd

!l.!, u dio, in srod

S.P?II
t!, u reFr. stBy (freD

lDu (iL). r, 1' f.o,

!nr {?r. !lnmi), bater-

!!t,

.t

.l

hi rusn ?, Yhl do I

,otr'slr, sh&.ingont, r.
rat/lri

tl

r.c, trre is .o re- !si (/) (d dglu), sN,.

sab dh.bitt, l)a.nie f

'itl l, in ihc ntrtrg

si, lcert, then, rnl*,
!ly, nntjl, u ('Ir)
!.i ..8, !s it (h?. ro
cd r sani. ,eon'll DYe
io seeit (t ,liecii)
3sL, exoolt (Nith n,w-

3n (, salty j ?)4.!rtr),

i,n

(i r'
3Ln(i/), D. Ft*c
rm' P'$n, o.'Ae,

r. r. fl, I ncc,.!!oint
!/.w4, (lift plud lnrre
d/wi/st ( nd &l r-a
Ponoutontor.,l,fil'

sllr ld, (redre) c

{, (tl,irdsnAulr
!'ossesr',(l), s l,(k, ,tr,

rritr,e;I lfsl.d rLonL

!ur ,d .or ) por !l
3It (),
rsli, Pv.s.
'

96:
r!l8,

".

aft to rll r

. .lan sluq grcttnl:s

ri&rdn (i,/),r- ot.ir,

rsld (21.r.ritu!l), cri.i
dBD.lr, rIig u errlr

sef, vcry cad Dmrtg

' ill rs8t,
tho wcrv
,iib, !, $t ud brirg ]!rd
'n
3l8.yt' !. tel)on l,ur''inA
.lnn,
occnrd. i4 o)' 8ayu, r. ecp on s[in!
'i.
3.rttra, 0. lrePon bl
(/.)
(/.
s.!dt
unil (ono) s roughr
!rM''I).
'!
(ore)

se!
..r

iBdd. occutrr

(,

snrDiyi ;

(da), f. otrls t0

tB!, !. (Iontrof rs)

clDi! (/. ssnilus),tiri.

(- Eel), \rc.dy ngt"

rf bi rs. n t
s6esil} rs nc,

satuda(), sorbun)er

5r,tias (us wi num

ters. ?,q.srl - thre
don fib. dive (A1)
sta! (il), !. lt doFr,

duu,

g@tings l. slo\:
srk,o. 6rc ilN (t&nt

rADr it siL, gsctigs

303
d rdi, dailt, loae
botleMnic, {ilne$4 )c
yea

'L

!Nh_, it (d/i

r yr .uli, t F bctk

d!.d!^dr, i tol,or

ikins,lriDs
s,rvnting,

rau5.. .erin. rdleitovor

s.yl (d. retd), org

sPl puitinFF o olndn

plot ly, n,t.
r.r/$i

k.t. ill

(ili), .. *ll, dus

s!. {thirL plE p.s ttrc

erniioydsith ,
"rn
hl)
.r Ll& (ihid Plol
hrbitusl p t consiruc
r r. Obid drd rcl_
d, (fbid phol iddepn-

rsy,,. buy !, )rngLere ,dr, (ihid plDnl obFoi

.yu, ,. L iough (comc, (tbird llural suljD
l
soction
r-. {suc tb
-s, (ihd pml los*ive
ocDdrt
ni!/3unuti,
(d.
sgildl.
!itld.),
3nd
*ri (of lJiclct. moior

6k (ird plrtrl elotive

@rPletive
Fd Prcmu.)

3Gt
rLL, ilo6lolcntlr (

shat(v6), r. NiPc,.fier I

- ya ,!& rhh, he rha (?1.r!ni@l), Nk

N sittiDgd6pondd ild,
L Jcr viheiJ,
/. d,lt
ilihg
),
'd
ttoan, (r's !,)
-ba
,!a {rhir.r d@l or e,
@, (tnd pu,r.Diiurtire I)' oonsincion)
!n!i (?,. .n!iy.), nmq

rbta, dorldcs

rld () Ol. .!i5),

qdintuhionof juerco,

- - si !r" *t iLe pri@ (of r-h ({mr of !L.ru)

.n.rr/ (ir), r. Bter
(an aina.l), @e to
a llrsve,

@t oe.,

rh.s(t .D4tr.; I.
3turH (/'

s), La3ld, isiti-

.}:

Zr,
!r !, ianu

clflniqg

jt!,

1o

rh&ul (/.) irt :L),

l .ilt, fve d
.a}.ruiiya, iley helo

3h rIcb-,t6kc di
li tlaB, h&vbole
rha. dihkrns: sd ($ith

ll, !. Finnor, I'oq olt

3L*i il s!il, tsr t
l

(i.d ilguer M6culns P, prcDrn !4

36il
!hr, {ihird singdr n*cu
l
nderndeht J)rorhi ta n. tts ilrt,
rlrt. te nd f tlE
n.sinc

objet

prc-

frninc

h.bitsl

! n

ts k, (rLinl sinsulr
lenininc rclotive criinustive p s @nsttrc
t.lt, (id singn.r feni1,(ihi.d singd.r .diairc
con't,d,c p-s pnonn)
l. (tl'ird singtrbfminrn

3hlg&,,.cntc. (ihco so in
rhsi, ente.ing(tld)
rr U p,o prcnou)
3higa,r. passLv(: src) t, (ti.d sinAulrfeminine
rhig4 o. eri!r (ler.). conre
could it r)c ?, I

rhir/rhi!,

- im{hir!,

.uirlmss.

3i!ri,

r. I)rpo.e : seitle

r . r

(I

,h,

".

r n u r r aI

ti!, (i,i.d insd feeie

p'. rmnoun endoved
t ly&, u' fth (s
r.bbar,0. b$re (thr),

p r. bbt&ca (,

sow, tlmt sed

tAhhtacc i I. i{bbtrh),
.onrirnril, Pv. (fe

tahhrt.. (it),., net cr

ta. (third singulr fDini
olriir cotrietive p,
lmmrn and ibr p.t
Fonour enplj.d vit
.- le (ihnil s,rgular

tlbrn, (dpr6eio of utt.

i!i, r. iocl j h.ye rc4
t.ra!na,gu

g6nd-

366
1a!, N. (\t$, e1,.) boils

rtlBh (J. tlrs!('

ti, (Lird singul8r fel,ns ontnull P-

tantAEh.y,

r. keep on

rioi (ll, tic.r), t&lr

61|, lElfore, ol nc@siil
dljim, ubndoly, in lIg
rlns (or idcophole)
!l! ttlriD, a ld.A

ti, phlm oftle hrnd, sole

.lyi (/.). tnrelins, si,s

r tt (dr), togih (with)
tci {l) o. 1g3i),

tikl, ,. treaild, \"lh,lorg

t8h/rLi (?1. ts6abr),

itrrd

(.t) (?,. ittd),

|nehl, u. get up, sta.

(on a jouney), standup

i[rl (1. l[l.),

clothc

i.!y (/-) {rr. iolri!),

hrtfut.tr.rrr),ca .tsltr 1) (?1.t.k'i!i-

Ifr/r.i

tnb.v (/.) (?1.ebayyi), question, ao of

(d),f. ere

to

bye, stotped, iorilirrg

i rsay., in a sta ing

tDanl refleciing, rneD!

bding, Egftt. ,pprcbn- r!c, r. iok up, el.t.

lutr (r) (r,4.tMnrtD,

ttu, ,- pN/L@k ov*

tnlr (t), Lre8ing wind
t4. flindd-.rn r nillf
nu6h (il,e 6t pl {@il f

tsud, hs.dness,toughrc
tnri (/-) (?t. tiyri), tj@
t!y, .- nlle m ofi (ir

har, .. st nd (ul ), stol ,

tl (p,. trd), pitcher

tArtk, groi-gMi
1t1ik6.0. inpe unde

katllll., jrrnprg
otrts ir rq md ffelt

16/t,\.n, oy
h-, (se the b- &ction fol

tm, ,. l,e gihril t-

tll (r) (?1.t&.b4, nal

ho\elor bsin ; ?t. ilihes

Jdt
k.lr ir!, r)ctsixt

t!i.t

(r/. irhry), sL,,p

kt (0, !. *leci, lick u)

|lilt'iyn () (/.) &{|ln
rrl), brconr. type of

tlil silence(d ideophone)

- t yi re h pt sileD

hd(t), exponsinen*s tr/rsr (/, rthlr! ;

yi dn t3rr: y
I. i!rah), od (peEon
- lrlo tl@n, xprinoedpeEon. ' old

thr(i)(!1. tbri), tU,

!.rl^sliri

(l),

oenirc,

369

368

Fnce,(s wc)
tstI, bcmilq old. qeig
buts (, tst$r
; ?1. s.ducl,
i5t5 1r) (/.

bntst.i),

lgl (/.) (?1. s,lti),

sio, iomrd/to 3 Idson or rl.ce, in the

trseNo of . Perso

ol tl

rodu

()

- ri!

(?1. sr

rni ?, vho ioes I

ntre

Ql. wni),

sc! (J. w.mrl r ?,.

wd!cn), th8t. that

(?i. v.dr!!rr),

red!

Fru (
;
'&c@e! ti.
rarra) vich
*r!!iEi (?r. riqri),

tuyr

(r)

(?,. f,.yyt,

--drr s.yr, post ofr.e

(sheretels@ esy o

ta.b.ta, !t tis tn. . .

wta, ,. Mvr or - ca.r rr rar. it ilwftil

lcan (t
; r/.
te o n
wc).'.c.!
?1,vrdnd),tht which,

waiiai, ctrN (n cttm-

rtlk r!il,

oovd

aril (pl. mtrit!n), plir

m!

wl.

,,

Move

frc'tr

riri(?t. rt aut),dsyins, - slyy 4 me is n |

rada (t) (e1.r.it),

r! (pr. ry), uset6

(!bg o !dm), mlly
th, b@g

rlc/riioo,(remnnr f *eit/{rd (/. rand ;

nl r!d!l(.

o, wr

'ur,

ttt, ,. bmD s@tte.ed

rir (?,. F*ay), fdl
(odX, - rar
!ecl, hovy/

tiy, olYmN,trickins
,ryra la| (dcrsnirio!

F ( vA J ?- vaYY), wki (?. vt}n.i),

eil sibliry OotLr or
wl/{;/'!

$4o (o), &

(one), , DofL

'.du!),
@.i'

w! ii is :id, qnote.
rtrno h$ t !r . . .
wi{ye, ttr ing tc he.d

!glit,

myho(bur prcbble)

GcemDrll)

Goil

w .r

Wac: Dl.3!

*['

6onD { d.4)

ru

dtn (?i. rl.aut), noo!,

@;..r.

- $tl

Rrri (l.) (? maar),

ri.!a4

(: rtlL&D

ni nri,

nexL

- *tA! ab., n norI1

@tr iiy, li month
$in ila y. mc, lst

u . rh-l.
lss ty (: nc,

wr/r, !. spendthe ilat

v!i/ri!i, roiod of dy-

3io

3iL

ri, (tid sinsbrnaeu

le fuitrr Il !.. p.o

rui (?1.tdl), @my sbeu r (rhi.a singlrrnssn

(foedy ud s nony)
li'e sbjunctiepa prc'
pl.
tui (?i.
'Gi),
rn, (il,id singubr
airy, vry prorn!y
I'n Pa prononn eu
rn!, ftril/t . po
son or Pl,oi in the r.'r/rdd, hoN- he wot
presce of ! Pumn
(l!) daruri, prenrtr,

'3.d

r&E, v6t,

dltat

(/.),

chiusb

yrds"r- gr, mDset

ytr (p,. ybht),6rge.

(l{i) aItr

rlbm .k, du vest

msoule @nultire

r! rn, (third sirgulr tut, ,. sbtrShler (rni

hetrlin l[biiuol ta
m!l), out In trvo; st {r
r. t, (ihil sinsular
masuline rlativ .onijnuiiv !-r oo.sLruo

ye/yi(d),,. ihrcv'wy,

'- ji rr!F,

lJ/eo hung.

'v(t), dslior(: dry)

&at), toung wonrar
'yu cit t)? of gor

(nasun@t),

raili,

rtry (?1.!rrr), ntrk

'r-, (seesepamt*iin tor
'y- fouoinsis @lin )
yr, (rhid singnLarmaeuline liivc mnpltiwe

r yM., still. up t

'Yl, Yols (a tosn ner

the crrrtu Lrdd)
y!./yrr,
frnc, splen
dit (rcdy t ercting)

z. r Gpeciaizedvrbrl
erlploted as lute I

il yl{i, mucn, nany

riiw, Btrolilg. ssnd.ihg

y6 yi ,, it vs lot/

ri t3 ri, rct ol,oi doing

zi, [e will (i]irl sinsulsr

nGounrloln of{uiure
zLar(?. zklr),rcostr.

y, (bird sinel8r moL

noncejudsenEni (in r
lineco n p le ii v eps prodc. (fre

l6. n tbitents

yiu-yru, ihis vry day,

tine) isie verdict (in

hutoh*g,

.'ye

Y Jnlt

r.16,onnn greyhercn
,tnr,

0. !?. ,s@ne, livc

372

.nn

di

ir od

r|rbtr it!, 1 000 000

,tu, I rill (Bt singbr
fom o{ lnlur I ! o
,u

(?i. ,surtl,

body-

,tu, a @$th
hvod),
(a9.
oui
{oot
flon
?ul
nil, 6tiup, sh@, c.)
z.i,

r. sit do,

BUM

(d),r- cue to cit/

EDglbh awa Vocablory

r (!1. rDir), sbbit
zh*/rb (d), .. rou
z,0.po dwdy (rn oq,

Nt: tur stn, r Ektsh-EM

eextore,t;:
M'Md.
t4t tle th!44d 6s-ch.t dtu i th.
ttw
Endish ietM, a lorgailatitury anA,{ ?sibtz,
iti m MMM
oJtL wiB@ndtucrifu i @nt@l.
It i 6c eas! a nit" ' wg usagebr rh. a@
briafdt@ oJ.t2 @i'tst t id.itr ia shttMbx-

,cty (r) (?l- ,cyl),

slong, eo 3lo!g eel, r.

,nodr (r), lelaioi$ip

(by lood or m!rise).

soityplrmeil or ao@,
dFglr, to h8E (it@4, L

settl

zIi,.. stl up +icHr

znrl it siti. toke to

ldult, hbbl(?r. nnDr)

sI iglt, thst's aU d8lt,

ba i
fthoue, t d.' l da !i/

zrrsgcl,

the di.la"f or

,ur!, @ne ; io{rds

- dri sr. . ., ta. . . (ro!
rls mpyed r st.t

sfi*tion {mtua,rrryyi

(J.)

dl@oo!

0!te), rDa,

ago, clo $hil lgo, din

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375

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( E.!

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U.)

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t.4)

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39
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