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Training Material
- Exercises -
-2-
DIgSILENT Seminar
Analysing Power System Stability with PowerFactory
The purposes of these exercises are to introduce the basic methods of the analysis of different
phenomena of stability occurring in power systems. Furthermore the calculation functions and various
available tools of the PowerFactory program are introduced during the exercises, which will enable
you to get acquainted with the methods of the stability analysis, visualization and interpretation of the
results.
The instructions in the exercises are brief on purpose. It is the intention that you try to work out
yourself how to perform a certain task. However references to more detailed instructions are given as
[n], where 'n' is the number under which you'll find these instructions in the appendix. You can also
use them after the training to repeat the exercises on you own.
During the exercises there will be two supervisors, who will support and help you with your tasks of
the exercise. Additionally they can provide answers to general questions regarding the topic of the
training or different problems from your own practice.
Please do not hesitate to address the supervisors at any time to any topic!
We wish good success!
In the following tables the electrical data for a overhead line type, a 2-winding transformer
type and a generator type are shown. These shall be inserted into the local library of the
active project, and they are used when inputting the elements of the system [2].
500 kV
1 kA
0.56306 Ohm/km
-3-
2220 MVA
500 kV
24 kV
15 %
2220 MVA
24 kV
1
7s
0.003 p.u.
0.15 p.u.
0
1.81 p.u.
0.3 p.u.
0.23 p.u.
1.76 p.u.
0.65 p.u.
0.25 p.u.
1.325967 s
0.023 s
0.3693182 s
0.02692308 s
0.12396 p.u.
0.177575 p.u.
Setup the case according to the single line diagram below. Insert the elements with the data
given in the figure [5].
Additional load-flow data is shown in the following:
- The voltage magnitude of the voltage source is set to: 0.90081 p.u.
- The generator is set to a constant PQ type.
- The generator dispatch is set to S = 2220MVA and a power factor of 0.9
Infinite Bus
500. kV
HV
500. kV
DIgSILENT
G
~
1998.00
967.68
53.41
LV
24. kV
472.13
0.94
20.12
24.00
1.00
28.34
1299.40
412.74
1.67
CCT1
Type CCT
100. km
1998.00
967.68
53.41
-1998.00
-634.64
2.56
Trf
Trf 500kV/24kV/2220MVA
G1
Gen 2220MVA/24kV
698.60
221.90
0.90
CCT2
Type CCT
186. km
450.41
0.90
0.00
-1299.40
56.79
1.67
-1998.00
87.32
2.56
Infinite Source
-698.60
30.53
0.90
DIgSILENT
-4-
Exercise 1
Power System Stability and Control
One Machine Problem
PowerFactory 13.1.252
Project: PF Seminar
Graphic: Grid
Date: 11/11/2004
Annex:
Therefore you have first to define the variables for the generator and the busbars/terminals you
want to look at in the simulation [8]. Then you have to define two events on the busbar HV,
where the short-circuit is initiated (at 0 s) and cleared again (at 110 ms) [9].
Determine the critical fault clearing time of the system.
-5-
Insert an event into the event list, which is increasing the torque at t=0s by 0.01 p.u. Use a
Event of a Synchronous Machine to add additional torque [10].
Reduce the electric torque of the generator G1 again to the pre-disturbance value.
Observe the speed of the generator in a subplot.
Determine the frequency and damping of the oscillation of the speed signal.
Now switch off the line CCT2 and investigate the differences in the generator speed
oscillation.
Instead of investigating the system using time domain simulations, now the small signal stability is
analysed with the Modal Analysis function in PowerFactory. I.e. the eigenvalues of the system are
calculated and the eigenfrequencies of modes and their damping is shown.
-6-
Modal Analysis:
Compare the results of the time domain simulation and of the modal analysis for both
described case.
V-Q-curves:
Now change the voltage setpoint for the infinite busbar to 1p.u.
Before running the DPL script, you have first to define a DPL command set with the
generator G1 and the terminal LV [14].
Then open the dialog of the DPL script V-Q-Curve and select the DPL command set as the
general selection [15].
Now enter the voltage range to be investigated:
- maximum voltage at LV
- minimum voltage at LV
- voltage step of the simulation
And the active power output of the generator to produce different V-Q-curves:
- maximum active power of G1
- minimum active power of G1
- active power step of the simulation
Now the script will automatically show a number of V-Q-curves according to the number of active
power steps you defined. It is also possible to show all curves in one X-Y plot.
Also see that the script set the generator from controlling P and Q to controlling the active power and
the voltage at LV.
-7-
P-V-curves:
For visualizing the P-V curves we have first to import another DPL script and change network to
some extent. So it would be best to save your project on your hard disk or to make a new revision
in the project.
To analyse the P-V characteristic the generator has to be put out of service and a load Load
should be connected at the terminal LV with a active power consumption and a constant
power factor.
Define a DPL command set with the load Load and the terminal LV [14].
Then open the dialog of the DPL script P-V-Curve and select the DPL command set as the
general selection [15].
Now enter the initial scaling factor for the load depending on the active power you entered for
the load.
Furthermore the power factor of the load can be specified and whether it is capacitive or
inductive
See the differences in the curve and in the maximum transmitted power using various values
of the power factor.
-8-
AVR:
A voltage controller is created and the step response of the generator system is analysed (closed-loop
response).
Create a new Composite Model and a new Common-Model inside the Grid folder in the
data manager [16].
Therefore right-click the generator and select Define -> Voltage Controller (vco)
Select the Block-Diagram vco_EXAC1A from the standard IEEE-Library in the global library of
PowerFactory [16].
The Frame IEEE-frame no droop from the standard IEEE-Library in the global library of
PowerFactory is automatically selected.
Enter the name and the parameters of the voltage controller according to the table on the
next page.
Calculate a load-flow and the initial conditions to check your project for errors.
Test the model with a step response to the input voltage usetp (closed-loop test) [17]
To check the setup of the controller, show the block diagram of the controller [19].
Define a variable set to monitor for the AVR element and visualize the results of the simulated
step response [18].
You may make changes to the parameters in the variable set for the AVR and analyse the
differences in the response
Visualize the results of the simulated step response [18].
-9-
| PowerFactory |-------------------------------
DIgSILENT
13.0.252
| Project:
| Date:
11/11/2011
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|Grid:Grid
Syst.Stage:Grid
| Annex:
/ 1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|AVR G1
Common Model
/1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|Model Definition
\Library\Models\IEEE\Models\vco_EXAC1A
|Out of Service
No
| Parameter
Tr
0.0000
Tb
1.0000
Tc
1.0000
Ka
500.0000
Ta
0.2000
Te
0.0100
Kf
0.0300
Tf
1.0000
Kc
0.3470
Kd
0.0500
Ke
1.0000
E1
7.4025
Se1
0.2416
E2
9.8700
Se2
1.5373
-10.0000
10.0000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
upss
1/(1+sT)
Tr
Vc-
curex
o12
Vs
Vf
usetp
yi1
sK/(1+sT)
Kf,Tf
(1+sTb)/(1+sTa)
Tb,Tc
yi
Vrmin
K
Kd
_{K/(1+sT)}_
Ka,Ta
Vrmax
Vr
o18
Vfe
KeSe
yi3
uerrs..
[1/sT
Te
Se(efd)+Ke
Ke,E1,Se1,E2,..
Ve
_Fex_
Kc
uerrs
-10-
DIgSILENT
Fex
-11-
Now the influence of the AVR is to be analysed on the small and large signal stability of the onemachine problem. Therefore put the frame model and the AVR into service.
Compare the results and the critical fault clearing times of these cases with the case of a
short-circuit directly on the bus HV.
PSS:
After we analysed the operation of the generator combined with an AVR, now the system should be
stabilized using also a power system stabilizer. The PSS is connected into the frame of the generator
and the closed-loop response can be simulated.
Create a new controller model for the power system stabilizer in the existing composite model
[16].
Therefore right-click the generator and select Define -> Power System Stabilizer (pss).
The reference inside the existing composite model for the PSS slot is created automatically.
Select the Block-Diagram pss_STAB2A from the standard IEEE-Library in the global library of
PowerFactory [16].
Enter the name and the parameters according to the table on the next page.
Calculate a load-flow and the initial conditions to check your project for errors.
Verify the behaviour of the power plant model using a closed-loop test similar to the AVR before:
Test the model with a step response to the input voltage paux (closed-loop test) [17]
Define a variable set to monitor for the PSS element and visualize the results of the simulated
step response [18] for about one second.
To check the setup of the controller, show the block diagram of the controller [19].
Calculate a load-flow and the initial conditions to check your project for errors.
-12-
PSS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| PowerFactory |-------------------------------
DIgSILENT
13.0.252
| Project:
| Date:
11/11/2011
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|Grid:Grid
Syst.Stage:Grid
| Annex:
/ 1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|PSS G1
Common Model
/1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|Model Definition
\Library\Models\IEEE\Models\pss_STAB2A
|Out of Service
No
| Parameter
K2
1.0000
T2
4.5000
K3
1.3000
T3
2.0000
K5
1.5000
T5
0.0100
inv
-1 [-1]
-1.0000
K4
1.0000
Hlim
0.0500
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Now the influence of the additional PSS is to be analysed on the small and large signal stability of the
one-machine problem. Therefore put the frame model, the AVR and PSS into service.
Execute a Modal Analysis for the system with AVR and PSS.
Output the eigenvalues as well as the damping and eigenfrequency and analyse the
differences.
pgt
KsTd/(1+sT1)
K2,T2,T2
KsTd/(1+sT1)
K2,T2,T2
KB
K4
K/(1+sT)
K3,T3
KsTd/(1+sT1)
K2,T2,T2
K/(1+sT)
K5,T5
KB
inv
K/(1+sT)
K5,T5
Limiter
Hlim
upss
-13-
DIgSILENT
paux
-14-
M
~
Motor
2.23 MW
0.84 Mvar
3.50 kA
0.39
0.98
26.00
Motor Bus
G3
G
~
85.74 MW
-10.00 Mvar
3.52 kA
14.14
1.02
1.40
83.50 MW
-11.09 Mvar
3.44 kA
Bus 3
Bus 9
237.42
1.03
148.75
-83.50 MW
15.05 Mvar
0.21 kA
47.29 MW
-17.12 Mvar
0.12 kA
Line 5
T3
-2.23 MW
-0.84 Mvar
3.50 kA
Motor Trf
2.24 MW
1.09 Mvar
0.10 kA
0.11 kA
Line 4
36.21 MW
2.08 Mvar
0.09 kA
0.27 kA
Load C
-46.47 MW
-16.79 Mvar
0.12 kA
-45.57 MW
-13.98 Mvar
0 12 kA
92.04 MW
30.77 Mvar
0 24 kA
Figure 4: Single-Line Diagram of the Motor to be added to the Nine Bus Bar Network.
Insert the motor element into the single-line diagram. Therefore see also the figure above.
Insert a new bus bar into the system with a rated voltage Un = 0.4 kV.
Add the motor transformer using the transformer type Motor-Trf from the project library.
Add the motor element using the motor type (TypAsmo) 2500kW Motor from the project
library.
Set the motor to the bus type AS and an active power of 2.23 MW on the load-flow page.
Check the load-flow results with the figure above.
-15-
(Multi-) Select the motor plus a couple of bus bars whose voltage is of interest.
Run the automatic motor start-up simulation for 10 s.
Observe the plots, which are automatically created, as well as the result objects and the
switching event.
For this simulation only the built-in motor load has been used. Now, a more detailed mechanical load
model will be applied:
Click with the right mouse button on the motor symbol and select Define -> Motor Driven
Machine (mdm).
Select the ElmMdm__3 model.
Enter the data from the table below into the RMS-Simulation page of the MDM.
This will automatically create a composite model for the motor and the mechanical load.
Check the changed mechanical load curve and the torque-speed characteristic on the RMSSimulation page of the motor.
Rerun the simulation.
Visualize the mechanical torque vs. speed characteristic and the electrical torque vs. speed
characteristic of the motor. Therefore use an x-y-plot [7].
Compare the characteristics to the curves shown in the motor dialogue.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| PowerFactory |-------------------------------
DIgSILENT
13.1.252
| Project:
| Date:
11/11/2004
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|Grid:Nine_Bus
/ 1
/1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|Out of Service
No
1.0000
p.u.
0.8000
p.u.
2.0000
|alf2;Torque at standstill
0.2000
2.0000
0.1000
(min. torque)
|
p.u.
|
|
p.u.
|
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-16-
Rerun the same case with the EMT function (adaptive step size, min step=0.0001, max step=0.0005)
and compare the results.
Star-Delta Start:
Simulate a star-delta start-up. Therefore events will be created, which will switch the motor to star
connection and back to delta after 15s.
Prepare the simulation as before.
Change the start-up method of the ASM on the second page of the RMS-simulation page in
the element dialogue from Direct Online to Star-Delta.
Set the time Y->D to t = 15s.
Rerun the simulation (mind changing back to RMS again)
Transformer Tap-Changer:
Simulate a motor start-up by changing the tap position of the Motor Trf transformer. The
transformer tap is divided into 2.5% steps. Check the tap controller on the load-flow page of the
transformer type.
Define Set Parameter events for the actual tap position nntap_int of the motor transformer.
Initially set the variable nntap_int first to 75% (tap = 10) at t = 0s.
Then set nntap_int to 90% (tap = 4) at t = 10s.
Finally set nntap_int to 100% (tap = 0) at t = 15s.
Rerun the simulation
Variable Rotor Resistance:
Simulate a start-up with variable rotor resistance. Check the influence of an additional rotor resistance
on the motor onto the start-up behaviour.
Change the start-up method of the ASM on the second page of the RMS-simulation page in
the element dialogue from Direct Online to Variable Rotor Resistance.
Add three new rows to the table.
Set the additional resistance to 50% (0.5 p.u.) at t = 0s.
The set the additional resistance to 30% (0.3 p.u.) at t = 10s.
Then to 15% (0.15 p.u.) at t = 15s.
Finally set the additional resistance to 0% (0 p.u.) at t = 20s to end the start up sequence.
Rerun the simulation
-17-
-18-
Move to the drawing area. Position the element by a left click. When you want to move it,
select it with a left mouse click, then drag it along.
Select a busbar/terminal and drag the small black squares to resize the busbar/terminal
In an element's dialog, press the small button with the down-arrow to select a type. Choose "Select
Project Type" to jump to the local, project specific, type-library.
Tips:
Start entering a new grid by drawing all busbars/terminals. Then connect the branches
between them.
Use the undo button if you have drawn an object of the wrong type
add an new graphics page to the case and select Virtual Instrument
With the button
Panel. This will create a new VI page, where plot can be shown.
Append a number of virtual instruments (VIs) to the empty page by using the Append VIs
button
and entering the number of VIs. Thus a specified number of empty plots will occur
in the page.
For a normal plot use the Subplot (VisPlot) VI for showing time dependent variables.
In the edit dialog of the plot you can then define the variables to look at.
. For
Append a virtual instrument to the VI page by using the Append VIs button
showing a variable depending on a second variable use the X-Y Plot (VisXyplot) and then
define a variable for the x-axis and one for the y-axis in the edit dialog of the plot.
-19-
Before defining the variables to monitor the initial conditions have to be calculated (using the
button)
Then right-click on the element to be monitored and select Define -> Variable Set (Sim)
from the context sensitive menu.
All variable sets of selected elements are now shown. Double-click the element you just
selected.
This brings a selection window, where you can create, select or edit a set of variables. If a
variable set is edited, then a variable set manager will pop up. This variable set manager
shows in the left pane the available variables, and in the right pane the selected variables.
Press the [<<] or [>>] buttons to move the selected variable from the one to the other pane.
Use the various filter settings to show more available variables.
The variable set will now consist of the selected variables, which are now ready to show in a
plot.
Before specifying an event the initial conditions have to be calculated (using the
Then events can be created and defined by opening the current event list (
create new events using the New Object button
button)
) and then
Similar to defining the short-circuit events for this exercise a Event of Synchronous Machine
(ElmSym) is created in the event list (
Enter the additional torque -0.01p.u. for the second event to get back to the pre-disturbance
values
before trying to
-20-
Before calculating the eigenvalues with the modal analysis you have first to calculate the
initial conditions using the
button
Select from the options, which information should be printed to the output window:
- Eigenvalues
- Participations
- Participations detailed
When using the Participation/Participation detailed option the Select Eigenvalue(s) dorp down
menu should be set to filtered. You can edit the filter to a specific maximal damping of the
mode or to a maximal period duration time.
Press the black arrow button to select the study case to which you want to import the script. This
opens a tree with all the folders in your database from which you can select the correct folder
(normally, this would be your user account folder).
#14: Defining a DPL Command Selection
Select Define -> DPL Command Set from the context sensitive menu.
-21-
Select the DPL command set for the general selection of the script.
Open the data manager and select the grid in the left window of the manager.
Chose the controller definition vco_ESAC1A from the global library in the folder
\Library\Models\IEEE\Models\.
Insert the name of the variable usetp and the new value for this variable (=0.9).
According to [8] and [6] define and visualize the input variables u and usetp and the output
(excitation) voltage uerrs to the generator.
Open the data manager and select the AVR element inside the grid or
Select the AVR using the button edit calculation relevant objects
-22-
Open the data manager and select the grid in the left window of the manager.
Chose the controller definition IEEE-frame no droop from the global library in the folder
\Library\Models\IEEE\Frames\.
Press OK and insert the references to the generator and the AVR by right-clicking the slot and
select select element/type.
Right-click the active study case in the data manager and select the option New -> Revision.
Insert a name for the new study case (i.e. motor start-up).
Input a name for the new system stage (i.e. also motor start-up).
Select one motor and at least one bus bar or several in the network.