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PSK
The phase of the carrier is changed according
to the modulating waveform which is a digital
signal.
In BPSK carrier gets 0 or 180 phase shift
corresponding to the voltage levels of binary
modulating signal.
In QPSK, four different symbols give four
different phase shifts to the carrier
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(a) m(t)
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BPSK
The transmitted signal is a sinusoid of fixed
amplitude.
It has one fixed phase when data is at one
level and when the data is at other level,
phase is different by 180.
If sinusoid is of amplitude A it has power
1 2
Ps = A so that A = 2 Ps
2
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BPSK
Thus the transmitted signal is either
vBPSK (t ) = 2 Ps cos(0t )
vBPSK (t ) = 2 Ps cos(0t + )
= 2 Ps cos(0t )
BPSK Generation
BPSK signal is generated by applying the
waveform cos(0t ) as a carrier to a balanced
modulator and applying the baseband signal
b(t) as the modulating waveform.
Thus BPSK can be thought of as an AM signal.
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BPSK Reception
The received signal has the form
vBPSK (t ) = b(t ) 2 Ps cos(0t + ) = b(t ) 2 Ps cos 0 (t + / 0 )
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BPSK Reception
The received signal is squared to generate the
signal
1 1
cos 2 (0t + ) =
+ cos 2(0t + )
2 2
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BPSK Reception
Taking the amplitudes to be unity, the carrier
having being recovered, is multiplied with the
received signal to generate
1 1
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kT
b
1
1
v0 (kTb ) = b(kTb ) 2 Ps dt + b(kTb ) 2 Ps
[cos 2(0t + )] dt
( k 1)Tb 2
( k 1)Tb 2
= b(kTb )
Ps
Tb
2
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BPSK Spectrum
The waveform b(t) is NRZ binary waveform
whose PSD is given as making excursions
between + Ps and Ps
sin fTb
Gb ( f ) = PT
s b
fTb
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BPSK Spectrum
The PSD of BPSK signal is given as
sin ( f f ) T
PT
0
b
s b
GBPSK ( f ) =
2 ( f f 0 ) Tb
sin ( f + f 0 ) Tb
+
( f + f 0 ) Tb
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BPSK Spectrum
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BPSK Spectrum
Several signals are multiplexed using BPSK
using various carrier frequencies for different
baseband.
The spectra of various signals be overlap and
the Rx tuned to one carrier receive the signals
in a different channel.
The overlapping of spectra results in ICI.
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BPSK Spectrum
For efficient utilization of spectrum and to allow
simultaneous users in multi user communication system,
SLs produced in BPSK be reduced below certain specified
levels.
A filter is employed to restrict the bandwidth allowed to
the NRZ baseband signal.
The bit stream b(t) is passed through a LPF which suppress
all the spectrum except the principal lobe.
Since 90% of power is available in this lobe, it is good
practice.
The spectrum suppression distorts the signal and results in
partial overlapping of a bit (symbol) and its adjacent bits in
a single channel (ISI).
Equalizers are used to avoid ISI. (How?)
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vBPSK (t ) = PT
[cos(0t )] = PT
s b b(t )
s b b(t ) u1 (t )
Tb
u1 (t )
PT
s b
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+ PT
s b
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DPSK
DPSK is the modification of BPSK, which
eliminates the ambiguity about whether the
demodulated is or is not inverted.
It avoids the need to provide the synchronous
carrier required at the demodulator for
detecting a BPSK signal.
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DPSK Generation
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DPSK Generation
d(t) - data stream to be transmitted
b(t) - output of EX-OR gate delayed by the
time Tb
b(t-Tb) - second input of EX-OR gate
b(t ) = d (t ) b(t Tb )
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DPSK Generation
b(t) is applied to the balanced modulator to
which another input is 2 Ps cos(0t )
The modulated output, which is the transmitted
signal is
vDPSK (t ) = b(t ) 2 Ps cos(0t )
= 2 Ps cos(0t )
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DPSK Reception
Here the received signal and the received
signal delayed by the bit time Tb are applied
to a multiplier.
The multiplier output is
b(t )b(t Tb )(2 Ps ) cos(0t + ) cos(0 ( t Tb ) + )
Tb
= b(t )b(t Tb ) Ps cos(0Tb ) + cos 20 t
2
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+ 2
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DPSK Reception
which is applied to bit synchronizer and
integrator as shown in next slide.
b(t )b(t Tb )(2 Ps ) cos(0t + ) cos(0 ( t Tb ) + )
Tb
= b(t )b(t Tb ) Ps cos(0Tb ) + cos 20 t
2
+ 2
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DPSK Reception
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DPSK Reception
Here the output integrator will suppress the
double frequency term.
Also 0Tb =2n are applied to a multiplier.
The transmitted data bit d(t) can be determined
from the product b(t )b(t Tb )
If d(t)=0, there is no phase change and b(t)=b(tTb) both being +1V or both being -1V
In this case b(t)b(t-Tb)=1
If d(t)=1, there is phase change and b(t)=1V with
b(t-Tb)=-1V or vice versa.
In either case b(t)b(t-Tb)=-1
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DEPSK
The DEPSK Tx is identical to DPSK Tx.
b(t) is recovered in exactly the manner as for BPSK
system.
The recovered signal is then applied directly to one
input of an Ex-OR and to the other input is applied
b(t-Tb)
The gate output will be at one or the other of its levels
depending on whether b(t)=b(t-Tb) or b(t ) = b(t Tb )
In the 1st case b(t) did not change level and therefore
the transmitted bit is d(t)=0.
In 2nd case d(t)=1.
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DPSK vs DEPSK
In DPSK bit errors occur in pairs but single bit errors are
possible.
In DEPSK error always occur in pairs.
In DPSK, one do not make hard decision, in each bit
interval about the phase of the received signal.
The received signal is allowed in one interval to be
compared itself with the signal in an adjoining interval,
and a single error is not precluded.
In DEPSK, a firm definite hard decision is made in each
interval about the value of b(t)
If mistake is made, errors result from a comparison
with preceding and succeeding bit.
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QPSK Tx
The active edge of the clock waveform is downward
edge.
The toggle f/f is driven by a clock waveform whose
period is the bit time Tb.
The toggle f/f generates an odd clock and an even clock
waveform.
These are separated by bit time Tb
The active edge of one of the clocks and the active
edge of other are separated by Tb
The bit stream b(t) is applied as data input to both
type-D f/f, one driven by odd and other driven by even
waveforms.
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QPSK Tx
The f/fs register alternate bits in the stream
b(t) and holds each such registered bit for
time 2Tb.
Odd bit stream bo(t) registers bit 1 and holds it
for time 2Tb, then registers bit 3 and holds it
for time 2Tb , registers bit 5 and holds it for
time 2Tb , etc.
The even bit stream be(t) holds, for time 2Tb
each the alternate bits numbered 2,4,6 , etc.
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QPSK Tx
The bit stream be(t) (be(t)=1V) is
superimposed on a carrier Ps cos 0t
and the bit stream bo(t) (bo(t)=1V) is
superimposed on a carrier Ps sin 0t
by the use of two multipliers (balanced
multipliers) to generate two signals se(t) and
so(t).
These signals are then added to generate the
transmitted output signal vm(t) given by
vm (t ) = Ps bo (t ) sin 0t + Ps be (t ) cos 0t
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QPSK Tx
The normalized power of vm(t) is Ps.
In BPSK, a bit stream with bit time Tb multiplies a
carrier, the generated signal has a nominal
bandwidth 2 1/ Tb
In the waveforms bo(t) and be(t) the bit times are
each 1/Tb, hence both se(t) and so(t) have nominal
bandwidths which are half the band
Both se(t) and so(t) occupy the same spectral
range but they are however individually
identifiable because of the phase quadrature of
their carriers.
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Non-offset QPSK
If one additional f/f (driven by a clock speed of fb)
is introduced before either odd or even f/f.
Then one of the bit streams odd or even will be
delayed by one bit interval.
Thus the two bits which occur serially (time
sequence) in b(t) will appear at the same time at
the outputs of the odd and even f/fs.
Thus be(t) and bo(t) can change at the same time,
after each time (2Tb), there can be a phase
change of 180 in the output signal.
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QPSK vs OQPSK
At each transition time, Tb for OQPSK and 2 Tb for
QPSK, one bit for OQPSK and perhaps two bits for
QPSK change from 1V to -1V or -1V to 1V.
The bits be(t) and bo(t) can, of course not change
instantaneously and in changing must pass through
zero and stay in that neighborhood at least briefly.
Hence there will be a brief variation in the amplitude of
the transmitted waveform.
These variations will be more pronounced in QPSK
than on OQPSK since in the 1st case be(t) and bo(t) may
be zero simultaneously so that the signal amplitude
may actually be reduced to zero temporarily.
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QPSK vs OQPSK
The larger changes are observed in QPSK
(phase change of 180), than in OQPSK
(maximum phase change in 90).
The amplitude variations can cause difficulty
in QPSK communication systems which
employ repeaters like earth satellites.
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QPSK Rx
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QPSK Rx
Synchronous detection is required similar to BPSK
detection.
Incoming signal is raised to 4th power after which
filtering recovers 4f0 and finally divided by four
regenerates the carrier.
Incoming signal is also employed to two
synchronous
demodulators
consisting
of
balanced modulator followed by an integrator.
Integrator integrates over two bit interval of
duration Ts=2Tb and then dumps its
accumulation.
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QPSK Rx
A bit synchronizer is required to establish beginning and end of bit
intervals of each bit stream to establish the times of integration.
The bit synchronizer is required to operate the sampling switch.
Integrator output is sampled at the end of each integration time for
each individual integrator, and just before the accumulator is
dumped.
Samples are taken alternatively from one and the other integrator
output at the end of each bit time Tb and these samples are held in
the latch for the bit time Tb.
Each individual output is sampled at intervals 2Tb.
Here the carrier may be 180 out of phase with the carriers at the
Tx due to which demodulated signals may be complementary to the
transmitted signals.
This situation can be corrected using differential encoding and
decoding.
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vm (t ) = 2 Ps cos 0t + ( 2m + 1)
4
m = 0,1, 2,3
u1 (t ) =
vm (t ) = PT
cos ( 2m + 1)
s
4
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cos0 t- PT
sin 0 t
s sin ( 2m + 1)
T
4 T
58
as
b = 2 cos ( 2m + 1)
e
and bo = 2 sin ( 2m + 1)
4
where T=2Tb=Ts
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where Es=PsTs=Ps(2Tb)
The ability to determine bit without error is
measured by the distance in signal space
between points corresponding to the different
values of the bit.
Points differ in a single bit are separated by
d = 2 PT
s b = 2 Eb
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M-ary PSK
In BPSK each bit is transmitted individually for
Tb (phase difference 2/2=180)
In QPSK two bits are lumped together for 2Tb
(phase difference 2/4=90)
If N bits are lumped together, for N bit
symbols with bit duration NTb=Ts (phase
difference 2/M).
In M-ary PSK, waveform used to identify
symbols are
vm (t ) = 2 Ps cos 0t + ( 2m + 1)
M
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Ts
Ts
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Thus
] and po = 2 Ps sin[(2m + 1)
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Pe ( f )
Ts
and
Go ( f ) =
Since
Po ( f )
Ts
(2m + 1)
sin fTs
2
= 2 PT
]
s s cos [(2m + 1)
M fTs
sin fTs
2
= 2 PsTs sin [(2m + 1) ]
M fTs
is uniformly distributed
cos 2 [(2m + 1)
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] = sin 2 [(2m + 1)
] =
1
2
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fT
and
Go ( f ) =
Po ( f )
Ts
sin fTs
2
= 2 PsTs sin [(2m + 1) ]
M fTs
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M-ary PSK Tx
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M-ary PSK Tx
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M-ary PSK Rx
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M-ary PSK Rx
Currently operating systems are common in
which M=16.
The bandwidth is
2 fb 2 fb fb
B=
=
=
N
4
2
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QASK (QAM)
To improve noise immunity along with phase,
amplitude should also made to vary.
Like QPSK it involves balanced modulation of
carriers (QAPSK).
For e.g., a symbol is transmitted for every 4
bits.
There are 24 = 16 different possible symbols
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dQPSK>dQASK>d16 MPSK
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QASK Generator
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Bandwidth of QASK
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QASK Receiver
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QASK Rx Analysis
Neglecting all terms not at frequency 4f0 we are left
with
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Parameter
16 PSK
16QASK
Type of modulation
Location of signal
points
On the circumference
of the circle
Distance between
signal points
d = 2 Eb sin
M
Noise immunity
Type of detection
Synchronous
Synchronous
System Complexity
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d = 2 0.15Eb
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Parameter
QPSK
QASK
Type of modulation
QPM
QAPM
Location of signal
points
On the circumference
of the circle
Distance between
signal points
Noise immunity
Prob. of Error
Type of demodulation
Synchronous
Synchronous
System Complexity
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