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Stability of Structures
The selection of structural elements is based on three
characteristics: strength, stiffness, and stability.
The procedures of stress and deformation analyses in a
state of stable equilibrium were discussed already.
However, the structure is not necessarily stable even
though the stress is in the allowable range.
Some members, however, may be subjected to
compressive loadings, and if these members are long and
slender the loading may be large enough to cause the
member to deflect laterally or sidesway.
Columns
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Critical Load
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Critical Load
In
order
to
Critical Load
better
consisting
mechanism
of
weightless
as
shown
in
figure.
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two-bar
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Critical Load
Critical Load
We
can
upset
this
equilibrium position by
displacing the pin at A by a
small amount as shown in
figure. The spring will
produce a restoring force
= , while the applied
load P develops two
horizontal
components,
= , which tend to
push the pin (and the bars)
further out of equilibrium.
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Since is small,
2
and . Thus the
restoring
spring
force
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Critical Load
then >
and the system is said to be in unstable
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equilibrium as the the system will tend to move out of
equilibrium and not be restored to its original position.
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Stability of Equilibrium
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Critical Load
then <
and the system is said to be in stable
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equilibrium as the force developed in the spring is adequate
to restore the bars back to their vertical position.
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Consider
the
ideal
perfectly straight column
with pinned supports at
both ends as shown in
figure.
The least force at which a
buckled mode is possible
is the critical or Euler
buckling load.
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Since, 2 = /, (/)2 =
Thus, = (22)/(2)
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Thus, = (22)/(2)
These are eigenvalues for this problem.
However, since in stability problems, only the least value
of is of importance, must be taken as unity, and the
critical or Euler Load for an initially perfectly straight
elastic column with pinned ends becomes
= (2)/(2)
According to the previous equation of the deflection
equation, at the critical load, the equation of the buckled
elastic curve is
=
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= + (/)
2/2 = /
= [ + (1 /)]/
Letting, 2 = /, and transposing,
2/2
+ 2
= (2/)(1 /)
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= +
+ (/)(1 /)
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Boundary conditions,
(0) = 0, () = 0, (0) = 0
(0) = 0 = + /
() = 0 = +
(0) = 0 = /
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Cantilever Columns
By similar procedure, it can be shown that
= (2)/(42)
= (2)/()2 = (2)/(2)
where, = 1 for pinned - pinned end conditions
= 0.7 for fixed - pinned end conditions
= 0.5 for fixed - fixed end conditions
= 2 for free standing columns
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= (2)/(2) = (22)/(2)
= / = (2)/(/)2
where, / of the column length to the least radius of
gyration is called the column slenderness ratio.
Graphical Interpretation of Euler Formula
A graphical interpretation of the previous equation is
shown in the left screen.
Since the previous equation is based on the elastic
behavior of a material, determined by this equation
cannot exceed the proportional limit of a material.
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Example 1
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Example 1
Example 1
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Example 2
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Example 2
By inspection, buckling will occur about the yy axis.
(/)2 = (2)/
= (2 200 103)/250 = 8002
(/) = 88.9
= 88.9 (3)0.5 10 = 1540
Since this stress exceeds the yield stress (36 ksi), the
load P is determined from simple compression:
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Example 3
Example 3
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Example 3
Example 3
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Since this stress is less than the yield stress, buckling will
occur before the material yields. Therefore, =
263
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Example 3
Example 4
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Example 4
Example 4
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Boundary conditions
2 + =
= =
2
2
2
2
2
Largest bending moment M will be equal to
Maximum compressive stress will be
= +
= +
=
1 + 2
(0) = , () = ,
= 0
2
Using the boundary conditions,
2
= , =
2
=
+
2
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But =
/ =
/ 2 , hence,
=
1 + 2
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= =
1 + 2
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Example 5
A W8 40 A-36 steel column,
shown in figure, is fixed at its
base and braced at the top so that
it is fixed from displacement, yet
free to rotate about the yy axis.
Also, it can sway to the side in
the yz plane. Determine the
maximum eccentric load the
column can support before it
either begins to buckle or the
steel yields. = 11.7 2,
= 146 4, = 49.14
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Example 5
Example 5
yy Axis Buckling,
K = 0.7, = 0.7 12 = 8.4 . = 100.8 in.
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xx Axis Yielding,
K = 2, = 2 12 = 24 . = 288 in.
Using A = 11.7 in2, c = 8.25 in./2 = 4.125 in., rx = 3.53 in. and
applying secant formula
=
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1 + 2
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Example 5
Substituting the data and simplifying yields
421.2 = 1 + 2.979sec(0.0700 )
Solving for by trial and error, noting that the argument for
the secant is in radians, we get
= 88.4
Since this value is less than
occur about the xx axis.
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