M= mass (of object) / C= specific heat / T (initial tempfinal temp)

Q = Heat change

Equation for pressure

M = mass (of object) / L = latent heat (of fusion/vaporization)

C = heat energy required to raise
the temperature of 1 unit of mass
by 1

Melting

Mass needs to be constant

Only used to solve for
change in heat energy

Molecule exerts
equal and
opposite force
on walls of box.

n = moles / N= # molecules / NA = Avogadros Constant (6.2 x 10^23)

Latent heat of fusion: heat energy required to change (1 unit)

solid into liquid
Latent heat of vaporization: heat energy required to change (1
unit) liquid into gas

Vaporization Limitations

Equation used to determine amount go mol in a substance

P = Pressure / V= Volume/ n = moles / R = Universal Gas

Constant (8.31) / T = Temperature

Units

M = kg
C = Joules per kg
T = C, F, or K
L = Joules per
Kilogram

K = Boltzmann Constant (1.38 x

10^-23)
Na = Avogadros constant (6.02 x
10^23)

Equation of
state for an
ideal gas

Average kinetic energy of an ideal gas molecule

Period = Time taken to

complete a full
oscillation
Frequency = amount of
oscillations in one
second.
F = 1/(# oscillations)

V= velocity / n =

T = period
(seconds)
F = frequency (Hz)

I = Intensity (W/m^2) / A = Amplitude ( meters)

X = distance of object from light source

Snells law is used when light enters

a dierent medium

Constructive interference: when waves meet at crest to crest or

trough to trough points.
Destructive Interference: when waves meet a crest to trough point.
This makes the amplitude equal 0.

Limitations
Only works for objects
in SMH
Period must be
constant
Frequency must be
constant
Amplitude must be
constant

Limitations:
Equations
originally
made for
ideal gases
Area means
two
dimensional
space

C = speed of light (3 x 10^8) (ms^-1) / f = frequency (hz)/ = wavelength (meters)

P= Pressure / F = Force / A = Area

Limitations:
Only used when
measuring light.
Speed of light
must be
constant.
Angle of
diraction is
always measured
against normal.

Limitations:

Centripetal force always goes inward

Constant speed but not constant velocity
Speed depends on length of position but angular speed does
not
Must have theta
Theta must be measured in rads
Force pulls body inward or velocity makes it fly in a straight line
Must have a force and therefore accelration and vice versa

Limitations:
Objects must be
in SHM.
Object amplitude
must stay the
same.
Period must stay
the same.
Object must be
moving.
Can only
calculate speed
or distance at
given times.
Can only
calculate sins of
cosine

T = period ( of SHM) (seconds)

a = angular acceleration. (Meters per second per

second)

Dierent wavelengths are diracted at dierent angles producing

the reference maxima at angles theta given by this equation.

X = position (at specific time t ) (meters)

V = Velocity of object in SHM at specific time t
(Meters per second)
[Derivative of equation for position]

Kinetic energy of object in SHM ( Joules)

Total energy in system (Joules)
T = period (seconds)
L = length of rod of wire (meters)
G = acceleration due to gravity (9.8 meters p second per
second
M = mass (kg)
K = spring constant (of
spring)

Wavelength of light =

Limitations:
Only used for
circular or square
apertures. Can
only be applied to
these two
situations,
wavelength and
light must be the
same,

= amplitude (max. distance from equilibrium)

(meters)

= angular speed (rad per sec)

Limitations
All values
must be
constant.
Can only be
used when
measuring
light.
Theta must
be in
radians.
Must have a
slit width.
Can only be
used when
there is a
slit.

(Meters)
Doppler eect explains frequency change
caused by moving sources or moving
observers,

Limitations:
source must be
moving to provide
Doppler eect.
Speed of sounds
cannot be passed
Nor can speed of
light . Top
equation only
applies to sounds
while bottom only
applies to light.

U = internal energy / W = Work

(joules).
(Joules)

n = # of moles (measured in mol)

R = gas constant (8.31)
T = Temperature (C and K)

S = entropy
(Joules per kilogram)
P = pressure (Pascals or
atmospheres[101.1 pascals])
V = Volume (dm^3, cm^3, m^3)

Eciency of Carnot engine

Eciency of a Carnot Engine

Second Law of
Thermodynamics
Total entropy of an isolated system
always increases over time, or
remains constant in ideal cases
where the system is in a steady
state or undergoing a reversible
process

Limitations:

Only changes in
entropy can be
calculated
Usually used for gases
Pv5/3 only applies to
monatomic gases