jung ___ Maton an Deterinrts__—188 1 Solve the following system of inear equations by Cramer's Bale: Solution @) 2x +2y+2 = 8,Se- 2y- Mem 1, Bet y-Se #2 SPR 2 LE = 26+2)-2-9+ 10) + 18 +10) tare | 3-2 -2 | = 16724 18=2740 51-3 | “+ Sotution i possible. 32. |: - 3| hoy 21-3 86+ 2) 2-94 4)+ Wed) | MBAS _ 7 i218) Meso AA =1) -2(6 -5) +3(8 + 10) _ =10- Ce 1Gi). 2x1 -¥a + es = 5, day + Big + Bary = 8, Sx Ae9~ H0 =3 2-1 1] = 24 12)+ 1-4-9) +1618 -8)_ : Raven cis 50e seal ee 1540 3-4 -1| | “+ Solution is possible. 5-1 1 . |s 23 . - B 4-11 52+ 12) +18 -9) +1-32- 6) we m1 = =15 ~ 15 25 1 48 3} 33-1 2-8 — 9) — 5(-4 - 9) + 112-24) _ 3446512 iy * 15 it 15 ee160 INTERMEDIATE MATHEMATICS DIGEST — Class XI 2-15 428 3-43 (6 + 32) + 1(12-24) + 5(-16 - 6) 6 as es B AGii) Qe -ay 425 = Bxj4 2m t 2m = 6, x)—2xq- xy 21 ae 2-2 +4) + U(-1-2) + 1-2-2) IAL = oe 4-3-4=-340 eos «Solution is possible. “11 — B24 4) + 166-2) + 1012-2) 1-211 _ 2+ 12)+10-6)+ 802-2) _ 28-56-92, =3 rr al * 2. Use matrices to solve the following systems: Solution @) x-2y¢z2 = -1, Sr+y- Mee 4 y-z a1 2-2 1) = 1-14+2)-3@-1 Here |Alm | 3 1 ~2| = 1-3=~-240 (Exp. by) o 1-2 Bolution is possible. | 1 | ie -2 31 G r-1} “lo -1 o1 ane 21 1a v2] f ae tly o-1 lo | 21 | ta | 1-2 1-2] “|3 -2 B1 * (isa) - 2540) * G0) (2-1) (-1-0) -(1+0) (4-1) ~(-2-3) (146)161 => zelyet,e=0 Solution (li) 2, +25 +8550 8, <1 +5-2ry 90, -Sxj-xgt2xy = -4 2 1-8) = 2@-2)- 102-6) - 3-143) Here |Al = 1 1 -2 = 04+4-6=-240 “8-13 «+ Solution is possible. 1 -2 1 -2 11 it azl +37 last. i: 1-3 2-3 21 wa-1-]i2{ (271-1441 1-3 2-3 2. 1-2 -| 1-2 | 11 1 o 4 27 oO ce ¥-5.-1] = | 4 -5 ] tad 2-11162 INTERMEDIATE MATHEMATICS DIGEST — Class X! 0+0-4 12-0-4 6-0-4 2 4 Xs ; -1 m1 2 eee alee 9 -1 => na2,n a4, = Solution (iii) x+y = 22-2 #1, 2%-% =-1 a1 0 1(0 + 2)- 1-6-0) + 0 Here 1Al= |°2 0 -1 246 “0° 0 2 -3| “+ Solution is possible. 2 ct 2-1) 12 a It 2-3| “|0-3 o2 . 10 10 ae adj A = -|2 3 aes -\o2 1'0 10 aa e o-1} “f2-1 20 (012) (4640) 4-0)! 2 =| -(-3-0) (3-0) =| | 3 (1-0) C140) (0-2) 2 8 -1 . i = [6-3 1 4-2-2Matrices and Determinants 163 => gelyyel,zeb 3. Fc cane nay reign nognented man's the echelon form and the reduesd echelon forme. Solution. (). #1-2e5-2m = -1, 2s +8sy 4m = 1, Bay 4eg- Bey = 1 (a) : Using Echelon Form : Here Ap denotes-the augmented matrix. 1-2 -2 -1 1-2 -2 -1 m= | 2 3 1 1) Blo 7, 5 8 ba 8 o 6 7 6 1-2 -2 -1 1-2 -2 -1 Rlo 1-2 | by Blo 1-2-3 6 Ry- Rs o@e7 0 0 0 mM 12 -2 -1 by ; s[s 1-2 |i. oo @ oo 1 mmol ® : Matrix in equation (1) is in Echelon Form. Now, Ry => 21-2ep- 2%) = 2 (Dy Ryo O+eg-2ey 2B lO),164 INTERMEDIATE MATHEMATICS DIGEST — Class Ry 0+0+n = a, and_ (1) => x= 2m42r -18+48-19 Sas 7 (®) Using Reduced Echelon Form: Matrix in (1) can further be changed to Reduced Echelon Form : 1-2-2 7 10-6 7g R [ 1-2-8 ] R [: 1-2 33 [ors 0.1 mano 00 1 2H oo im by R [ 1-0 om | Ri+6R. ... (ID 0 0 1 mig }.Re+2Rs From equation (11) : >a -8 Now, Ry =>x+0+0 = 5 sir 9 9 R0m+0 =e Pm a5 R= 0401 =F => mn Solution. (i). x+2y +2 = 2, e+ y+tem-t, Seefy-2 29 (a): Using Echelon Form: 1201.2 pea tee by 4b= [21 2 -1| Rlo -3 o + Ry-2R, 23-1 9 o-1 -3 5 [: 2 1 2 Ort a: | by o 1-3 5 | 74m(Unit 3} Matrices and Determinants 13°-1-.3 R - by z [: 1 2 «| Ro + By Ry 00 9 -20 121 275 Rilo. 2 -25 tr, = @ 00 1 -209} 9 ‘Matrix in equation (I) is in Echelon Form, Now,Ri=> x42 +2 =2 (0, Ry=> O+y+1dz =-25 (2), Ry => 04042 (3), Solving by backward substitution, using 2 =—20/9,weget | @) => yeide 3-25 => y= ~ 25-1222 -25-12(-% 75+80_ 5 3 38 > x+2ye2 =2 => 10 _ 18-30+20 222-242. 3 ey 8 Hence z= 5.y=$, 2 (by: Using Reduced Echelon Form: Equation (D can further be reduced'to Redisced echelon form : 121 2 10 23 @ [: 1B 25 [s 1 2 25 RoR, 00 1 -209 00 1 -20/9 100 i R)o1 0 459 | R,+29R .. ap 0 0 1 -20/9 J Ra- 12K, Matrix in Equation (II) is in reduced echelon form giving directly 2 reg 2 BLS Ort grge Fwy166 MEDIATE MATHEMATICS DIGEST — Glass Xi Solution. Gli). #440425 = 2 Brita Bey= 9 Bn + Br Qey = 12 (@): Using Echelon Form: ie eee w [Pia] -2 2 2 5 6 © » a2 by R|o -7 -6 R,-2R; 0-10 -! Ry - 3B o 1 - a -5R 0-10 -8 6 y 14 2 2 by Z [: 1 67 al Ry + 10R, ~~ © 0 0 47 -8/7 14 2 2 by R]o1 67 -7| 7. @ propo) ty ag oe ‘Matrix in equation (D is in Echelon Form. Ryo xt ded 2ey =2 CD), 8 5 Ry=> O+m+ 7% = —7 +2), Ri? 0400 = -2 (Bs Solving by backward substitution,weget (3) => x =-2 @ =@ atin s-f m eb -Sqe-$ -Fea. we me Se Bada () =P mt dette 2 Po m2 = hey 2ey => xy 92 - AM) =H 24h Hence nad mel, nk[units] _______ Matrices and Determinants ____167_ (b): Using Reduced Echelon Form: Equation (D) can further be reduced to Reduced echelon form 14 2 2 1 0-107 347 5 [* 1 6/T «| R]lo1 67 -5/7 R, -4R, oo 1 -2 oo 1 -2 J Ro tl0Ry 100 147 eid oto ore eae co) oo1 -2 Rz -8R Matrix in equation (I1) is in reduced echelon form giving directly “ 7 Kaa magel, x 4. Solve the following systems of homogeneous linear equations : Note. In case of homogetheous system, it has non-zero solution only if the| |determinant of coefficients is zero, i.e., matrix of coefficients is singular, .e., ita rank is less that the number of variables. That is why we use the| Jmatrix of coefficients only for echelon form. (D x42y-2ee 0, Berys Be 20, Bee dy+Ben 0 wep. 2 -2 12 +2 by 7 Solution(@). A=] 21 5/2 | 0-3 9 Ry -2R; 54 8 o-6 J Rs-5R 12-2 by Rloi-3/{ 1 1 [: 1-3 Jo Pray R 7 Y Ryo. | RoR, 000 . ‘Thus rank of A = 2 < 8 (No, of.varinbles), Therefore, (1) gives Ry > x+2y-20 0. Wi, Ry y-Bee 0. (HD,168 INTERMEDIATE MATHEMATICS DIGEST — Class XI R= Oe= 0... (ii) Git) = z= then GD => y= Be= Ht and (gives x+6t-2=0 => = 4. ‘Thus, SS. = ( t, 3t, 4t) wheret is any real number. REMARKS.-1. If t= 1, then solution is (1,3,-4), if t=2, then SS. is (2,6, 81, ie, we can find infinity of solutions by giving different values tot In fact, when the number of equations is less than the number of variables, we have to give some arbitrary value of a variable and get the value of other/s in terms of that value. 2. If we are given a set of three homogencous equations they will have {0,0,0} ae obvious solution. This sclution is called Trivial Solution. And a solution of the system other then zero solution is called Non-TRivial Solution. 8. In such cases, we will use parametric values to free variables. Free variales are those variales which are in the last slpkabatics, e.g., out of x, yz, the free variable is z, out of xy, the free variable is.y and out of x1, 22,3 the free ariable is xy and paraetersare ; t, ,u, v, wete. Solution (i), + 4,42, = 0, 2x, +4y-8xy = 0,84, +2e4- dey = 0 142 1 4 2 by w Az=|21-3| BR | 0.-7 -7 | Re-2R 32-4 o -10 -10 J’ Ro~ 3%: 4 . by R 1 12 t 27g Re ale[Unit.3] ‘Matrices and Determinants 169 R= my +m = 0, wee GD, => "Oxy =0 a (iii) Gi) => yet, then Gi) = gees and ‘(i) gives Solution (iii). x1-2ey-a = 0, x, +9 ¢.Gzy = 0, 2e;-2,+ dey = 0 1-2 -1 1-2-1 by [3 165 ls 38 | R,- Ry 2-14 0.6 tel tee 1-2-1 by Rlo.e 1 [: 1 “le [: “2-4 by ' Rloi :] = AD Ce ee ie ‘Thus rank of A = 2 <3 (No. of variables). Therefore, (I) gives Rep a9= 0 ..i), mp4 Beg = 0 Gi,” Org= 0. Git) Gi) => xy = £, then (il) gives x= —2¢,= -2¢ and (i) gives ata Thus, S.S. = ( -3t, -2t, t) where tis any real number, 5. Find the value of 4 fox which the following systems have a non-trivial ‘solution. Also solve the system for the value of 1. ” Solution.) x+y 4 2 =O 2r+y-iz =O, x42y-2e 00 The system has non-trivial solution if aia 21-2 12 -2 U-2+20)--442)414-1) =0 0 => x= -m. 0470 INTERMEDIATE MATHEMATICS DIGEST — Gass %! => “24M 44eaes =O ath =0 = For the non-trivial solution ( using = —5 ), we have raid ae - we[piale[es 1 | 12-2 oes ee! rai [a 1 4m 01-3 aya a . Rlo1-3 nom @ 00 0 o> x+y +220, 9-20, Oc yo de=8t, and x 49+ ‘Thus, SS. = | —4t, St, t) where tis any real number. Solution. cape dege dng =O Bey 4g By # 0, Berta dey =O ‘The systen has non-trivial solution if 14k | 21-3 | =O B.A -4 M44 5R)— 48 + 994 MTA=) =O or “A+ Sh—4 + WP-BA=O or 2?-8=0 => a4 => at? When ded: 142 a-[21 23] 82-4 14 2 ' Blo -7 =| 0 -10 -10 [4 pee (EEE * ood = Rg) “LO -to 10 by -Pa) [23 fm mm (1)[Unit 3} Matrices and Determinants 471 R> nti e2y =0 . @, R> m0 we GD, ‘Let xm = ¢, then => mtd 405059 m= -4t At, t, 0) where t is any real number. Re td 2-00. , Re, WI m= 0 oe GD, Tat x = ¢, then (> “Int =0 me sie aie O> mtah-2 20 > nea 2 Thus, 88. = {(7,£ , t)} . where tis any real number. = { (104,t, 7) } Multiplying by 7. For A= -2, (A) reads: wi nttaitsy =Gnrity 0 tyn0 | 4 101 spe nbag =-}h, and $b 2k 20, be, a -Fh 6. Find the value of } for which the following system does not possess a unique solution. Also solve the system for the value of 2. y+ doy thay = 2 We, +4y—-2zy = 11, Bx, 42ey—2ay = 16,172 INTERMEDIATE MATHEMATICS DIGEST — Class XI Solution. ‘The system does not possess a unique solution if 14.2 [212 32 -2 1-2+4)-4-4+6) + M4-3) = 0 2-8+h =0> e For the solution put = 6 in the system, then solution is given by : 146 2 a-[212 2] 32-2 16 14 6 2 by e[o -7 -14 | R,-2Ry 0-10 -20 0) Ry-3R; 146 2 1 by -7Ra alo 12 =| ae o 12 -1K-w® 1462 by Blo 12 -1| RoR.) ooo o} >Re R= x 4dy tay = 2... (i, R> at2m sl. (id, Let mat 2 @) Dmytro t >a @ = x +4-1-W)+6t= 2 => 4-8 +6t Sas 642, ‘Thus, SS. = (6+2 ,-1~-2, ¢ | wheretis any real number. « « « é « é « é «