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Aleurone is a protein found in protein granules of maturing seeds and tubers. The term also
describes one of the two major cell types of the endosperm, the aleurone layer. The aleurone
layer is the outermost layer of the endosperm, followed by the inner starchy endosperm. This
layer of cells is sometimes referred to as the peripheral endosperm. It lies between the pericarp
and the hyaline layer of the endosperm. Unlike the cells of the starchy endosperm, aleurone cells
remain alive at maturity.
Aleurone protein:
Aleurone proteins can have two different morphological features.
1.
Homogenous
2.
Heterogeneous
The homogenous aleurone consists of similar protein bodies e.g. Phaseolus vulgaris
In most cultivated cereals the aleurone is single-layered e.g wheat species, rye, oats, rice
and maize.
The plasticity of cell fate was also evident in genetic mosaic studies. Maize defective kernel1
(dek1) loss-of-function mutants have no aleurone layer indicating that this gene's function is
required for the signalling or perception of the signals that specify the outer cell layer as
aleurone. Similar functions have been reported in Arabidopsis and rice. In an unstable
transposon-induced maize dek1 mutant, gene reversion in surface cells at late stages of
development causes the transdifferentiation of starchy endosperm cells to aleurone.
Transdifferentiation was similarly observed in cultured endosperms when fissures developed and
starchy endosperm cells newly exposed to a surface then became aleurone. Conversely, when
dek1 mutant cells were generated late in the development of normal kernels, aleurone cells
transdifferentiated to starchy endosperm. These resultsindicate that developmental fate in the
periphery of the endosperm remains plastic throughout development, that the positional cues that
specify aleurone identity are present throughout development, and that these cues are required to
maintain aleurone identity.
dense, and anticlinal cell walls are thinner. Although the molecular identity of des5 has not yet
been reported, it provides some key insights into the regulation of aleurone development. There is
a strong reduction in the level of cr4 transcripts in des5 mutants, while decreases in dek1
transcripts were not significant. The differential effect on expression suggests that the dek1 and
cr4 genes may be regulated independently. Furthermore, sal1 transcripts also showed a decreased
expression, indicating that the regulation of cell layer number might be more complex than the
interplay between cr4 and sal1 functions.
Aleurone function:
The aleurone layer performs a variety of functions to help maintain proper development of the
seed.
In cereals, the aleurone layer releases organic and phosphoric acids in order to keep the
pH of the endosperm between a pH of 3.5 and 4.
In barley, the aleurone layer also releases nitrite into the starchy endosperm and apoplast
under anaerobic conditions. In addition, although the function is unclear, a certain class
of hemoglobins (Hb)is present in the outer layer of living cells including the aleurone
tissue in barley and rice seeds.
During seed germination, the plant embryo produces the hormone gibberellin which
triggers the aleurone cells to release -amylase for the hydrolysis of starch, proteases, and
storage proteins into the endosperm.
The breakdown of the starchy endosperm supplies sugars to drive the growth of roots and
the acrospire. This release of amylase is considered to be the most important and sole
function of the aleurone layer.