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Ans: Formal Communication refers to the communication that flows along a formal
organizational structure. This flow of communication is created along officially
recognized positions to ensure smooth, orderly and timely flow of information.
Informal communication is the communication that takes place outside the
formally prescribed network or channel of the organization, it is spontaneous and has
not set rules and regulations, it can take any direction and hence its also called a
grapevine.
b) Physical barriers: The obstacles that prevent a message from reaching the intended
recipient are known as physical barriers. Some of the main physical barriers are
Noise, Distance, and Overloaded Information etc.
d) Psychological Barriers: These barriers arise from emotions, motives, social values
etc.
E.g. Perceptions, Attitudes, Poor Listening, Egoism, Emotions etc.
15) What are circulars?
Ans: Circulars are business letters that are designed to be read by a large number of
people. The purpose of circular is to spread some important information among a
large number of people.