Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Engineering Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/engstruct
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 28 May 2016
Revised 22 August 2016
Accepted 5 November 2016
Keywords:
Buckling design
Steel pipe-jacking
Cylindrical shells
Compression
Elastic foundation
Finite strips
a b s t r a c t
In practice, the steel pipe-jacking can be regarded as a thin-walled cylindrical shell mainly subjected to
jacking force in the axial direction and surrounded by the soil which is usually simplified and modeled as
an elastic foundation. In this paper, the elastic buckling behavior of steel jacking pipes primarily under
axial compression and with the Pasternak foundation is analyzed by the finite strip method (FSM). The
elastic foundation is considered in the stiffness matrix through the strain energy, and the deformation
in the longitudinal direction is simulated by the series functions in FSM. A parametric study is conducted
to analyze buckling of cylindrical shells embedded in different elastic foundations. It indicates that the
Pasternak foundation is more conducive to prevent buckling of cylindrical shells under axial compression.
The critical length and the lower bound of buckling loads are obtained, and they offer the basis for optimal design of steel pipe-jacking. Finally, the case study combined with the buckling accident in the steel
pipe-jacking event is presented. The present buckling analysis of soil-embedded cylindrical shells under
axial compression provides design guidance for steel pipe-jacking construction.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Because of advantageous properties, such as high strength, high
plasticity (good performance of deformation), good self-sealing
and low construction cost, steel pipes are increasingly used in
underground pipeline engineering. Pipe-jacking is the technique
for installing pipelines through the use of the hydraulic jacking
of a pipe string from a launch shaft to a receiving shaft [1], as
shown in Fig. 1. To meet the growing demand for infrastructure
construction, the sizes (e.g., both the diameter and length) of
pipelines continuously increase and the geometrical scale of steel
pipe-jacking in some of these new construction projects have even
exceeded the existing engineering standards. In general, design for
these projects is just based on experience without considering size
effect. As a consequence, buckling problems are more likely to
occur in the pipelines of large diameter and long length, which
may endanger engineering safety.
Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, School of
Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai 200240, PR China.
E-mail addresses: qiao@sjtu.edu.cn, qiao@wsu.edu (P. Qiao).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.11.016
0141-0296/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
140
Slurry Mixing
and Pumping
Plant
Ground Surface
Slurry Pipe
Reception Shaft
Reaction Walls
Tunnelling Machine
Steel Pipe
Launch Shaft
pressure or external pressure, and they are more suitable for the
study of buried pipes. However, the axial load is dominated for
steel pipe-jacking in construction stage, and buckling of steel jacking pipes is more prone to occur.
Mandal and Calladine [11] conducted self-weight buckling
experiments and non-linear finite element analysis of thin, opentop, fixed-base, small-scale silicone rubber cylindrical shells, and
the material, structure and loads considered were still fundamentally different from those of steel pipe-jacking. Sheng et al. [12],
Bagherizadeh et al. [13] and Shen [14] analyzed functionallygraded cylindrical shells embedded in Pasternak elastic foundation
under axial load. Sheng et al. [12] placed emphasis on the eigenvalue solution for buckling of cylindrical shells. Bagherizadeh
et al. [13] achieved the closed-form solutions for the critical
mechanical buckling loads of the FGM cylindrical shells surrounded by elastic medium based on a higher-order shear deformation shell theory (HSDT). While Shen [14] put forward the
boundary layer theory and applied it to analyze postbuckling of
composite cylindrical shells surrounded by tensionless Pasternak
elastic foundation. Similar to the work by Shen [14], Li and Qiao
[15] recently studied the buckling and postbuckling of an anisotropic laminated thin cylindrical shell of finite length subjected to
combined loading of external pressure and axial compression using
the boundary layer theory. Although these studies are similar to
the condition of the steel pipe-jacking, the more practical
method is still needed for design and construction of pipejacking projects.
Numerical methods have been widely used in modeling and
analysis of buckling of cylindrical shells. In addition to the traditional methods, like finite differences, finite elements method
(FEM), boundary element method (BEM), etc., differential quadrature (DQ) [16], discrete singular convolution (DSC) [17,18] and
meshless method [1921] have also gradually risen. However,
the complicated modeling, tedious mathematical formulas, and/
or programming applicability existed in the above methods, cause
inconvenience when used in practice. The finite strip method
(FSM) is used extensively for reducing partial differential equations
to ordinary or partial differential equations of a lower order. Consequently, much shorter computing time is achieved for solution
with comparable accuracy [22,23]. Especially suitable for the structures which can be divided into strip elements, the series functions
are defined along the longitudinal direction instead of longitudinal
element division in FEM or other numerical methods. Thus, the
model in FSM is much simplified as well, particularly useful for
preliminary design and analysis.
141
v
w
r
X
e
Ym
u fC u gfdgm
m1
r
X
e
Ym
v fC v gfdgm
m1
r
X
/x
e
Ym
w fC w gfdgm
/y
e
Ym
/x fC /x gfdgm
m1
r
X
e
Ym
/y fC /y gfdgm
m1
m
m
m
m
where Y m
u , Y v , Y w , Y /x and Y /y are the longitudinal series functions,
2. Theoretical background
The elastic foundation model is frequently used for simulating
pipe-soil interaction. The Winkler foundation model is one of the
simplest forms, and it only considers compressive deformation of
the surrounding soil as a kind of discontinuum. While the Pasternak foundation model considers the shear effect by setting the
shearing layer between the foundation and the structure, and it
more closely emulates practical situation. However, it is not easy
to be implemented in the general simulation software. FSM has
been proven to be efficient and accurate for buckling analysis of
plates. The steel jacking pipe can be equivalently approximated
by a series of long plates with an equilateral polygon section as
long as the number of these plates tends to infinity or be sufficiently large (see Fig. 2). Therefore, FSM based on FSDPT is used
herein for analyzing buckling of steel jacking pipes (cylindrical
shells) simply supported at two ends and embedded in the Pasternak foundation. The connection joint is neglected because of good
integration of adjacent pipes.
Buckling analysis of plates under uniaxial compression is a classical problem, and it is performed using the FSDPT-based FSM. It
assumes that the length (a) of a plate is in y-direction and the
width (b) is in x-direction as shown in Fig. 3(a).
The displacements of the middle surface of the plate ux; y,
v x; y and wx; y, and rotations of the normal to the middle surface /x x; y and /y x; y are expressed by the interpolation polynomial function in x-direction and smooth series functions in ydirection:
8 m
l y
m
< Y w Y /x sin ma
0
: Y m Y m lm cos lm y
/y
/x
a
a
y
z
fdgem uim
v im
v km
v jm
T
where fC u g, fC v g, fC w g, fC /x g and fC /y g are the transverse interpolation shape functions, and they are given as:
fC u g f C 1
0 0 0 0 C2
fC v g f 0 C 1
0 0 0 0 C3
0 0 0 0 C2
fC w g f 0 0 C 1
0 0 0g
0 0g
0 0 0 0 C3
0 0 0 0 C2
fC /y g f 0 0 0 0 C 1
0 0 0 0g
0 0 0 0 C3
0 0 0 0 C2
fC /x g f 0 0 0 C 1
0 0 0 0 C3
0 0 0 0 C2
0g
0 0 0 0 C3 g
4
2
8
>
<
>
:
u;x
v ;y
u;y v ;x
9
2
>
=
6
; fjg 4
>
;
2
/x;x
7
5; fcg
/y;y
/x;y /y;x
2
"
w;x /x
w;y /y
A11
6
A 4 A12
A16
A12
A22
3
2
A16
B11
7
6
A26 5; B 4 B12
B12
B22
3
2
B16
D11
7
6
B26 5; D 4 D12
D12
D22
3
D16
7
D26 5
A26
A66
B26
B66
D26
D66
B16
D16
H11 H12
, in which Aij are the extensional stiffness
H12 H22
coefficients, Bij are the bending-extension coupling stiffness coefficients, Dij are the bending stiffness coefficients, and Hij are the
transverse shear stiffness coefficients.
Substituting the related variables into Eq. (6), it is can be
obtained that:
and H
Fig. 2. The model of cylindrical shells by the finite strip method based on the firstorder shear deformable plate theory.
where
2
45
lm mp; m 1; 2; . . .
where fdgem is a vector representing the mth term nodal displacement parameters at the node lines of the finite strip element. For
the low order finite strip with three node lines (LO3) [22,23] as
shown in Fig. 3(b), the following expression is held:
feg
m1
r
X
142
b1 b2
be
k
be/2
(a)
be/2
(b)
Fig. 3. The low order finite strip with three node lines (LO3).
U U e1 U e2 U e3 U e4
Considering the finite strip element, the strain energy due to the
Pasternak foundation is given by Xiang et al. [25] as
V e 12
RR h
r X
r
X
m1 n1
where K ef
Ref
e
mn
1
2
mn
e
e T
Ref mn Ref mn and
ZZ h
T m n
n
kfC w gT Y m
w Y w fC w gGfC w g;x Y w Y w fC w g;x
i
n
fC w gT Y m
w;y Y w;y fC w g dxdy
ZZ
m1 n1
e
e T
K g1 emn Rg1 mn Rg1 mn
ZZ h
e
t
Rg1 mn
r0x fC w gT;x Y mw Y nw fC w g;x r0y fC w gT Y mw;y Y nw;y fC w g
2
i
n
2r0xy fC w gT;x Y m
w Y w;y fC w g dxdy
e
e T
K g2 emn Rg2 mn Rg2 mn
ZZ h
t3
Rg2 emn
r0x fC /x gT;x Y m/x Y n/x fC /x g;x fC /y gT;x Y m/y Y n/y fC /y g;x
24
r
2r
T m n
0
xy fC /x g;x Y /x Y /x ;y fC /x g
fC /y g
11
We
T m
n
0
y fC /x g Y /x ;y Y /x ;y fC /x g
10
where k is a unknown load factor; 0 is the zero vector. It is necessary to introduce the drilling rotation freedom /z (the rotation
about the z axis) and a fictitious stiffness relating to the drilling
rotation [22,23] in the present thin-walled structural analysis.
From the governing equations of the plate strip element, the
governing equations of the whole structure in the linear stability
analysis can be obtained as:
K kK g 0
where k is the coefficient of subgrade reaction, G is the shear modulus of the subgrade.
The Winkler foundation can be regarded as a special form of the
Pasternak foundation if the shear modulus (G) is set to 0.
In the buckling process, the potential energy W e due to the
applied initial stresses (r0x , r0y and r0xy ) can be expressed as [23,26]:
t
r0x w2;x r0y w2;y 2r0xy w;x w;y dxdy
2
ZZ
t3
r0x /2x;x /2y;x r0y /2x;y /2y;y
24
r X
r
X
fdgem K g mn fdgen
2r0xy /x;x /x;y /y;x /y;y dxdy
@ Pe
@U e V e W e
K ip e K io e K op e
e
@fdge
@fdg
K ts e K ef e kK g e fdge 0
n
Ym
/y ;y Y /y ;y fC /y g
i
n
fC /y gT;x Y m
/y Y /y ;y fC /y g dxdy
The governing equation of the plate strip element can be formulated by applying the principle of minimum potential energy,
which is in the partial differentiation as:
143
n1
n1
n3
n2
r 45
n2
45
x
n6
n3
n5
n4
(a)
(b)
Fig. 4. The cylindrical shell model in FSM: (a) octagon, and (b) polygon.
3000
(k1,k2) */(kN)
36 strips
60 strips
72 strips
80 strips
(0,0)
2441.65
2367.5
2358.39
2354.94
2349.6
2422.52
(100,0)
2480.92
2406.77
2397.82
2394.21
2389.02
2462.66
(100,10)
2782.35
2709.47
2700.98
2697.84
2693.13
2769.3
B u c k li n g l o a d ( k N )
2900
Shen[14] (0,0)
2300 *k1 and k2 are the dimensionless Winkler foundation stiffness and the
dimensionless shearing layer stiffness, respectively [14].
2200
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 110
a rx =rcr
12
E
t is the claswhere rx is the actual buckling load and rcr p
31m2 r
sical elastic buckling formula, in term of the Youngs modulus E,
Poissons ratio v, the wall thickness t, and the inner radius r.
The gyration radius of cylindrical shells is expressed as
s
r
q
2
I 1
d
d 2t
2
D2 d
q
1
A 4
4
d
s
2
d
2t
1
1
4
d
4
13
p D2
In practice, the diameter-thickness ratio (d/t) of the steel jacking pipes is usually about 100 according to the design. Therefore,
if d/t is given, the slenderness ratio (L/q) varies with respect to
the length-diameter ratio (L/d). The cylindrical shell models with
the inner diameter (d) of 2 m are analyzed using both of FSM (element type: LO3, see Fig. 3) and FEM (element type: S4 in the commercial finite element software ABAQUS) as shown in Fig. 6. The
simply supported steel jacking pipe is assumed as an ideal elastic
material with the Youngs modulus (E) of 210 GPa and Poissons
ratio (v) of 0.3, subjected to axial compression.
As shown in Fig. 6, even though the results of FSM overall are
slightly smaller than those of FEM, their respective predictions
are closely matched. As expected, an apparent turning point
appears between the intersection of local and global bucking. However, there exist a few critical local buckling loads with respect to
the critical slenderness ratios (L/q) in the region of local buckling.
While as expected, the buckling loads fall fast when the global
buckling occurs. The global buckling loads are in excellent agreements with the results of Euler buckling formula. The computing
time of some FSM and FEM cases on the same computer is presented in Fig. 7. It indicates that the computational efficiency of
FSM is much higher than that of FEM with the increasing size of
models when achieving the same accuracy. Especially, FSM has a
remarkable advantage for analyzing buckling of large-scale structures like steel jacking pipes.
The detailed analysis is conducted for local buckling, as demonstrated in Fig. 8. For the comparatively small slenderness ratios (L/
q), because the buckling load is much affected by the slenderness
ratio (L/q) and the number of half-waves (n) generated along the
axial (length) direction, the buckling loads fluctuate considerably
in this region. In the local buckling region, although the curve is
composed of several downward convex waves, the general trend
of buckling load decreases when the slenderness ratio (L/q)
increases. The number of the half-wave (n) in the axial direction
changes with several downward convex waves and each of them
contains a minimum value of the local buckling load (see Fig. 8).
Both the critical buckling load and the critical buckling length or
1.1
n8
n7
1.0
The standard formula based
on the Donnell's theory
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Local buckling
FSM
FEM
Euler's buckling
0.4
0.3
Global buckling
0.2
0.1
0.0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
144
L/
450
1.2
14.14
28.28
56.57
70.71
84.85 113.13 141.41
80.23
81.23
79.92
77.50
79.94
78.72
77.39
101.40 229.70 207.70 235.90 250.50 333.40 421.00
FSM (s)
FEM (s)
500
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0.7
n=2
n=1
0.6
0.5
Local buckling
0.4
FSM
FEM
n=3
0.8
0.3
Local buckling
(b)
0.1
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Global buckling
0.4
d=1m, d/t=100
d=2m, d/t=100
d=3m, d/t=100
d=4m, d/t=100
0.2
10
20
30
40
50
60
45
d/t=50
d/t=100
d/t=150
d/t=200
1.4
The standard formula based
on the Donnell's theory
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.6
1.6
1.1
n=1
0.8
(a)
0.9
1.0
0.0
160
1.0
20
40
60
80
Table 1
The critical length for different diameter-to-thickness ratios (d/t).
Diameter to thickness ratio
Lcr1 (m)
Lcr2 (m)
Lcr3 (m)
d/t = 50
d/t = 100
d/t = 150
d/t = 200
1.4
4.4
8.1
13
4
11
21
32
8
22
42
64
145
1.1
FSM
FEM
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
k = 10000 N/m
0.4
0.3
Global buckling
0.2
0.1
0.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
Local buckling
0.7
0.6
0.5 Local buckling
k=0
k = 10000N/m
k = 312500N/m
0.4
0.3
Global buckling
0.2
0.1
0.0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Table 2
The critical length for different coefficients of subgrade reaction (k) in the Winkle foundation.
The length of cylindrical shells
Lcr1 (m)
Lcr2 (m)
Lcr3 (m)
Lcr4 (m)
k=0
k = 10,000 N/m3
k = 312,500 N/m3
4.4
4.4
4.4
11
11
10.8
22
22
22
43.5
146
Et
where D 121
m2 is the flexural stiffness. The curvature parameter
1.0
Lower bound
0.8
0.6
Local buckling
0.2
0.0
Global buckling
0.4
(k,G)=(0,0)
(k,G)=(312500N/m,0)
(k,G)=(312500N/m,961500N/m)
(k,G)=(312500N/m,1923000N/m)
Local buckling
1.2
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1.0
Local buckling
0.7
12Z 2
17
p2
p
4 3
p2
Z 0:702Z
18
2
2
1=2
1=2
L2
L r
L
1 m2
4
190:79
1 m2
d t
d
rt
19
0.6
0.5
rcr
0.4
0.3
d=1m, d/t=100
d=2m, d/t=100
d=3m, d/t=100
d=4m, d/t=100
0.2
0.1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
5. Design practice
5.1. Current design standards
The classical thin shell theory, i.e., the Donnells theory is commonly used as the standard formula in various standards for buckling analysis of cylindrical shells under axial compression because
of its simplicity. The critical buckling stress based on the Donnells
theory is simply expressed as
14
rcr tL2
Dp2
tL2
rcr 0:702
Fig. 13. Size effect on buckling behavior of cylindrical shells embedded in the
Pasternak foundation.
rcr p
31 m2 r
Dp2
12Z 2
20
p2
k1
0.8
0.0
The relationship between the dimensionless axial compressivestress coefficient (k) and the curvature parameter (Z) was obtained
by a large number of test results. Then, the approximate fitting
curve was given. According to the characteristics of buckling and
the k-Z curve, the formula of the dimensionless axial
compressive-stress coefficient varies.
For Z < 2.85
1.2
0.9
16
For Z P 2.85
1.1
2
1=2
1=2
L2
L r
1 m2
4
1 m2
d t
rt
15
Dp2
tL
Z 0:014
p2 E
1=2
121 m2
21
22
wk
t
pr
, where
. wk
t
11:91
wk 1:44
t
1
Q
147
which the effect of soil is not included. Even with the conservative
stability design practice, buckling accidents still occur in practice.
rx =rcr
8
0:02L=q 0:95
>
>
>
< 0:59
>
0:02L=q 1:21
>
>
:
0:04
23
1.2
1.1
1.0
Upper bound
4
3
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Lower bound
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Lower bound
0
20
40
60
0
80
100
120
140
160
rx =rcr
8
0:009L=q 1
>
>
>
< 0:88
24
44:37 6 L=q
for the lower bound
rx =rcr
8
0 6 L=q < 26:62
>
< 0:005L=q 1
0:03L=q 1:94 26:62 6 L=q < 35:24
>
:
0:88
35:24 6 L=q
25
6. Case study
6.1. Background to the engineering accident
Two sets of steel pipelines (#1 and #2) abreast with the outer
diameter (D) of 2.0 m, thickness of 20 mm, and buried depth of
79 m, were used in Shanghai water supply project for branch
pipelines. The whole branch pipeline was constructed by the
pipe-jacking method. A total length from working well #44 to
#46, shown in Fig. 15, was 1357 m. The measured value of axial
deflection is exhibited in Fig. 16. When pipe #2 was jacked to
515 m, it began to deviate from the design axis to the left. Although
the remedial treatments had been taken for returning to the right
direction, it had to stop pipe-jacking while severe local deflection
probably caused by the local buckling (shown in Fig. 17) appeared
and some connectors in flanges were damaged. The maximum axis
deflection reached 6.452 m at the final jacking distance of 597 m.
The remaining length was finished by jacking the pipes from the
other end (working well #46), and finally two sections were connected together. The length of the affected pipeline was approximate 85 m. Moreover, the only intermediate jacking station
located near the jacking machine had not been used till deviation
of the design axial. Hence, the deflection of the pipeline is
continuous.
6.2. Geological condition
According to the geological exploration report, the area is
divided into nine geological layers as shown in Table 3. Based on
the buried depth of two pipelines, the pipelines are likely to cross
muddy silty clay sandwiched between clayey silt in 3-interlayer,
silty clay in layer 31 and muddy clay in layer 4, shown in Fig. 18.
148
River
River
5m
Building
Pipe #2
515 m
#44
Pipe #1
Working well
Jacking
direction
Lake
15 m Deflection area
Bridge
#46
Working well
Intermediate
jacking stations
21 m
Jacking
machine
Section 9 Section 8 Section 7 Section 6 Section 5 Section 4
Section 3 Section 2 Section 1
51 m
2m
28.2 m
-660
-619.3
-587.8
-604.4
-541.7-566.2
-496.2
-473.8
-600
-500
-400
-645.2
-377.2
-329.8
-300
-279.3-302.6
-239.2
-202.7-226.8
-165.9
-200
-129.1
-101.7
-79.1
-100
-20 3.6 6.5 4.6 2.8
0
20
494 498 502 506
-1.6 -10.8
-36.2
Design axis
-54.6
579
511 515
521 525
558 562
584
582 586
597
is 0.3 and the shear stress limit (smax) is 5 kPa. Because the average
buried depth is 8 m from the ground to the axis of jacking pipes
and the average unit weight of soil is 18 kN/m3, the maximum frictional resistance can reach 43.2 kPa based on the friction factor (l)
of 0.3, which far exceeds the shear stress limit (smax) of 5 kPa. Thus,
the frictional resistance can be considered to be 5 kPa. When pipe
#2 was jacked to 515 m cumulatively, the frictional resistance
reached 16,171 kN in the most unfavorable conditions, which is
greater than the largest jacking force of 12,000 kN available in construction stage. It is estimated that the maximum jacking force
actually acted on jacking pipes probably approached 12,000 kN
for the jacking pipes going forward smoothly. Due to the restraint
149
cS
Es0.10.2
MPa
wn
%
wp
%
wL
%
18.7
17.5
18.1
17.5
16.9
17.4
17.9
19.4
0.862
1.173
0.983
1.173
1.374
1.204
1.047
0.719
4.68
2.90
6.25
2.90
2.11
2.90
4.12
6.41
30.1
41.9
31.6
41.9
48.8
42.5
36.6
24.7
22.7
23.1
22.9
23.1
26.0
25.7
23.3
20.7
38.3
38.0
37.6
38.0
45.0
44.6
39.1
35.4
kN/m3
11
21
31
3-interlayer
31
4
511
512
6
Cc
32.750
33.358
32.750
17.300
c
Pa
22
11
8
11
10
12
15
45
18.5
17.0
24.5
17.0
12.5
12.5
16.5
18.0
N63.5
5.0
9.0
Note: cs = Unit weight of soil; e = Void ratio; Es0.10.2 = Compression modulus; wn = Moisture content; wp = Plastic limit; wL = Liquid limit; c = Cohesion under direct shear
consolidation; u = Internal friction angle under direct shear consolidation; Cc = Compression index of soil; N63.5 = Blow counts of SPT.
0.00 m
0.00-1.20 m
0.60-3.00 m
1-1
Miscellaneous fill
2-1
Silty clay
2.30-4.80 m
3-1
Muddy silty clay
4.20-6.60 m
3- interlayer
Muddy silty clay
sandwiched
between clayey silt
-7.00 m
-8.00 m
Center of pipe #2
6.50-9.60 m
3-1
Muddy silty clay
4
Muddy clay
-9.00 m
The buckling section stopped the jacking due to the large deflection. The measurement of the residual stress shows the maximum
axial residual stress is close to 350 MPa which is far more than the
yielding stress of 235 MPa. They are mainly distributed in the
region of local buckling as shown in Fig. 20. It is unrecoverable
plastic deflection. In order to ensure the safety of the pipeline
and control the construction cost, the steel plates of 0.02 m in
thickness were welded on the inner wall of the pipeline. The area
of the steel plate was more than the deformed region (see Fig. 21).
The remaining length was finished by the jacking pipes from the
working well #46. The accident serves to show that on one hand,
the design jacking force is rather conservative and cannot meet
the demand of the practical project; on the other hand, the local
buckling is more likely to occur due to the large axial jacking force.
The design of steel pipe-jacking as shown in Fig. 22 can be adopted
to improve the local buckling capacity of pipe design when the
Pasternak foundation model is used. The lower bound of the steel
jacking pipes with the outer diameter (D) of 2.0 m embedded in
the Pasternak foundation can be expressed as:
rx =rcr
26
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Jacking direction
8
0 6 L=q < 29
>
< 1:0
0:03L=q 1:97 29 6 L=q < 38
>
:
0:7
L=q P 38
1.98
The original
inner diameter
1.96
1.94
1.92
Horizontal inner diameter
Vertical inner diameter
1.90
150
Jacking direction
Jacking direction
1.5 m
4.0 m
1.2 m
1.5 m
0.75 m
0.7 m
1.930 m
2.000 m
Local deflection
area
1.950 m
1.930 m
1.990 m
8.0 m
Local deflection
area
1.930 m
8.0 m
0.700 m
0.020 m
0.020 m
0.020 m
Liner panel
1.000 m
0.020 m
Local deflection
area
Local deflection
area
0.750 m
Wall of pipe
1.000 m
Liner panel
Wall of pipe
1.2
1.0
0.8
Lower bound
0.6
(k,G)=(0,0)
(k,G)=(312500N/m,961500N/m)
0.4
0.2
Lower bound
0.0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
val of 200 m. The remaining length of 780 m just needs three intermediate jacking stations. Each of them has eight jacks providing a
total of 12,000 kN of jacking force. According to the aforementioned method, the remaining length of 780 m was finally completed in success.
7. Conclusions
In this study, the finite strip method (FSM) is used for buckling
analysis of cylindrical shells under the axial compression to simulate the construction practice of steel pipe-jacking, and its efficiency and accuracy in design of analysis of steel jacking pipes
are demonstrated. The following concluding remarks are drawn
from this study:
The main advantages of FSM considered in this study for buckling analysis of cylindrical shells under axial compression and
surrounded by the Pasternak foundation are modeling simplicity and computational efficiency when compared to other
numerical methods. The longitudinal deflection is simulated
by series functions, and the foundation parameters are considered in the stiffness matrix through the strain energy, which
is suitable for buckling analysis of cylindrical shells embedded
in the elastic foundation subjected to axial compression, like
in steel pipe-jacking.
For buckling of pure cylindrical shells, the critical local buckling
load decreases as the slenderness ratio (L/q) increases, while
the global buckling load is in close agreement with the Euler
buckling formula.
For buckling of cylindrical shells embedded in the Winkler
foundation, the local buckling load is almost consistent with
that of pure cylindrical shells. The global buckling load
increases as the pipe slenderness ratio decreases, and it gradually turns into the local buckling mode as the coefficient of subgrade reaction (k) increases, which indicates that the Winkler
foundation prevents the occurrence of global buckling of cylindrical shells.
For buckling of cylindrical shells embedded in the Pasternak
foundation, the local buckling load is enhanced compared with
pure cylindrical shells and cylindrical shells embedded in the
Winkler foundation. Moreover, the greater shear modulus (G)
and the smaller inner diameter result in the greater local buckling load within the scope of the relatively small slenderness
ratio (L/q). However, the change of the shear modulus (G) has
little impact on the global buckling. The global buckling hardly
occurs with the increasing of inner diameter if the diameterthickness ratio (d/t) keeps constant. It reveals that the shear
foundation effect plays an important role in strengthening the
buckling capacity of cylindrical shells embedded in the Pasternak foundation. The buckling mode also changes accordingly.
The Pasternak foundation is closer to the situation in practice,
and the design analysis based on FSM provides an efficient yet
accurate method (a 2-D model) to simulate steel jacking pipes
embedded in the Pasternak foundation.
The modified design can be proposed based on the FSM analysis. Compared with the traditional design, the new design based
on FSM and considering the Pasternak foundation plays a full
role on the effect of the elastic foundation in buckling of steel
pipe-jacking. Thus, the present study offers the meaningful reference for more safe and reasonable design and construction of
steel jacking pipes.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank for the financial support from
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC Grant
Nos. 51478265 and 51678360).
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