International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR)

Volume 3, No. 1, January 2014

ISSN: 2319-4421

Status of Homeless Population in Urban Ethiopia: A Case

Study of Amhara Region
Mushir Ali, Asst. Professor, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Mekelle University, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT
Present work is an attempt to describe the socio-economic
status of homeless people. It was conducted in Bahir Dar
city of Amhara region with objectives to identify
demographic characteristics and socio-economic status of
the homeless population, and to describe problems faced
by homeless people. On basis of random sampling four
kebeles were selected where using purposive sampling 120
homeless households were sampled. The findings show
that 80% homeless people arrived from hinterland of the
city covering 60 km distance, who were mainly orthodox
Christians and Muslims, nearly 80% were either illiterate
or having only primary education. They performed
economic activities as casual/daily labour, restaurant,
hotel workers, housemaids, catching fish, selling agriitems and pity trades. They passed their live in rented
houses, slums and along the roads where civic amenities
were either absent or measurable.

Keywords:
Homeless, migration, ethnicity, urban area, employment,
and civic amenities

1. INTRODUCTION
Homelessness is the symptom mismanagement, incapable
system and neoliberal economic policies in the urban areas
of the world [1] particularly sub-Saharan countries [2]. In
these countries, people move from rural masses to inter
and intra-regional cities and town. This movement is due
to land degradation, frequent drought, and poor soil
fertility, fragmentation of land, and population pressure for
sake of livelihood. These immigrants started to live in
lower grade rented houses, in slums, at sidewalk, parks,
under the over bridges, sub-ways and tunnels, along the
roads railways [3]. The term homeless includes
unsheltered people whose primary night-time residence is
shelter at ad-hoc houses, and unoccupied building
structure, mountains, low land meadows, creeks and
beaches [4]. Recently, the population residing in
temporary, insecure or physically ruined substandard
accommodation has been incorporated as homeless [5].
Definition of homeless varies from country to country, or
among different entities or institutions. Census of India
defines homeless term for those persons who do not live in
building or census houses but live in the open on road

side, pavements in home pipe, under flyover, at places of

worship, railway plate forms etc. are treated as homeless
[6]. Homeless refers to people who are unable or unwilling
to acquire and maintain regular, safe, and adequate
housing, or lack fixed, regular, and adequate night-time
residence [7]. According to United Nations, the
households without shelter fall within the scope of living
quilters, who carry their few possessions, sleeping in the
streets, in doorways or on piers or in another space, on a
more or less random basis [8].
UN descried the two categories of homelessness; absolute
and relative. People live on the street with no physical
shelter of their own, e.g., sleeping in temporary shelters or
in locations not meant for human habitation are considered
under the category of absolute, literal or visible
homelessness [9]. People live in spaces that do not meet
minimum standards. They are with inadequate protection
from the elements, access to safe water and sanitation,
secure tenure, personal safety, affordability and access to
employment, education, and health care are considered the
category of relative, hidden or concealed homelessness.
Homelessness consists with rapid population growth,
urbanization, industrialization and rural-urban migration
for livelihood towards cities [10]. Homeless often appears
as threatening conditions that relate to violence against a
member, individuals or families with alcoholism, drugs,
crime and mental ill-health, domestic violence, sexual
assault and HIV [11].
Ethiopian cities have also a realm of homeless people
where live in dirty tents, slums, caves, pipes, under
flyovers and along roads with relative inadequate
facilities. Such people do not easy get job, access all social
services because a majority of them lives without any
records regarding their birth date, place, address of
identification, photo identity and so on [12]. Homelessness
reflect that people lose their homes, property and land in
order to urban expansion, to develop upscale high
buildings, roads, parks, to establish public, industrial,
agricultural, infrastructural projects, providing a nominal
compensation, that is in appropriate to rattle at new places
as results homelessness [13]. Due to neoliberal policies,
more attention has been paid to develop cities as
transaction friendly for the concentration of industries,
marketing centres, services and opportunities those pull
huge workers from the remote villages. In some cases,
they are denied to the most basic assistance; housing,
clothing, food pantries, certain public benefits, and

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emergency shelters [14]. Major causes for homelessness

documented by many reports and studies, include unfair
distribution of employment opportunities, poverty, war or
armed conflict, natural disasters, disability, prevailing
chronic and weakening diseases [15, 16].

2. OBJECTIVES
Keeping view of the importance regarding the homeless
people and their socio-economic status, the work was
conducted in Bahir Dar city, with following objectives to:
identify demographic characteristics of homeless
people
assess socio-economic conditions of the homeless
population
describe problems faced by homeless people in the
study area

3. STUDY AREA
Bahir Dar is the capital city of Amhara National Regional
State. It is situated on the southern shore of the Lake Tana,
at the source of the Blue Nile 578 km away northwest of
Addis Ababa. Global position of the city is 1136
-1160
N latitudes, 3723-3738 E longitudes, and altitude 1840
masl (Fig. 1). Population of the city is 155,428 according
CSA, 2007, residing in 18 kebeles (sub-cities) cover 28 sq.
km area [17].

Fig. 2 Location of study area and selected kebeles

The largest ethnic groups reported in Bahir Dar Special
Zone were the Amhara (96.23%), the Tigrayan (1.11%),
the Oromo (1.1%) and other ethnic groups. There were
89.72% believers of Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity
followed by Muslims (8.47%) and Protestants (1.62%)
respectively. Bahir Dar is a large and one of the fastest
growing cities in Ethiopia. It has a textile mill and many
traditional and modern enterprises. It is a main trading
centre for the people who arrived from different islands of

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the lake and surrounding spaces to dispose-off fishes,

agro-produces, livestock and animal products. Population
growth of the city includes rural-urban migration [18]. The
livelihood and main occupations of the city are fisheries,
agro-processing, small/household level industries, trade
and services. Recently, the city has been a popular centre
for natural and cultural tourism, and a hub for economic,
educational, political and administrative activities [19].

4. DATA AND METHODS

The study is based on primary sources of the data which
were collected through questionnaire/schedule method that
focused on socio-economic conditions of homeless
population. On basis of random sampling out of 18, four
kebeles (22% of the total) were selected consisting 825
(49.88%) homeless households (Fig.1). A list of identified
homeless households heads was arranged in alphabetical
order. Sample size of 120 households was determined who
represented about 15% to the total households of homeless
population. Purposive sampling was used to select
homeless population whereas a single sample represented
about 14 homeless households.
The share of households in each kebele was determined by
Bhan (1989) recommended; cited in Birhane [20] model
sample size of target population is enough to serve an
adequate representation. So the sampling was conducted
through calculating the proportion of homeless population
existing in kebele, on the basis of the following formula;
th
S=
TH
Where,
S = samples to be taken
th = target homeless households
TH = total homeless households in all kebele
Table 1 Method for selection of Homeless households
Target
Calculation Sample
Absolute
kebeles
proportion samples
228
Abaymado
=33.16
33
120 x
Kebele 11
825
209
Kebele 4
=30.40
31
120 x
825
201
Kebele 7
=29.24
29
120x
825
187
Kebele 13
=27.20
27
120 x
825
100
Total
=49.88
120
825 x
1654
Source: Field survey, 2010-11

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Homeless population by travelling distance
Fig 2 that homeless population arrived from adjacent
areas, the highest proportion of homeless population who

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Volume 3, No. 1, January 2014

travelled distance between 40 and 60 km to reach the city,

followed by those arrived from 20-40 km (29.17%), below
20 km (20.83%), above 60 km (19.17%) respectively. The
people movement was due to poverty, non-availability of
perennial work in agriculture and prevailing
unemployment in surrounding rural spaces. People arrived
to Bahir Dar to get work and to perform economic
activities for their survival by opening tea install, pity
trading, daily, casual labour, house/hotel workers and so
on.

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traditions about Mohammeds life) recounts that

Mohammed sent some of his followers to Negash in AD
615, to avoid persecution in Arabia. When things calmed
in Arabia, most refugees returned home[22]. Nagash
is in Tigray region, an adjacent territory of the study
region.
Homeless population by Ethnicity
Amhara people arrived due to cultural and economic pull
factors to survival lives, that is why therefore, Amhara
Ethic group was the leading (95%) in homeless population
followed by Tigarian (2%), Oromia (2%) and others (1%).
This city is the hub Amharic culture having recognition
with language, traditions those oriented at the source of
the Blue Nile (Fig 4) [22].

Fig 2. Distance covered by homeless population

Religious status of the homeless population
Fig 3 shows the religious composition of the homeless
population that those who believe on the Orthodox
Christianity were 70%, the remains were followers of
Islam (23.33%), Protestant Christianity (4.17%) and others
(2.5%) respectively.

Fig.4 Homeless population by Ethnic group

Marital status of homeless Population
Marriage determines to perform biological productive life
that is acceptable in the society, particularly Ethiopian
culture for reliability and stability of social life [23]. Fig 5
shows that the highest share of married homeless
population was 55.88% followed by single (29.17%), and
divorced/separated (15%) respectively.

Fig.3 Homeless population by religion

The higher share of Orthodox Christianity followers
reflects that the Christianity has been considered a way of
life, a tradition, which, for centuries shaped the thought,
the outlook, the culture and the economic life of the
people. So, it is continued to be central to the socioeconomic development [21]. Muslims forming second
main religious group, they were mainly engaged as
merchants from centuries.According to Muslim
tradition; the Prophet Mohammed was nursed by an
Ethiopian woman. Later, the Muslim Hadith (collection of

Fig. 5 Homeless population by marital status

Homeless population by Age and Sex
Table 2 reveals that homeless population was dominated
with economic active and biological productive age 15-59
years (about 56%) followed by juvenile homeless
population (38.92%) and senile dependences (2.69%)
respectively. Homeless people mainly arrived at the town

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to earn money. Therefore, their concentration of working

age-group was high and lead by males. Moreover, they
consisted with a good share of child population (Table 2)
because children were considered as earning assets. They
earn money through performing different types of the
works as child labourers, and as child beggars who win
easily sympathy of people to get money [24].

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household duties were performed by mainly women but in

some cases, females were engaged economic activities
then household duties were performed by males.

Table 2 Age & sex status of homeless population

Age group
Male
Female
Below 7
24.03
21.26
7-14
22.48
18.97
15-44
49.61
35.06
45-59
25.58
21.26
60 & above
2.33
3.45
Source: Field survey, 2010-11, N=334,
* Parentheses in percentage

All
20.36
18.56
37.43
20.96
2.69

Homeless population by educational status

Fig. 6 depicts that among homeless population nearly 80%
was either illiterate or having lower level of education.
Mainly they arrived to survive their lives so their priority
to arrange the basic needs, instead of education.

Fig. 7 Homeless population by types of non-workers

Homeless population by occupations
Homeless people passed their days through engagement in
different types of works in order to survive as well as
improve their living standard [2]. It was recorded during
field survey that mostly males worked daily/casual
labourers. Because, the fresh man homeless people are
unskilled, and also considered unreliable to do work at
homes and trading activities. That is why; they adopted the
daily/casual laboureres to earn immediate money for the
survival.

Fig. 6 Homeless population by educational status

Moreover, due to the backward socio-economic
conditions, unavailability of homeless people friendly
schools, they could not get opportunity for education.
Homeless population had lower education among females
than their counterpart, however, the share of female in the
literate category (only read & write) was higher (29.93%)
than their counterpart (21.54%).
Homeless population by non-workers
Share of juvenile dependents among non-workers of
homeless population was the highest (51.18%) followed
by students (25.51%), senile dependents, and those who
engaged in household duties (9.18%) and others (3.06%)
respectively. The juvenile dependents and students were
non-workers homeless children who were mainly not
involved to perform any the economic activity. The

Fig. 8 Homeless population by types of occupations

Fig. 8 reveals that hotel restaurant work was the
occupation dominated by homeless workers (30.33%).
Bahir Dar is a famous place for natural and cultural
tourism for vising the Tana Lake, origin place of the Blue
Nile, many monasteries, whereas restaurants and hotels
have been profitable business. There were workers
demanded for good and quick services, however, the
salary of the workers was not sufficient for a normal life
so some of them also adopted prostitution to survive their
lives. Animal herding, catching fishes and selling animal

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products, poultry, eggs and fishes were other preferable

occupations among the homeless households in which the
share of women was higher (31.96%) in comparison of
their counterpart (29.25%).
Fig. 8 also explains that casual/daily labour activities were
also an important occupation of homeless male population
to earn case. They easily got works at the extension as
well as at the main part of the city where construction of
buildings and houses was on full swings. Their other
lucrative business was trade of commodities, as pity
traders who could be seen along road sides, in front of
commercial buildings, religious places, bus stops and in
the streets as hawkers. Besides, females of the homeless
population generated income, performing their works
housemaids. As females are accepted for inside house
duties is in Ethiopian traditional labour division which has
been existed since ancient time, while males for outer
works.
Homeless population by monthly income
In the study area, majority of households of homeless
population (45.83%) earned monthly income below 600
birr, and 35.83% belonged to the range of earning 6001200 birr monthly, while 18.33% had income per month
above 1200 birr (Fig. 9). Those households have more
than one working hand, i.e., husband, wife and children;
their monthly earning was higher than that of others.

Fig. 9 Homeless population by monthly income

Homeless population by status of dwelling
House is one of basic needs for human being in order to
survive the protected life [23]. Fig. 10 depicts that more
than 54% homeless population was residing in rented
houses. It was noted during field surveys that 2/3 part of
their income was spent for the rent of houses. However,
38% homeless population lived in huts/slums. They were
congested, dirty and suffocated either without or
measurable conditions of basic amenities. The
concentration of such types of residences of homeless
population was high at kebele 11 (Abay Mado area).
Besides, 8% homeless people spent their night along the
roads, streets and pedestrians at the different parts of the
city.

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Fig. 10 Homeless population by dwelling conditions

Problems faced by homeless population
During the field surveys, it was recorded that 58.33%
homeless households did not get sufficient food for their
family particularly among women, 59.17% households
had not enough food for females.
Table 3 main problem for the homeless people
Problems

Food sufficient for family

Food sufficient for females
Safe water
Family members suffering from dieses
Absence of Govt. health care services
Toilet facilities not available in the
premises
Source: Field survey, 2010-11, N=120

58.33
59.17
70.83
47.50
71.50
69.17

Safe water is an important for survival of the population

[20]. It was recorded during field survey that 30%
homeless households, were dependence on stream, lake or
other unsafe sources of water. They walked, generally,
500-1000m distance for fetching the water from the
nearest water source. Such duties were mainly performed
by women and children. It was reported by respondents
that family members of 47.5% homeless households were
suffering from one or more diseases (Table 3). There were
more than 71% homeless people did not get government
health services. However, they walked average distance
from houses to health centre up to 0.5-2.5 km. Toilet
facilities in a house are necessary for biological cycle and
an important requirement for civil society [25]. But, they
were generally absent among 69.17% homeless
households and 30.83% were equipped with traditional
toilets (open without walls), and few toilets consisted with
seat and side walls.

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Suggestions to improve socio-economic status

To improve the socio-economic status of homeless
population, following suggestions were gathered from the
respondents (Table 4).
Table 4 Suggestions to solve the socio problems
Suggestions of respondents
%
1. To provide cheap & easy access of
93.33
houses
2. To make proper distribution of food
80.00
assistance
3. To
develop
employment
opportunities by the collaboration of 79.17
different sectors
4. To provide easy loan facilities from
72.50
organized institutions
5. To open education institutions for
71.67
homeless population
6. To enhance distribution of medical
70.83
facilities
7. To make fair distribution of livestock
& land to the weaker sections of 65.00
society
8. To control corruption for improving
performance
of
administrative 57.50
workers
Source: Field survey, 2010-11, N=120
To provide cheap and easy access of houses (93.33%) was
a leading suggestion. Although, Amhara government has
been distributed condominium houses to the urban
dwellers in Bahir dar city on cash and loan basis,
purchasing of these houses is not easy to homeless people.
Because, firstly, they are in limited number, secondly,
queue of punchers is long, thirdly, the cost of continuum
flats is higher, almost not bearable for deprived and
homeless people, and fourth, the process of booking till
handover the houses is complex.
To make proper distribution of food assistance was
suggested by 80% homeless households. However, the
food distribution programme in the Bahir dar city is going
on, but mostly homeless households have not proper
address and identity to get benefit of the food aids scheme.
To develop employment opportunities by the collaboration
of different sectors was the suggestion supported by
79.17% homeless households. It was the one the basic
issues because they could not get the work or employment
at city according to their ability and choice. Ultimately, the
adopted the pity works.
Migrated homeless population, particularly natural
calamities victims arrived in the city but they have not
adequate money to start a good business or any micro
enterprises. As a result, they either start pity trade or join
unskilled works and some cases they become burden for

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the city administration. Therefore, 72.5% heads of the

homeless households were agreed to provide easy loan
facilities from organized institutions.
The education condition of homeless population was
measurable (Fig. 6) because the heads of homeless
households as well as their family members were engaged
earning the money to arrange the food, clothes and shelter.
They have not time and resource to got education
normally. So, there are needs to open some institutes in
which the provision of scholarships, books, uniform, as
well as timing and curriculum should be especially
homeless population friendly to get education. That is
why; this option is suggested by 71.67% respondents
To enhance distribution of health care facilities was
suggestion from 70.83% sampled homeless households.
The government health services were not adequate
whereas at least half of the homeless population was
suffering from anemia, typhoid, TB 1, malaria and sexual
reproductive diseases (Table 3).
To make fair distribution of livestock and land to the
weaker sections of society is the specific suggestion given
by 65% respondents. Because, the surroundings of Bahir
Dar city are the most fertile track of the Amhara region
and rich in water resources of the Tana Lake and Blue Nile
River. There were large grasslands and open lands for
grazing the livestock. Moreover, the city faces problem
scarcity of milk [26]. If the livestock and agricultural plats
are provided to homeless people, one side they secure their
livelihood, other side dairy and horticultural production
will fulfill the demand of milk, vegetable and fruits.
To control corruption for improving performance of
administrative workers was suggested by 57.5% sampled
homeless respondents. They accepted the that poor
performance of workers related to distribution of food
aids, houses, residential identity, health, education and so
on can be improved, if corruption is controlled.

6. CONCLUSION
The study describes that more than 80% homeless were
travelled from their birth place covering distances 60 km
to reach Bahir Dar city. They belonged to mainly Amhara
ethnicity, and were the mainly followers of Orthodox
Christianity and Islam religions. More than half homeless
people were married, but, due to insecurity of
employment, income and dwelling, nearly 30% passed
their lives as single. The juvenile dependency was a
common feature of homeless population. At least 80%
1 TB-Tubercle bacillus is an infectious disease caused by mycobacteria,

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homeless population was either illiterate or having a

primary education. The casual/daily labour, fishing, pity
trades were popular occupations among homeless males,
while among their counterpart, animal herding, selling of
milk, products of milk, eggs, and restaurant workers as
well as housemaids, professions were common. Monthly
income of nearly 46% homeless households was below
600 birr, and nearly 36% earned 600-1200 per month,
while only 18.33% had earning more 1200 birr/month.
There were 54% lived in the rented houses, 38% in slums,
and 8% along roads. Scarcity of sufficient food,
particularly for women, lack of proper safe drinking water,
prevailing diseases, and poor sanitation facilities were
main problems of homeless population.
The suggestions from respondents to improve the socioeconomic conditions of homeless population in the study
area reveals to provide cheap and easy access of houses, to
make proper distribution of food assistance, to develop
employment opportunities by the collaboration of different
sectors, to provide easy loan facilities from organized
institutions, to open education institutions for homeless
population, to enhance distribution of medical facilities,
to make fair distribution of livestock and land to the
weaker sections of society, and to control corruption for
improving performance of administrative workers.
Moreover, it is necessary to generate employment
opportunities in rural areas to control the rural-urban
migration for decreasing growth of homeless population.
Acknowledgments: Author is thankful to Mr. Getachew
Minwuye, graduate student, department of geography and
environmental studies, Bahir Dar University and Abdul
Kadir, Bahir Dar city, to the help during field surveys.

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