COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

COEB 422 (ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY)

SEMESTER 1 2016/2017
SECTION 04
PROJECT TITLE :
AS AN ENGINEER, HOW WOULD YOU HANDLE A SITUATION
WHERE THERE IS A CONFLICT BETWEEN CODE OF
PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND COMMERCIAL
CONSIDERATION?

LECTURER : MR. DAUD BIN MOHAMAD

GROUP MEMBERS :
NO
1.

NAME
Mohamad Faez Ezreen Bin Mohd Naser

STUDENTS ID
EE096528

2.

Wan Nurul Nazifa binti Wan Ahmad Hazmi @

Megat Puteh

EE096743

3.

Siti Nuruljannah binti Abdul Rhaman

EE097162

4.

Nurul Farah Hanis Binti Ibrahim

EP097156

5.

Nur Aisyah Farhana Binti Mohd Nadzrie

EE091744

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1.0 TABLE OF CONTENT

No.
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0

Content
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Objective
Problem statement
Abstract
Case studies

Page
3
4
5
6
7

(6.1) Hydrofracking in the Williston Basin, Montana

9 11

(6.2) Nuclear Mitigation Measures at the Department of Energy's

12 - 13

Hanford Nuclear Site.

7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0

(6.3) Coal Combustion in China

14 - 15

(6.4) British Petroleum Oil Spill

Survey (result and analysis )
Ethics
Discussion
Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix

16 17
18 23
24 28
29 - 30
31
32

(12.1) Survey form

33 34

(12.2) Minutes of meeting

35 38

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2.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In performing our assignment, we had to take the help and guideline of some
respected persons, who deserve our greatest gratitude. The completion of this assignment
gives us much pleasure. We would like to show our gratitude Mr Daud Bin Mohamad for
giving us a good guideline for assignment throughout numerous consultations.
We would also like to expand our deepest gratitude to all those who have directly and
indirectly guided us in writing this assignment. Many people, especially our classmates and
team members itself, have made valuable comment suggestions on this proposal which gave
us an inspiration to improve our assignment. We thank all the people for their help directly
and indirectly to complete our assignment.

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3.0 INTRODUCTION
Engineer need to ensure that his works and products constitute no danger, cause no
health issues and no damage to the environment. When there is conflict of interest between
his own and others especially the community, his shall uphold the benefit of the community
and his duty to them must prevail. In addition, it is responsibility of all humans to not
polluting the environment, not initiating irresponsible actions that will jeopardize others and
own good health and safety. All economic activities and development will only become
sustainable if people are healthy, work places are safe and environment is clean. Like
sickness, prevention is better than cure. If the sickness has unfortunately arisen upon us, we
shall open to medical examination and accept the cure.
If my project activities or plant production had because an adverse health, safety or
environmental (HSE) impact, I will report, discuss and advise employer for stipulated period
for repair and rectification works. If it is deemed necessary, due to benefits of workers and
public from HSE aspects, I will recommend too about ceasing of project activities and
production though that may resulting in the inability to meet the schedule and targets. In the
same time, I will quickly kick off the repair and rectification works, along with contingency
plan such business response plan to catch up schedule of project activities and production
after repair works with all relevant colleagues and staffs.The prime action is definitely to
settle the HSE matters. While in the same time, we plan and arrange in advance plans to
recover business and project activities or production back to tracks once the HSE matters are
settled.

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4.0 OBJECTIVE
The main purpose of this assignment being assign to us who would one day become
the future pillars of Malaysia engineering industry was so that we could have a glimpse of
problem that were ahead and to prepare ourselves so that we could handle the problem with
the right skill set and knowledge. Aside from that it also to train us to work in groups as the
ability of one person is limited and the ability of a team is more. Next these cases happened
because of the decision that are made daily by engineer it shows the repercussion of a wrong
decision hence displaying the weight of the decision as well
Expectation:
1

Students are expected to search for cases and do an analysis regarding the topic, based
on their understanding and interpretation as a future engineer.

To relate and apply the theory that we have studied in this subject.

To be able to evaluate, develop and execute accordingly to progress as a team.

To know the responsibility of an engineer and the factors surrounding their decision.

Do a survey regarding related on the topic of the question.

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5.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

There are situation where is as engineer and it is known that the project activities or
plant production had caused an adverse health, safety and environmental (HSE) impact. To
improve the HSE quality, you have to cease the project activities or plant production for a
period, resulting in inability to meet the schedule and target.
The problem is how to handle in a situation where there is a conflict between code of
professional conduct and commercial consideration?

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6.0 ABSTRACT
To improve the HSE quality there are several type to handle conflict between code of
professional conduct and commercial consideration. Firstly is the contractor need to stop the
work immediately. Occupational, Safety and Health Act 1994 is the law to govern the safety
and health at work places while Environmental Quality Act 1974 is the law to govern
environmental matters in Malaysia. For construction and manufacturing industries, which
often involve the use of heavy machine and equipment, Factories and Machinery Act 1967 is
the law to govern the safe use of machine during work and after installation for tenant use.
Under the acts, both employer and employee have obligation to ensure safety and
health at workplaces and not causing environmental problems. If offended, fines and
imprisonment could be imposed. Nowadays, many companies have their own HSE policy
too, which could be more stringent because industry oriented requirement such as oil and gas
industry. By adhering to company HSE policy, it is sometimes abide by the laws. In addition,
the self-voluntary stop work is not merely obligation to laws, it is indeed our commitment to
HSE and sustainability of project activities and business. Stop work at early stage when
problems are identified, rather than waiting until serious damage take place, could maintain
good corporate image and make the business sustainable. For construction industry, one
errant contractor with occurrence of bad HSE incidents would not be welcomed by client and
could be blacklisted from future bidding of projects.
Next is do some repairing or rectifying the problem within the schedule. For your
information, the stop work period provide full access of all relevant personnel and
measurement to repair and rectify the problems. The cause of problem and remedy methods,
should have already identified prior to or immediate to be identified after stop work initiated.
If it is the machine problem, the machine shall be repaired and replaced. If it is the work
place, which are messing and could cause safety concern because of negligence, the place
shall be cleaned and arranged in order. If it is the work process could cause the HSE matters,
the expert and relevant personnel shall modified the work flow with involvement and briefing
to all staffs. If it is the competency of the staffs, training shall be provided.
For instance, mining industry could catch worldwide attention because HSE matters
once occur are often serious and accompanied with loss of lives. If it is noticed that there is
uncomfortable signs about the tunnel access and its underground structures, the stop work is
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inarguably the best option to uphold safety of the workers. It is unavoidable that no
production during the period until full strengthening of the underground access rather than
permanent closure issued by authority.
Lastly, refer to miscellaneous response plans per earlier sub-chapter, the stop and
problem rectification work are not deterrents to business growing or achievement of business
target but to ensure sustainability and to achieve goals, which is including the project
schedule. During the stop work and repair work period, planning and schedule to catch the
project and production activities can be carried out, which can cover all aspects after the
completion of repair works. The planning can cover order and delivery of materials, sourcing
for suitable tools, machines and technology to carry work in an efficient and speedy ways,
training of staffs to be more skilful and employment of additional manpower.
In addition, the current encountered difficulties can be informed to and discussed with
clients. This is to show our sincerity and commitment to them for quality excellence and to
safeguard their interest too. Benefit of all parties will be affected if HSE matters are not taken
as priority. Rational clients may provide extension of time for completion too. For example is
Toyota and Honda as car manufacturer have shown to the world of their commitment and
responsibility to user of their car. They recall back their products and rectify them. Such
actions do not hurt their business but indeed helping to boost to higher level of consumer
confidence. This is definitely good example to all players of other industries too.

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7.0 CASE STUDIES

(6.1) Case studies 1: Hydrofracking in the Williston Basin, Montana.
Article:

Hydrofracking is a controversial oil and gas extraction technique developed in the late
1940s to gain access to fossil energy deposits previously inaccessible to drilling operations.
The process, "hydraulic fracturing", literally involves the smashing of rock with millions of
gallons of wateralong with sand and a undisclosed assortment of chemicals in order to bring
gas to the surface.The 2005 Energy Policy Act exempted fracking from the Safe Drinking
Water Actthis regulatory exclusion is often referred to as the "Halliburton
Loophole."Montana fracking is still in the early stages of development compared to other
states and has been described by a Texas oil company as "the best kept secret in oil and
gas."The well location where drilling takes place is only one piece of the frack puzzle. Since each
well can require up to 8 million gallons of water, and up to 40,000 gallons of chemicals, a well site
may need up to 2000 tanker truck trips, per frack. A well can be fracked up to 20 times.

Storage for the waste water can take place either on site, in an injection well, or in
open air ponds in the surrounding areas. Transport of the waste poses a contamination risk
outside the actual well location. Air pollution also extends beyond the immediate drilling site
and transportation route, since a by-product of natural gas drilling is methane gas, one of the
worst greenhouse gas pollutants contributing to climate change.

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How fracking work?

Vertical well bores are drilled thousands of feet into the earth, through sediment
layers, the water table, and shale rock formations in order to reach the oil and gas. The
drilling is then angled horizontally, where a cement casing is installed and will serve as a
conduit for the massive volume of water, fracking fluid, chemicals and sand needed to
fracture the rock and shale. In some cases, prior to the injection of fluids, small explosives are
used to open up the bedrock. The fractures allow the gas and oil to be removed from the
formerly impervious rock formations. Although fracking has technically been in existence for
decades, the scale and type of drilling now taking place, deep fracking, is a new form of
drilling and was first used in the Barnett shale of Texas in 1999.
Problems:
Due to the multitude of potential health and environmental impacts of hydrofracking
source contamination can be complicated. The first problem that will cause air pollution. A
number of other air contaminants are released through the various drilling procedures,
including construction and operation of the well site, transport of the materials and
equipment, and disposal of the waste. Some of the pollutants released by drilling include:
benzene, toluene, xylene and ethyl benzene (BTEX), particulate matter and dust, ground level
ozone, or smog, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde and metals contained in
diesel fuel combustionwith exposure to these pollutants known to cause short-term illness,
cancer, organ damage, nervous system disorders and birth defects or even death .Crystalline
silica, in the form of sand, can cause silicosis (an incurable but preventable lung disease)
when inhaled by workers. Sand is a main ingredient used in the fracking process. The
National Institute for Occupational Safety (NIOSH) collected air samples from 11 fracking
sites around the country. All 11 sites exceeded relevant occupational health criteria for
exposure to respirable crystalline silica. In 31% of the samples, silica concentrations
exceeded the NIOSH exposure limit by a factor of 10, which means that even if workers were
wearing proper respiratory equipment, they would not be adequately protected.

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Solution:
Many people concerned by nonconventional oil and gas drilling would prefer the US
adopt the so-called precautionary principle, which places the burden of proof on industries
implementing new technologies and introducing new chemicals into our neighborhoods and
environment. If your actions do not poison the water, accelerate climate change, cause cancer
to those living near drilling and refineries.

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(6.2) Case studies 2: Nuclear Mitigation Measures at the Department of Energy's

Hanford Nuclear Site.
Article:
Since humans first started working with nuclear processes, we have had the problem
of safely storing and containing the tailings of these. The Hanford Site, ran by the
Department of Energy, has thought of and is currently building a 65 acre facility to take care
of this very large problem.
Radiation can and does affect multiple areas of everyday lives. From making us sick, to
literally ripping apart DNA at its smallest levels, radiation can have drastic effects on the
human body over time. In small doses, it can go unnoticed for years (i.e. low level exposure
from contaminated drinking water). In large doses over a short period of time, even just a few
minutes, Acute Radiation Syndrome can come on quick, and the death from this exposure can
take anywhere from 2 to 4 weeks.
Plutonium is not absorbed in the stomach very well, and most that is swallowed passes from
the body. When inhaled, plutonium can stay in the lungs for a very long time. Any that is
absorbed into the blood stream, is deposited into bones or body organs, and can remain in the
body for decades and expose the surrounding tissue to radiation.

Problem:
As a country, been storing an untold amount of nuclear and nuclear by product waste
underground for many years. The problem with this is, that until now, this has been leaking,
and will continue to leak for as far as we can see into our future. This will contaminate and
untold amount of soil, and most certainly the ground water near to these facilities. The
biosphere around these site will undoubtedly take up these contaminants, and propagate them
all the way up the food chain. This in unacceptable by any of today's standards.
Solution:

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The process of vitrification is accomplished by mixing the waste that has been
separated from contaminated pools, and combining that waste with glass forming materials at
very high temperatures. At 2100 degrees F, the materials bond together, and the newly formed
liquid glass is deposited for cooling into stainless steel containers that will weigh in from 4 to
7 tons. The cooled waste will be buried at two separate sites, and since they are now in a solid
form, the threat of leaking is little to none.

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(6.3) Case studies 3: Coal Combustion in China.

Article:

Domestic coal combustion has had profound adverse effects on the health of millions
of people worldwide. In China alone several hundred million people commonly burn raw coal
in unvented stoves that permeate their homes with high levels of toxic metals and organic
compounds. At least 3,000 people in Guizhou Province in southwest China are suffering from
severe arsenic poisoning. The primary source of the arsenic appears to be consumption of
chili peppers dried over fires fueled with high-arsenic coal. Coal samples in the region were
found to contain up to 35,000 ppm arsenic. Chili peppers dried over high-arsenic coal fires
adsorb 500 ppm arsenic on average. More than 10 million people in Guizhou Province and
surrounding areas suffer from dental and skeletal fluorosis. The excess fluorine is caused by
eating corn dried over burning briquettes made from high-fluorine coals and high-fluorine
clay binders. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formed during coal combustion are believed
to cause or contribute to the high incidence of esophageal and lung cancers in parts of China.
Domestic coal combustion also has caused selenium poisoning and possibly mercury
poisoning. Better knowledge of coal quality parameters may help to reduce some of these
health problems. For example, information on concentrations and distributions of potentially
toxic elements in coal may help delineate areas of a coal deposit to be avoided. Information
on the modes of occurrence of these elements and the textural relations of the minerals and
macerals in coal may help predict the behavior of the potentially toxic components during
coal combustion.
Problem:

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Many elements can effect humans from the process of coal combustion such as
Arsenic and Selenium.Mercury is another and most toxic outcome of coal combustion. It is
released into the air from coal combustion and eventually concentrates itself into the food
chain. Mercury effects the immune, nervous, and reproductive system and is especially
harmful to growing fetuses.
Solution:
The government has set up programs like land reclamations that assures land will be
used or restored to natural habitat after being worked on. There is water treatment and
conservation to make sure the water used to clean and sort the coal gets treated to a healthy
state. Then there are clean coal technologies such as coal gasification (converting coal to gas)
and fluidized bed combustion (FBC) which removes pollutants from coal as it burns.
In China things are not taken care of as intensely. There are medical procedures to fix the
arsenic poison and the government has been funding significant amounts of money to install
new ventilated stoves but it is still not enough due to the excessive population.

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(6.4) Case studies 4: British Petroleum Oil Spill

Article:

The British Petroleum oil spill made history on April 20, 2010. An explosion on the
drilling platform caused the oil rig to begin sinking and as the oil rig sunk, millions of gallons
of oil began dissipating into the Gulf of Mexico with no way to try and stop it. As the oil
continued to leak out into the open ocean, not only sea life became endangered, human health
did as well. Once the ocean became polluted with oil, it was only a matter of time until the
effects began weighing on human health.
The BP oil spill caused numerous problems within the ocean ecosystem and has
continued to cause problems even after some time has passed. Issues such as genetic damage,
liver disease, and cancer can occur within the wildlife among other aquatic life defects.
Reproductive and developmental defects, as well as immune impairments have occurred and
are still being documented as of 2012. However, the BP oil spill was not the only spill to
occur in the Gulf of Mexico. Previous spills have also caused numerous problems in sea life.
When the aquatic environment became toxic this affected humans too. As omnivorous
consumers, fish are important to humans because of the important nutritious resources they
provide. If these species become dangerous to eat, human health can be affected and may lead
to abnormal disease or sickness. The purpose of this webpage is to provide education about
the toxic effects that oil spills can have on the spill's surrounding wildlife; as well as the
direct and indirect effects on humans.

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Problem:
Not only did the British Petroleum oil spill cause problems within the marine life, it
also affected human life. When the oil dumped out into the ocean, the oil was taken up into
marine life, which are nutrient providers for humans. Humans consume sea food on a regular
basis and therefore, when marine life such as fish, shellfish and larger game animals become
toxic due to the chemicals from oil, this affects human health.

Solution:
Trying to avoid the spill completely was not possible. People stopped consuming
shellfish for an extended amount of time and many canceled vacations to the gulf. These
actions did control the number of people affected by the spill, but only for a short amount of
time. Over time, those people abstaining from physically interacting with the contaminants of
the spill would still feel some effects economically. The BP oil spill caused numerous jobs to
slow down or stop altogether until the spill was cleaned up.

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8.0 SURVEY ( RESULT AND ANALYSIS )

This survey is conducted to collect the point of view of the engineer in their related
field regarding inability to meet target and schedule due to improve the Health, Safety and/or
Environment (HSE) in their workplace and does it broke their code of professional conduct.
(7.1) Summary of Questionnaire outcome.
A survey form was distributed to a groups of engineers working in various fields. 20
of the engineer has responded and analysis of the survey was made.

(7.2) List of question and result.

Question 1: The engineer field of work

Field of works
Others; 15%
Production / Manufacturing; 35%

Construction; 50%

From all the respondent, 50% of them working in construction field, 35% from
manufacturing / production and 15% are working in others field. The engineers involved in
this survey are currently working at various workplace suck as OSK Group, Ann Joo Steel
Berhad, NSK Micro Precision, and others.

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Question 2: Based on the picture attached, what do you think about the workplace
condition?

Workplace Condition
Normal; 25%

Dangerous ; 75%

Out of the 20 respondent, 15 of them choose that the condition of the workplace as in
the picture is dangerous and 5 of them choose that it is a normal working condition in the
industry. This means that there are some of the company in Malaysia still operates in
hazardous or bad working condition / environment.

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Question 3: From the picture, what do you think should be done as an engineer?

What shoud be done?

Improve the workplace condition; 100%

From the answer, 20 out of 20 or all of them agrees that the

dangerous workplace condition in the picture need to be improve so that the risk of injuries
and occupational hazard can be reduce.

Question 4: Do you know about Health, Safety & Environment (HSE) in workplace?

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

HSE Knowledge
Yes

No

From the survey, 15 of the respondent are aware of Health, Safety & Environment (HSE) in
workplace while 5 of them are not aware of it.
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Page | 21

Question 5: What do you think about HSE in workplace?

HSE in Workplace
Not Important; 35%

Important; 65%

Not Important

Important

About 65% agreed that HSE in workplace is important and 35% stated that HSE in
workplace is not important.

Question 6: How is your workplace HSE equipment/facility?

Workplace HSE
10
8
6
4
2
0

Facility
Satisfied

Neutral

Dissatisfied

9 of the engineers are satisfied with their workplace HSE equipment/facility, 9 of them are
neutral with their workplace equipment/facility and the remaining 2 engineers are dissatisfied
with their workplace HSE
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Question 7: Have you ever encounter the problem to cease your project/production to
improve the quality of HSE due to your project cause an adverse HSE impact?

Cease Project
NO; 25%

YES; 75%

75% of the respondent had encountered a situation where they need to cease their
current project/production due to improvement the quality of HSE while the other 25% never
encountered the situation.

Question 8: In your opinion as an engineer, which is more important?

What is more important?

Meet the schedule/target; 30%

Improve HSE quality; 70%

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From the answer of the respondent, 70% agreed that the improvement of the HSE
quality in workplace is more important than meet the schedule and target while the other 30%
is vice versa.

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Question 9: Does it break your code of professional conduct when your

project/production is ceased for the improvement of HSE as you always meet the
schedule and target set?
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

17

Yes

No

From the respondent answer, 17 of them agreed that the improvement of HSE does
not broke their code of professional conduct as it is an act of commercial consideration while
3 of them agreed that it will broke their code of professional conduct if their
project/production was ceased.

Question 10: What would you do if you need to ceased you project/production but you
still need to meet the schedule and target set?

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Action Taken

Others; 35%

Ask For Management Tolerance; 35%

Ask workers do overtime; 30%

The smallest percentage with 30% chose to ask the workers to do overtime works.
35% of them choose to ask for management tolerance and the other 35% got different ways
of solution.

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9.0 ETHICS
(8.1) Problem statement
-

The project activities/plan production had caused an adverse health, safety and

environmental (HSE) impact.

Conflict between code of professional conduct and commercial consideration.

Engineering ethics is the field of applied ethics and system of moral principles that apply
to the practice of engineering. The field examines and sets the obligations by engineers to
society, to their clients, and to the profession.
According to the code of ethics, the employees share with the employer the responsibility
for safety. To prevent workplace injuries, employees are urge to to create and maintain a safe
working environment and they shall use all devices provided for their protection. It is
responsibility of employees to ensure that the protective devices are in good working
condition and shall report unsafe equipment and tools, hazardous conditions and accidents.
All employees are responsible for their own safety, the safety of fellow workers and the
general public, and shall comply with the Occupational Safety and Health Act, safety rules
issued by the Company, and the requirements of the TNB Safety Excellence Management
System (SEMS). In case of any doubt, employees shall seek clarification from their
supervisors before starting work.
Health, Safety and Environmental management should be part of the engineering
profession in a country for the purpose of :
-

duty of care
economic reasons and
legal reasons.

Safety is a concern in virtually all engineering design processes. Engineers should

understand safety in the context of engineering design and what it means to say that a design
is safe against human injuries.
Current design methods prioritize economic considerations over environmental ones. In
some cases, economic considerations also serve environmental goals. For instance, the
minimization of materials used in a structure means resources are saved. If they are saved at
the expense of the length of the operating life of a product, then, economic considerations
conflict with environmental interests which demand that products be made as durable as
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possible because of the need to minimize resource usage and waste generation in the long
term.
Safety is the antonym of risk. So, a design is safe to the extent that it reduces risk. Safe
design aims at minimizing risk in the standard sense of this term.
A safe design is the combination of all those procedures and principles that are used by
engineers to make designed objects safe against accidents leading to human death or injuries,
long term health effects, damage to the environment or malfunctioning.
Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) is the most common method of assessing safety but
safe designs are used to reduce risks in the standard (probabilistic) sense but is inadequate.
Safe design strategies are used to reduce estimated probabilities of injuries or reducing
uncertainties not only risks. They are used to cope with hazards and eventualities that cannot
be assigned meaningful probabilities.
Safety is an essential ethical requirement in engineering practice. Strategies for safe
design are used not only to reduce estimated probabilities of injuries but also to cope with
hazards and eventualities that cannot be assigned meaningful probabilities. Designers have an
ethical responsibility to make constructions that are safe for future use. Safety is concerned
with avoiding certain classes of events that are morally right to avoid.
In engineering design, safety consideration always includes safety against unintended
human death or injuries that occur as a result of the unintended use of the designed object for:
-

Prevention of damage to the environment

Prevention of long term health effects

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(8.2) Code of professional conduct

(8.2.1) Responsibilities to the profession
-

Members must maintain the highest level of knowledge and skills throughout their
careers.

Members must perform their duties diligently, conscientiously, without favour and
with regard to the interests of their employers, professional colleagues, their
customers and business associates.

Members must at all times work within the law. They have a responsibility to advise
individuals and organisations for whom they work, (such as employers, tenant
management boards), and those whom they delegate work, (such as consultants and
contractors), of their respective duties.

Members must offer advice to those for whom they work with a view to providing
housing services which best satisfy customers needs and aspirations. In particular
members are expected to draw their attention to any matter which could be
detrimental to housing services.

(8.2.2) Personal conduct

-

Members must seek to eliminate discrimination and promote equality of opportunity

for all. They must not discriminate against any individual or group on the grounds of
race, ethnic origin, nationality, religion, cultural background, sex, domestic
circumstances, disability, illness, age or sexual orientation.

Members must never use language which is likely to offend, such as racist or sexist
terms. 2.3 Members must ensure that their private, personal, political and financial
interests do not conflict with their professional duties. They must disclose to their
employer, or if self employed to any relevant clients, any such direct or indirect
interests, (including those of their immediate family, ie parents, spouse, children and
siblings), which may affect or appear to affect decisions made by their employers,
clients or customers, and they must not influence, or appear to influence, such
decisions.

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Members must not disclose to a third party any confidential or privileged information
entrusted to them by their employers, clients or customers.

Advertising by members must be legal, decent, honest and truthful and must not
mislead or cause public offence.

Members must not allow their professional judgement or conduct to be influenced or

compromised by commercial considerations.

Members must not accept any hospitality or inducement that could influence their
professional judgement in favour of the donor.

(8.2.3) Terms for self-employed members self employed - members who are sole principals,
partners or directors of a company, practice of firm
-

Members must have, where appropriate, adequate professional indemnity insurance to

enable them to meet any claims for breach of their professional duty. The minimum
amount of cover should be: 100,000 for each claim where the gross income of the
company in the preceding year did not exceed that amount; or 250,000 for each
claim where the gross income of the company in the preceding year exceeded
100,000 (gross income includes professional fees, remuneration, commission and
income from all sources. It excludes sums received for the reimbursement or
disbursements and any amount charged as value added tax). Learn with us. Improve
with us. Influence with us | www.cih.org | 024 7685 1700 Code of professional
conduct

Members must not act for a client if there is any conflict between their own
professional duty or professional interests and the interests of the client.

Before accepting a commission members must check whether there is likely to be a

conflict between the interests of the potential client and any existing client and should
inform both parties to this effect. The commission should only be accepted if both
parties agree to this.

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Members must ensure that all services provided by their organisation are carried out
in accordance with the Code even when undertaken by staff who are not CIH
members.

Members must ensure that, if CIH membership details are shown on any lists of the
partners, directors and / or staff of their organisation, these membership details are
correctly stated and not used in such a way as to suggest that staff who are not
members, or the organisation itself, are entitled to use the designation.

(8.2.4) Responsibilities to CIH

-

Members must at all times conduct themselves in a manner which upholds the
reputation of CIH.

Members must not do, say, or omit to do anything which might bring the profession
into disrepute, be inconsistent with or detrimental to the objectives and interests of
CIH or cast doubt on the members own professional integrity.

Members must comply with any CIH or regulations on education and continuing
professional development that may be issued from time to time

Members must have regard to any CIH guidance on professional practice that may be
issued from time to time.

Members must report to CIH in its enquiries into any breach of the Code.

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10.0 DISCUSSION
Conflicts of interest can occur in teaching, in research, and in clinical practice. They
may be obvious (and for that reason comparatively easy to identify and avoid) or extremely
subtle. No code of ethics or brief "Issues in Ethics" statement can be framed that will
specifically identify all of the forms such conflicts can take. This Issues in Ethics statement
attempts to do two things in a fairly general way:
1. give some guidance in identifying conflicts of interest s
2. Suggest what should be done when a conflict is identified. Individuals may also wish
to access the websites of other professional organizations that have adopted guidelines
concerning conflict of interest.
Since many conflicts of interest involve commercial interests or financial
arrangements, all business practices, even commonly occurring business practices, should be
evaluated to be sure that they will not introduce biases or preferences into the professional's
clinical judgments or research interests. Generally, if a professional enjoys any unearned
financial benefit, even a benefit as minor as a free box lunch, conflict of interest may be
suspected.
Personal and family relationships always arrange themselves along a continuum from
the very close and intimate to the distant and detached, so it can be particularly difficult to
recognize conflicts of interest that arise from personal friendships. Any time a pattern of
preference emerges that cannot be explained on the basis of shared assessments, proven
competence, or empirical facts, a conflict of interest may exist. Such patterns may occur in
referrals, in the evaluation of employees, or in the assessments of students and fellow faculty
members.
The proper responses fall into three categories: avoid, disclose, and recuse. Obviously,
the best thing to do is avoid situations that give rise to conflicts of interest or that even appear
to give rise to such conflicts. In commercial and financial matters, avoidance is by far the best
strategy. This does not mean that absolutely no non-wage benefits may be accepted, but it
does mean that some are prohibited and that all should be carefully scrutinized. Speechlanguage pathologists and audiologists should not accept gifts or benefits unless it can be
clearly demonstrated that such gifts or benefits
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1. primarily contribute to the welfare of persons served professionally

2. do not reasonably appear to bias professional judgment
3. enhance one's professional knowledge and skills
4. do not diminish the dignity or autonomy of the professions.
Disclosure is often associated with recusal. When one sits on a committee or a board that
makes decisions about the advancement of others or about the distribution of resources and
benefits to others, a conflict of interest may require that the professional withdraw or recuse
herself or himself from a particular consideration or decision. This may occur because of the
professional's financial interests in or personal ties to one or more of the parties being
considered. By disclosing the nature of the association and by stepping out of the decisionmaking process, the professional ensures that any personal preferences or biases she or he
may have will not unfairly influence the deliberations in favor one candidate and against
others.
Individuals must carefully consider all circumstances surrounding the offer of a gift or
benefit, including the apparent purpose of the donor, how the transaction may reasonably be
viewed by impartial observers, and the potential impact on the practice of the professions.
Individuals must also be constantly aware of ways in which their personal and family
relationships, and other close personal associations, may potentially bias their judgments.
Preservation of the highest ethical standards is vital to the conduct of independent judgment
and professional practice by speech-language pathologists and audiologists, and ultimately to
the dignity of the professions. Conflicts of professional interest, and even just perceptions of
conflicts of interest, erode the public's trust in both the professional and the professions. For
these reasons, situations of conflict of interest must be avoided whenever possible, and where
they cannot be avoided, they must be managed in an open and cooperative way.

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11.0 CONCLUSION
Many people concerned by nonconventional oil and gas drilling would prefer the US
adopt the so-called precautionary principle, which places the burden of proof on industries
implementing new technologies and introducing new chemicals into our neighbourhoods and
environment. If your actions do not poison the water, accelerate climate change, cause cancer
to those living near drilling and refineries.
The process of vitrification is accomplished by mixing the waste that has been
separated from contaminated pools, and combining that waste with glass forming materials at
very high temperatures. At 2100 degrees F, the materials bond together, and the newly formed
liquid glass is deposited for cooling into stainless steel containers that will weigh in from 4 to
7 tons. The cooled waste will be buried at two separate sites, and since they are now in a solid
form, the threat of leaking is little to none.
The government has set up programs like land reclamations that assures land will be
used or restored to natural habitat after being worked on. There is water treatment and
conservation to make sure the water used to clean and sort the coal gets treated to a healthy
state. Then there are clean coal technologies such as coal gasification. And fluidized bed
combustion which removes pollutants from coal as it burns.
In China, things are not taken care of as intensely. There are medical procedures to fix
the arsenic poison and the government has been funding significant amounts of money to
install new ventilated stoves but it is still not enough due to the excessive population.
Trying to avoid oil spill completely was not possible. People stopped consuming
shellfish for an extended amount of time and many cancelled vacations to the gulf. These
actions did control the number of people affected by the spill, but only for a short amount of
time. Overtime, those people abstaining from physically interacting with the contaminants of
the spill would still feel some effects economically. The BP oil spill caused numerous jobs to
slow down or stop altogether until the spill was cleaned up.
In general, better planning and technology is needed in order to reduce the effects of
these mistakes. It might be impossible to decrease the effect little to none but at least it may
decrease the rate of pollution, improve health, reduce the number of people having health
issues and etc.
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12.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
(11.1) Health, Safety & Environmental (HSE) Management In Engineering Practice.
Retrieved March 7,2016
-

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/health-safety-environmental-hse-managementpractice-mladen-milic

(11.2) Issues in Ethics: Conflicts of Professional Interest.

-

http://www.asha.org/Practice/ethics/Conflicts-of-Professional-Interest/

(11.3) Code of professional conducts.

-

http://www.cih.org/resources/PDF/Marketing%20PDFs/Codeofconduct-examples.pdf

(11.4) Health, Safety & Environmental (HSE) Management In Engineering Practice.

Retrieved June 20, 2015,

http://cheerteamcoach.com/health-safety-environmental-hse-management-inengineering-practice/

http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/health/case_studies/China_coal.html

http://www.pnas.org/content/96/7/3427.full

http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/health/case_studies/hydrofracking_w.html

http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/health/case_studies/bp_oil.html

- http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/health/case_studies/radiation_conta.html

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13.0 APPENDIX
(12.1) Survey form

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Page | 37

(12.2) Minutes of meeting.

Meeting Minutes: 1st

Date of meeting

: 11/7/2016

Minutes prepared by : Wan Nurul NazifaBt Wan Ahmad Hazmi @ Megat Puteh
1. Purpose of meeting
-

To divide task to each group member.

2. Name of attendees
-

Siti Nuruljannah Bint Abdul Rhaman

Mohamad Faez Ezreen Bin Mohd Naser

Nurul Farah Hanis Binti Ibrahim

Wan Nurul Nazifa Binti Wan Ahmad Hazmi @ Megat Puteh

3. Agenda
-

Meeting group members.

Electing group leader.

Noted details of group members.

4. Decision
-

Voted Siti Nuruljannah binti Abdul Rhaman asgroup leader.

Noted details of group members.

5. Next meeting
-

Date : 28/7/2016

Checked by :
_____________
( Group leader : Siti Nuruljannah binti Abdul Rhaman )

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Meeting Minutes :2nd

Date of meeting

: 28/7/2016

Minutes prepared by : Mohamad Faez Ezreen bin Mohd Naser

1. Purpose of meeting.
-

Weekly team status meeting (Second meeting).

Status and progress of project.

2. Name of attendees.
-

Siti Nuruljannah Binti Abdul Rhaman

Mohamad Faez Ezreen Bin Mohd Naser

Nurul Farah Hanis Binti Ibrahim

Wan Nurul Nazifa Binti Wan Ahmad Hazmi @ Megat Puteh

Nur Aisyah Farhana BintiMohd Nadzrie

3. Agenda
-

Understanding project title.

4. Meeting notes
-

We outline the expectation for final report.

Each of team members are encouraged on enlarging the scope of the project.

5. Decisions
-

Develop task for each members and start on doing research of our topic of the project.

6. Next Meeting
-

Date:1/8/2016

7. Agenda:
-

Analyzing the summary from the survey results.

Team member explained their own points that have been chosen for their parts.

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Checked by :
_____________
( Group leader : Siti Nuruljannah binti Abdul Rhaman )

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Meeting Minutes : 3rd

Date of meeting

: 01/8/2016

Minutes prepared by : Mohamad Faez Ezreen bin Mohd Naser

1. Purpose of meeting
-

Weekly team status meeting (Third meeting)

Status and progress of project.

2. Name of attendees
-

Siti Nuruljannah Binti Abdul Rhaman

Mohamad Faez Ezreen Bin Mohd Naser

Nurul Farah Hanis Binti Ibrahim

Wan Nurul Nazifa Binti Wan Ahmad Hazmi @ Megat Puteh

Nur Aisyah Farhana Binti Mohd Nadzrie

3. Agenda
-

Decision making.

4. Meeting notes
-

finalize what is needed for the final reports.

5. Decisions
-

all members need to complete their part for the final reports.

6. Next Action
-

Compile the final report.

Checked by :
_____________
( Group leader : Siti Nuruljannah binti Abdul Rhaman )

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Meeting Minutes : 4th

Date of meeting

: 10/8/2016

Minutes prepared by : Mohamad Faez Ezreen bin Mohd Naser

7. Purpose of meeting
-

To compile the report.

8. Name of attendees
-

Siti Nuruljannah Binti Abdul Rhaman

Mohamad Faez Ezreen Bin Mohd Naser

Nurul Farah Hanis Binti Ibrahim

Wan Nurul Nazifa Binti Wan Ahmad Hazmi @ Megat Puteh

Nur Aisyah Farhana Binti Mohd Nadzrie

9. Agenda
-

Double check the report.

10. Meeting notes

-

Double check the report to find any mistakes.

11. Decisions
-

The report ready to submit.

12. Next Action

-

Send our final reports to the lecturer on 12/8/2016.

Checked by :
_____________
( Group leader : Siti Nuruljannah binti Abdul Rhaman )

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