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constant
increasing
increasing
Example. Let
f ( x) = x2 2 x+1
Find the intervals on which f is increasing and the intervals on
which f is decreasing.
Example. Let
f ( x) = x4 8x2 +16
Find the intervals on which f is increasing and the intervals on
which f is decreasing.
Solution.
f (x) = 4x3 16 x = 4( x3 4 x)
= 4 x( x2 4) = 4x(x 2)( x + 2).
Concavity
Concavity refers to the shape of a curve, rather than its
direction. A curve is concave up or down, if it will hold
water, or spill water.
Concave up
increasing decreasing
Concave Down
increasing decreasing
+
+
+
+
+
f ( x) = x3 + x2 2x1
f ( x) = x3 + x2 2x1
Concave Down
in this half
Concave Up
in this half
Inflection
point
xe x = e x + xe x = 2ex + xex = ex 2 + x .
f ( x)
A
C
2y
dy
d
<0
Solution. At A, >0 and
dx
dx 2
2y
dy
d
At B, <0 and
<0
dx
dx 2
2y
dy
d
At C, >0 and
>0
dx
dx2
B
A
C
2y
dy
d
>0
Solution. At A, >0 and
dx
dx 2
2y
dy
d
At B, >0 and
<0
dx
dx 2
2y
dy
d
At C, <0 and
>0
dx
dx2
3
1
5
6
3
1
5
6
38
27
2 1
3
38
27
f (x) < 0
f (x) > 0
f (x) < 0
f (x) < 0
2 1
3
f (x) < 0
f (x) > 0
f (x) > 0
f (x) > 0
Concave up
increasing decreasing
1. f > 0, f > 0
3. f > 0, f < 0
Concave Down
increasing decreasing
2. f < 0, f > 0
4. f < 0, f < 0
38
27
f (x) < 0
f (x) < 0
2 1
3
f (x) < 0
f (x) > 0
f (x) > 0
f (x) > 0
38
27
2 1
3
f (x) < 0
f (x) > 0
f (x) > 0
f (x) > 0
38
27
2 1
3
f (x) > 0
f (x) > 0
38
27
2 1
3