STATUE OF LIBERTY

The Statue of Liberty is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New

York Harbor in New York City, in the United States, designed by Frdric Auguste
Bartholdi, a French sculptor, was built by Gustave Eiffel and dedicated on October
28, 1886. The statue is made up of copper.
Through more than one hundred years of biting sea winds, driving rains and beating
sun, the copper skin of the Statue of Liberty not only has grown more beautiful but
also has remained virtually intact.

THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE

The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate strait, the
one-mile-wide (1.6 km), three-mile-long (4.8 km) channel between San Francisco
Bay and the Pacific Ocean. It is mainly built with steel.
Only rarely must the Golden Gate Bridge withstand earthquakes or strong wind, but
everyday it must fight another threat: corrosion of the steel which creates a
byproduct called rust.
Steel is an alloy comprised principally of iron along with small amounts of other
elements such as carbon or nickel. When steel is exposed to the oxygen in air and
to water, the iron changes through a chemical process called corrosion; this change
creates rust which erodes the steel making it slightly smaller and weaker than
before the corrosion took place. On the Bridge, fortunately, the steel sections were
originally over-sized in anticipation of corrosion and other threats.

THE EIFFEL TOWER

The Eiffel Tower is a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris,
France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and
built the tower.
Wrought iron is an iron alloy with very low carbon (less than 0.08%) content in
contrast to cast iron (2.1% to 4%). It has fibrous inclusions known as slag up to 2%
by weight. It is a semi-fused mass of iron with slag inclusions which gives it a
"grain" resembling wood that is visible when it is etched or bent to the point of
failure. Wrought iron is tough, malleable, ductile, corrosion-resistant and easily
welded. Before the development of effective methods of steelmaking and the
availability of large quantities of steel, wrought iron was the most common form of
malleable iron.

THE TAJ MAHAL

The Taj Mahal is an ivory-white marble mausoleum on the south bank of the Yamuna
river in the Indian city of Agra. It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal
emperor, Shah Jahan (reigned 16281658), to house the tomb of his favorite wife,
Mumtaz Mahal.
Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate
minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite. Geologists use the term "marble" to
refer to metamorphosed limestone; however, stonemasons use the term more
broadly to encompass unmetamorphosed limestone. Marble is commonly used for
sculpture and as a building material.

BIG BEN
Big Ben is the nickname for the Great Bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace
of Westminster in London, and often extended to refer to the clock and the clock
tower. The tower is officially known as Elizabeth Tower, renamed to celebrate the
Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II in 2012; previously it was known simply as the Clock
Tower.
The Great Bell of the Palace of Westminster clock tower, commonly known as Big
Ben, is made from 13.5 ton, (13,760 Kg) of a copper/tin alloy known as 'bell metal'
or Bronze.
The Clock Tower is made of Brickwork covered by Limestone Stone cladding for the
first 200 Feet (61 metres) and the remaining 115 feet (35 metres) is a framed cast
iron spire.

LONDON EYE
The London Eye is a giant Ferris wheel on the South Bank of the River Thames in
London. Also known as the Millennium Wheel, it has also been called by its owners
the British Airways London Eye, then the Merlin Entertainments London Eye, then
the EDF Energy London Eye.
In the process over 1700 tonnes of steel were used for the structure and more than
3000 tonnes of concrete were used for the foundations.

TOKYO TOWER
Tokyo Tower is a communications and observation tower located in the Shiba-koen
district of Minato, Tokyo, Japan. At 332.9 metres (1,092 ft), it is the second-tallest
structure in Japan. The structure is an Eiffel Tower-inspired lattice tower that is
painted white and international orange to comply with air safety regulations.
The tower is made-up of steel.

BURJ AL ARAB
Burj Al Arab is a hotel located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is the third tallest
hotel in the world; however, 39% of its total height is made up of non-occupiable
space.
The steel works in Burj Al Arab 90% of the steel structures constructed were
outside the building. Burj al Arab building is made of 12,000ton of structural steel
works. Total steel works are phased into Exoskeleton rear leg, Horizontals,
Diagonals, Rear brace frame, Helipad, Sky restaurant, Atrium and Mast.

LEANING TOWER OF PISA

The Leaning Tower of Pisa or simply the Tower of Pisa (Torre di Pisa [torre di piza])
is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of
Pisa, known worldwide for its unintended tilt.
It is made up of marble and stone.

SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE

The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney,
Australia, identified as one of the 20th century's most distinctive buildings.
The Sydney Opera House is primarily made from concrete, granite, glass and
ceramic materials. Its trademark white shells are made from precast concrete
reinforced with steel and is covered by over 1 million ceramic tiles. Other walls are
made from laminated glass supported by steel mullions or by granite-clad concrete.

TOWER BRIDGE
Tower Bridge (built 18861894) is a combined bascule and suspension bridge in
London. The bridge crosses the River Thames close to the Tower of London and has
become an iconic symbol of London. Tower Bridge is one of five London bridges now
owned and maintained by the Bridge House Estates.
Steel clad in granite and stone masonry were used to build the Tower Bridge.

EMPIRE STATE BUILDING

The Empire State Building is composed of 60,000 tons of steel, 200,000 cubic feet
of Indiana limestone and granite, 10 million bricks, and 730 tons of aluminum and
stainless steel. Steel columns and beams form a stable 3-D grid throughout the
entire structure.