Crim1Finals

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Part
1.Distinctionsofcorrectional,afflictiveanddivisiblepenalties:
InaccordancewithArt9oftheRPC,correctionalpenaltiesarethosewhichpunishless
gravefelonieswhileafflictivepenaltiesarethosepunishmentsattacheduponcommissionof
gravefelonies.Inaddition,Art26statesthatifthefineexceeds6,000pesos,thefineis
consideredafflictivewhileifitismorethan200pesosbutlessthan6,000itisacorrectional
penalty.
Lastly,divisiblepenaltiesarethosepenaltieshavingfixeddurationandaredivisibleinto
threeperiodsmin,med,max.

2.Memorizearticle26
3.3foldpurposeofpenalty?

4.ComplexCrimesandSpecialComplexCrimes:
ComplexCrimesTwokinds:1.)Asingleactwhichconstitutestwoormoregraveorless
gravefelonies(CompoundCrime)and2.)Whenanoffenseisnecessarytoaccomplishthe
other(ComplexCrimeproper).Onlyonecriminalintent,sothepenaltyforthemost
seriouscrimeinitsmaximumisapplied.

SpecialComplexCrimesNotactuallyacomplexcrime.Theyarecomponentcrimes
(seriesofactsorcrimes)constitutingasingleindivisibleoffense,anditspenaltyis
punishableunderanarticleoftheRPC.Examples,RobberywithHomicide(Art294),and
RapewithHomicide.

5.EffectsofCivilInterdiction
Art.34.Civilinterdiction.C
ivilinterdictionshalldeprivetheoffenderduringthetimeofhis
sentenceoftherightsofparentalauthority,orguardianship,eitherastothepersonorpropertyof
anyward,ofmaritalauthority,oftherighttomanagehispropertyandoftherighttodisposeof
suchpropertybyanyactoranyconveyanceintervivos.

6.ThepenaltyofPerpetualandTemporaryAbsoluteDisqualificationforPublicoffice:

Article 30 of the Revised Penal Code states that he Penalty of perpetual or temporary absolute
disqualificationforpublicofficeshallproducethefollowingeffects:

1. Deprivationofthepublicofficesandemploymentswhichtheoffendermayhaveheld,
evenifconferredbypopularelection.
2. The deprivation of right to vote inanyelectionforanypopularofficeortobeelected
tosuchoffice.
3.
The disqualification for the offices or public employments and for the exercise of
anyoftherightsmentioned.
In case of temporary disqualification as is comprised in paragraphs 2 and 3 shall last
duringthetermofsentence.
4.Thelossofallrightstoretirementpayorotherpensionforanyofficeformerlyheld.

7.MemorizeArticle49
8.SubsidiaryImprisonment
Itisasubsidiarypersonalliabilitytobesufferedbytheconvictwhohasnoproperty
whichtomeetthefine,attherateofonedayforeachamountequivalenttothehighestminimum
wagerateprevailinginthePhilippinesatthetimeoftherenditionofjudgmentofconvictionby
thetrialcourt,subjecttotherulesprovidedforinArticle39ortheRevisedPenalCode.

9.Additionalpenaltytobeimposeduponaprincipaloffenderwhoshallbeguiltyofagrave
felony

Art.58.Additionalpenaltytobeimposeduponcertainaccessories.Thoseaccessories
fallingwithinthetermsofparagraphs3ofArticle19ofthisCodewhoshouldactwithabuseof
theirpublicfunctions,shallsuffertheadditionalpenaltyofabsoluteperpetualdisqualificationif
theprincipaloffendershallbeguiltyofagravefelony,andthatofabsolutetemporary
disqualificationifheshallbeguiltyofalessgravefelony.

Art58islimitedonlytograveandlessgravefeloniessinceitisnotpossibletohave
accessoriesliableforlightfelonies.Itisfurtherlimitedtothosewhoseparticipationinthecrime
ischaracterizedbythemisuseofpublicofficeorauthority.

10.Pardonbytheoffendedparty
GENERALRULE:Pardonbytheoffendedpartydoesnotextinguishthecriminalliabilityof
theoffenderbecauseacrimecommittedisanoffenseagainsttheState.
OnlytheChiefExecutivecanpardontheoffenders.Onlycivilliabilityisextinguishedby
expresswaiveroftheoffendedparty.

EXCEPTIONS:pardongrantedBEFOREtheinstitutionofthecriminalproceedingsin
casesofadultery,concubinage,seduction,abduction,andactsoflasciviousnessshall
BARthecriminalprosecution.
11.MemorizeArticle62
Art.62.Effectoftheattendanceofmitigatingoraggravatingcircumstancesandofhabitual
delinquency.Mitigatingoraggravatingcircumstancesandhabitualdelinquencyshallbetaken
intoaccountforthepurposeofdiminishingorincreasingthepenaltyinconformitywiththe
followingrules:
1.Aggravatingcircumstanceswhichinthemselvesconstituteacrimespeciallypunishable
bylaworwhichareincludedbythelawindefiningacrimeandprescribingthepenalty
thereforshallnotbetakenintoaccountforthepurposeofincreasingthe
penalty.chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
2.Thesameruleshallapplywithrespecttoanyaggravatingcircumstanceinherentinthe
crimetosuchadegreethatitmustofnecessityaccompanythecommission
thereof.chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
3.Aggravatingormitigatingcircumstanceswhicharisefromthemoralattributesofthe
offender,orfromhisprivaterelationswiththeoffendedparty,orfromanyotherpersonal
cause,shallonlyservetoaggravateormitigatetheliabilityoftheprincipals,accomplices
andaccessoriesastowhomsuchcircumstancesareattendant.chanroblesvirtuallaw
library
4.Thecircumstanceswhichconsistinthematerialexecutionoftheact,orinthemeans
employedtoaccomplishit,shallservetoaggravateormitigatetheliabilityofthosepersons
onlywhohadknowledgeofthematthetimeoftheexecutionoftheactortheir
cooperationtherein.chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
5.Habitualdelinquencyshallhavethefollowingeffects:
(a)Uponathirdconvictiontheculpritshallbesentencedtothepenaltyprovidedby
lawforthelastcrimeofwhichhebefoundguiltyandtotheadditionalpenaltyof
prisioncorreccionalinitsmediumandmaximumperiods
(b)Uponafourthconviction,theculpritshallbesentencedtothepenaltyprovided
forthelastcrimeofwhichhebefoundguiltyandtotheadditionalpenaltyofprision
mayorinitsminimumandmediumperiodsand
(c)Uponafifthoradditionalconviction,theculpritshallbesentencedtothepenalty
providedforthelastcrimeofwhichhebefoundguiltyandtotheadditionalpenalty
ofprisionmayorinitsmaximumperiodtoreclusiontemporalinitsminimum
period.chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofthisarticle,thetotalofthetwopenaltiestobeimposeduponthe
offender,inconformityherewith,shallinnocaseexceed30years.chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
Forthepurposeofthisarticle,apersonshallbedeemedtobehabitualdelinquent,iswithina
periodoftenyearsfromthedateofhisreleaseorlastconvictionofthecrimesofseriousorless
seriousphysicalinjuries,robo,hurto,estafaorfalsification,heisfoundguiltyofanyofsaidcrimes
athirdtimeoroftener.chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

12.EffectofpardongivenbythePresidentintheexerciseofhispardoningpower
13.Indivisiblepenalties
Indivisiblepenaltiesarethosewhichdonothaveafixedduration(e.g.,death,reclusion
perpetua,perpetualabsoluteorspecialdisqualification,publiccensure).Unlikedivisible
penalties,theydonothaveminimum,mediumormaximumperiods.

Rulesfortheapplicationofindivisiblepenalties(Art.63):
1.Inallcasesinwhichthelawprescribesasingleindivisiblepenalty,itshallbeappliedbythe
courtsregardlessofanymitigatingoraggravatingcircumstancesthatmayhaveattendedthe
commissionofthedeed.
2.Inallcasesinwhichthelawprescribesapenaltycomposedoftwoindivisiblepenalties(e.g.
reclusionperpetuatodeath),thefollowingrulesshallbeobserved:
a.Wheninthecommissionofthedeedthereisonlyoneaggravatingcircumstance,thegreater
penaltyshallbeapplied.
b.Whenthereareneithermitigatingnoraggravatingcircumstancesandthereisnoaggravating
circumstance,thelesserpenaltyshallbeapplied.
c.Whenthecommissionoftheactisattendedbysomemitigatingcircumstancesandthereisno
aggravatingcircumstance,thelesserpenaltyshallbeapplied.
d.Whenbothmitigatingandaggravatingcircumstancesattendedthecommissionoftheact,the
courtshallreasonablyallowthemtooffsetoneanotherinconsiderationoftheirnumberand
importance,forthepurposeofapplyingthepenaltyinaccordancewiththeprecedingrules,
accordingtotheresultofsuchcompensation.

14.Thepenaltytobeimposedincaseofanimpossiblecrimeisapenaltyofarrestomayor
orafinerangingfrom200to500pesos.
Penaltytobeimposedincaseoffailuretocommitthecrimebecausethemeans
employedtotheaimssoughtareimpossible.Whenthepersonintendingtocommitanoffense
hasalreadyperformedtheactsfortheexecutionofthesamebutneverthelessthecrimewasnot
producedbyreasonofthefactthattheactintendedwasbyitsnatureoneofimpossible
accomplishmentorbecausethemeansemployedbysuchpersonareessentiallyinadequateto
producetheresultdesiredbyhim,thecourt,havinginmindthesocialdangerandthedegreeof
criminalityshownbytheoffender,shallimposeuponhimthepenaltyofarrestmayororafine
rangingfrom200to500pesos(Article59,RPC)

15.Penltiesthatcanbeprincipaloraccessory
1.Perpetualortemporaryspecialdisqualification
2.Perpetualortemporaryabsolutedisqualification

3.Suspension
(article25)
16.AdditionalPenaltytopublicofficerswhoareguiltyofagravefelony.
a. Absolute Perpetual Disqualification, if principal offender is guilty ofagravefelony.
(Art58)

17.PaymentoffineinrelationtoArticle247
18.Impositionofproperprincipalpenaltyincaseofmitigatingoraggravating
circumstance.
Article64:Incasesinwhichthepenaltiesprescribedbylawcontainthreeperiods,
whetheritbeasingledivisiblepenaltyorcomposedofthreepenalties,eachoneofwhichforms
periodinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofArt76and77,thecourtsshallobserveforthe
applicationofthepenaltythefollowingrules,accordingtowhetherthereareorarenomitigating
oraggravatingcircumstances:
1.
Whenthereareneitheraggravatingnormitigating,theyshallimposethepenalty
prescribedbythelawinitsmediumperiod.
***NoAggravatingandNoMitigating=MediumPeriod
2.
Whenonlyamitigatingcircumstanceispresentinthecommissionoftheact,they
shallimposethepenaltyinitsmaximumperiod
***1Mitigating=MinimumPeriod

3.
Whenanaggravatingcircumstanceispresentinthecommissionoftheact,they
shallimposethepenaltyinitsmaximumperiod.
***1Aggravating=MaximumPeriodasMaximumPenalty

4.
Whenbothmitigatingandaggravatingcircumstancesarepresent,thecourtshall
reasonablyoffsetthoseofoneclassagainsttheotheraccordingtotheirrelativeweight.
Example:
Acommittedhomicideinthenighttime,purposelysoughtbyhimandwhichfacilitated
thecommissionofthecrime.Hesurrenderedtothemayorofthetownandwhentried
pleadedguiltytothecharge.
Onemitigatingcircumstance(eithervoluntarysurrenderorpleaofguilt)willoffsetthe
aggravatingcircumstanceofnighttime.
Theremainingmitigatingcircumstancewillresulttotheimpositionoftheminimum
periodofthepenaltyofreclusiontemporal,thepenaltyforhomicide.
***Themitigatingcircumstancemustbeordinary,notprivilegedtheaggravating
circumstancemustbegenericorspecific,notqualifyingorinherent.Aqualifying
circumstancecannotbeoffsetbyagenericmitigatingcircumstance.

5.
Whentherearetherearetwoormoremitigatingcircumstancesandno
aggravatingcircumstancesarepresentthecourtshallimposethepenaltynextlowertothat

prescribedbythelaw,intheperiodthatitmaydeemapplicable,accordingtothenumberand
natureofsuchcircumstances.
***2MitigatingCircumstance+NoAggravatingCircumstance=1Degreelower

6.
Whatevermaythenumberandnatureoftheaggravatingcircumstances,thecourt
shallnotimposegreaterpenaltythanthatprescribedbylaw,initsmaximumperiod.
***Nopenaltygreaterthanthemaximumperiodofthepenaltyprescribedbylawshallbe
imposed,nomatterhowmanyaggravatingcircumstancesarepresent.
Example:
Inacaseofhomicide,evenif4aggravatingcircumstancesattendedthecommissionof
thecrime,thecourtcannotimposethepenaltyofReclusionPerpetuawhichishigherthan
ReclusionTemporaltheactualpenaltyforhomicide.

7.Withinthelimitsofeachperiod,thecourtshalldeterminetheextentofthepenalty
accordingtothenumberandnatureoftheaggravatingandmitigatingcircumstancesandthe
greaterorlesserextentoftheevilproduced.

20.Therulesonparoleandprobationareasfollows:
Noapplicationofprobationshallbeentertainedorgrantedifthedefendanthasperfectedan
appealfromthejudgmentofconviction.

Whenajudgmentofconvictionimposinganonprobationablepenaltyisappealedorreviewed
andsuchjudgmentismodifiedthroughtheimpositionofprobationablepenalty,thecourtmay
entertainorgranttheapplicationforprobation.
Probationmaybegrantedwhetherthesentenceimposesatermofimprisonmentorafineonly.
Thefilingofapplicationshallbedeemedasawaiveroftherighttoappeal.
Anordergrantingordenyingprobationshallnotbeappealable.
Probationshallbedeniedifthecourtfindsthat:
A)theoffenderisinneedofcorrectionaltreatmentthatcanbeprovidedmosteffectivelyby
hiscommitmenttoaninstitution.
B)thereisanundueriskthatduringtheperiodofprobationtheoffenderwillcommit
anothercrime.
C)probationwilldepreciatetheseriousnessofoffensecommitted.

7)thefollowingaredisqualifiedfromobtainingagrantofprobation:
A)sentencedtoserveamaximumtermofimprisonmentofmorethansixyears
B)convictedofanycrimeagainstnationalsecurity.
C)whohavepreviouslybeenconvictedbyfinaljudgmentofanoffensepunishedby
imprisonmentofmorethansixmonthsandonedayand/orafineofmorethanone

thousandpesos.
D)whohavebeenoneonprobationundertheprovisionofthisdecree.
E)whoarealreadyservingsentenceatthetimetheprovisionofthisdecreeisadopted.

8)theperiodforprobationareasfollow:
theperiodofprobationofprobationofadefendantsentencedtoatermofimprisonmentofnot
morethanoneyearshallnotexceedtwoyearsandinallothercases,saidperiodshallnotexceed
sixyears.
Whenthesentenceimposesfineonlyandtheoffenderismadetoservesubsidiaryimprisonment
incaseofinsolvency,theperiodofprobationshallnotbelessthannomorethantwicethetotal
numberofdaysofsubsidiaryimprisonmentascomputedattherateestablishedinarticle39.

9)conditionsofprobation.
presenthimselftotheprobationofficerdesignatedtoundertakehissupervisionatsuchplaceas
maybespecifiedintheorderwithinseventytwohoursfromreceiptofsaidorder.
Reporttotheprobationofficeratleastonceamonthatsuhtimeandplacespecifiedbysaid
officerthecourtmayalsorequiretheprobationerto:
a)cooperatewiththeprogramifsupervision
b)meethisfamilyresponsibility
c)devotehimselfaspecificemploymentandnottochangesaidemploymentwithoutthe
priorwrittenapprovaloftheprobationofficer.
d)undergomedical,psychologicalorpsychiatricexaminationandtreatmentanenterand
remaininspecifiedinstitutionwhenrequiredforthatpurpose.
e)pursueaprescribedsecularstudyorvocationaltraining.
f)attendorresideinafacilityestablishedforinstruction,recreationorresidenceofpersons
onprobation
g)refrainfromvisitinghousesofillrepute
h)abstainfromdrinkingintoxicatingbeveragestoexcess.
i)permittheprobationofficeroranauthorizedsocialworkertovisithishomeandplaceof
work.
j)resideatpremisesapprovedbyitandnottochangeresidencewithoutitspriorwritten
approval.
k)satisfyanyotherconditionrelatedtotherehabilitationofthedefendantandnotunduly
restrictiveofhislibertyorincompatiblewithhisfreedomofconscience.
10)ifaprobationerisproventobeguiltyofseriousviolationoftheconditionofprobation,the
probationmayberevokedorcontinuedwithmodification.Ifrevokedthecourtshallorderthe
probationertoservethesentenceoriginallyimposed.

11)terminationofprobation.Aftertheperiodofprobationanduponconsiderationofthereport
andrecommendationoftheprobationofficerthecourtmayorderthefinaldischargeofthe
probationer.Thefinaldischargeoftheprobationertotallyextinguishhiscriminalliability.

21.Destierroasapenaltyandspecificinstancesforitsimpositionasapenalty
Art.87.Destierro.Anypersonsentencedtodestierroshallnotbepermittedtoenterthe
placeorplacesdesignatedinthesentence,norwithintheradiusthereinspecified,whichshallnot
bemorethan250andnotlessthan25kilometersfromtheplacedesignated.
Destierroisimposed:
1.Whendeathorseriousphysicalinjuriesiscausedorareinflictedunderexceptional
circumstances(Art.247)
2.Whenapersonfailstogivebondforgoodbehavior(Art.284)
3.Asapenaltyfortheconcubineinthecrimeofconcubinage(Art.334)and
4.Whenafterloweringthepenaltybydegrees,destierroistheproperpenalty.

22.Iftheoffendershallbeinprison,thecomputationofthetermofdurationofofthe
temporarypenalties.

Art.28,RPC

RULESONTHECOMPUTATIONOFPENALTIES:
(1)WHENTHEOFFENDERISINPRISONthedurationoftemporarypenaltiesis
fromthedayonwhichthejudgmentofconvictionbecomesfinal.
(2)WHENTHEOFFENDERISNOTINPRISONthedurationofpenaltyconsisting
indeprivationofliberty,isfromthedaythattheoffenderisplacedatthedisposalof
judicialauthoritiesfortheenforcementofthepenalty.
(3)THEDURATIONOFOTHERPENALTIESthedurationisfromthedayonwhich
theoffendercommencestoservehissentence

23.Ruleinthecaseofsubsidiaryimprisonment:
Asper( REPUBLICACTNO.10159April10,2012:ANACTAMENDING
ARTICLE39OFACTNO.3815,ASAMENDED,OTHERWISEKNOWNASTHE
REVISEDPENALCODE):Towit:

Art. 39. Subsidiary Penalty. If the convict has no property with which to meet the
finementionedinparagraph3ofthenextprecedingarticle,heshallbesubjecttoasubsidiary
personal liability at the rate of one day for each amount equivalent to the highest minimum
wage rate prevailing in the Philippines at the timeoftherenditionofjudgmentofconviction
bythetrialcourt,subjecttothefollowingrules:

1. If the principal penalty imposed be prision correctional or arresto and fine, he shall
remain under confinement until his fine referred in the preceding paragraph is satisfied,
but his subsidiary imprisonment shall not exceed onethird of the term of the sentence,
and in no case shall it continue for more than one year, and no fraction or part of a day
shallbecountedagainsttheprisoner.

2. When the principal penalty imposed be only a fine, the subsidiary imprisonmentshall
not exceed six months, if the culprit shall have been prosecuted for agraveorlessgrave
felony,andshallnotexceedfifteendays,ifforafightfelony.

3. When the principal penalty imposed is higher than prision correctional, nosubsidiary
imprisonmentshallbeimposedupontheculprit.

4. If the principal penalty imposed is not to be executed by confinement in a penal

institution, but such penalty is of fixed duration, the convict, during the period of time
established in the preceding rules, shall continue to suffer thesamedeprivationsasthose
ofwhichtheprincipalpenaltyconsists.

5. The subsidiary personal liability which the convict mayhavesufferedbyreasonofhis

insolvency shall not relieve him from the fine in case his financial circumstancesshould
improve.

24.TheJuvenileJusticeandWelfareActof2006particularlyontheprogramthatthechild
inconflictwiththelawisrequiredtoundergoafterhe/sheisfoundresponsibleforan
offense.
R.A.No.9344JuvenileJusticeandWelfareActof2006
1.Achildof15yearsofageandunderisexemptfromcriminalresponsibility
2.Achildabove15yearsofagebutbelow18isexemptunlesshehasactedwithdiscernment
heisentitledtoapenaltyonedegreelower.However,itisnotimmediatelyapplicable.Ifthe
minorisfoundguilty,heisnotsentencedtoanypenalty.Thesentenceissuspendedandhewill
besubjectedtoaninterventionprogram.Ifhebecomesincorrigibleinthereformatory
institution,heshallbereturnedtotheCourtfortheimpositionoftheproperpenalty.

SEC.23.SystemofDiversion.
Childreninconflictwiththelawshallundergodiversionprogramswithoutundergoingcourt
proceedingssubjecttotheconditionshereinprovided:

(a)Wheretheimposablepenaltyforthecrimecommitteeisnotmorethansix(6)years
imprisonment,thelawenforcementofficerorPunongBarangaywiththeassistanceofthelocal
socialwelfareanddevelopmentofficerorothermembersoftheLCPCshallconductmediation,
familyconferencingandconciliationand,whereappropriate,adoptindigenousmodesofconflict
resolutioninaccordancewiththebestinterestofthechildwithaviewtoaccomplishingthe
objectivesofrestorativejusticeandtheformulationofadiversionprogram.Thechildandhis/her
familyshallbepresentintheseactivities.

(b)Invictimlesscrimeswheretheimposablepenaltyisnotmorethansix(6)years
imprisonment,thelocalsocialwelfareanddevelopmentofficershallmeetwiththechildand
his/herparentsorguardiansforthedevelopmentoftheappropriatediversionandrehabilitation
program,incoordinationwiththeBCPC

(c)Wheretheimposablepenaltyforthecrimecommittedexceedssix(6)yearsimprisonment,
diversionmeasuresmayberesortedtoonlybythecourt.

SEC.6.MinimumAgeofCriminalResponsibility.
Achildfifteen(15)yearsofageorunderatthetimeofthecommissionoftheoffenseshallbe
exemptfromcriminalliability.However,thechildshallbesubjectedtoaninterventionprogram
pursuanttoSection20ofthisAct.
Achildabovefifteen(15)yearsbutbeloweighteen(18)yearsofageshalllikewisebeexempt
fromcriminalliabilityandbesubjectedtoaninterventionprogram,unlesshe/shehasactedwith
discernment,inwhichcase,suchchildshallbesubjectedtotheappropriateproceedingsin
accordancewiththisAct.
Theexemptionfromcriminalliabilityhereinestablisheddoesnotincludeexemptionfromcivil
liability,whichshallbeenforcedinaccordancewithexistinglaws.

SEC.20.ChildrenBelowtheAgeofCriminalResponsibility.
Ifithasbeendeterminedthatthechildtakenintocustodyisfifteen(15)yearsoldorbelow,the
authoritywhichwillhaveaninitialcontactwiththechildhasthedutytoimmediatelyreleasethe
childtothecustodyofhis/herparentsorguardian,orintheabsencethereof,thechild'snearest
relative.Saidauthorityshallgivenoticetothelocalsocialwelfareanddevelopmentofficerwho
willdeterminetheappropriateprogramsinconsultationwiththechildandtothepersonhaving
custodyoverthechild.Iftheparents,guardiansornearestrelativescannotbelocated,orifthey
refusetotakecustody,thechildmaybereleasedtoanyofthefollowing:adulyregistered
nongovernmentalorreligiousorganizationabarangayofficialoramemberoftheBarangay
CouncilfortheProtectionofChildren(BCPC)alocalsocialwelfareanddevelopmentofficer
orwhenandwhereappropriate,theDSWD.Ifthechildreferredtohereinhasbeenfoundbythe
LocalSocialWelfareandDevelopmentOfficetobeabandoned,neglectedorabusedbyhis

parents,orintheeventthattheparentswillnotcomplywiththepreventionprogram,theproper
petitionforinvoluntarycommitmentshallbefiledbytheDSWDortheLocalSocialWelfareand
DevelopmentOfficepursuanttoPresidentialDecreeNo.603,otherwise,knownas"TheChild
andYouthWelfareCode".

26.Theexceptionstothesuspensionofsentenceincaseofyouthfuloffendersare:
1)Iftheoffenderhaspreviouslyenjoyedasuspensionofsentence
2)Iftheoffenderisconvictedofanoffensepunishablebydeath,lifeimprisonment,or
reclusionperpetuaand
3)Iftheoffenderisconvictedbyamilitarytribunal.

Thisdoesnotapplyifatthetimeoftheimpositionofthesentence,theoffenderisalreadyof
legalage,evenifhewasaminoratthetimeofthecommissionoftheoffense.

27.Ruleontheinterruptionoftheprescriptionofoffenses.
PERIODOFPRESCRIPTIONOFCRIMES:
a.)Death,reclusionperpetuaandreclusiontemporal20years.
b.)Otherafflictivepenalties15years.
c.)Correccionalpenalties10yearsexceptarrestomayorwhichprescribein5years.
d.)Libelorsimilaroffense1year.
e.)Graveoraldefamationandslanderbydeed6months.f.)Lightoffenses2months.

a.)Prescriptioncommencestorunfromthedayfollowingthecommissionoftheoffenseor
discoveryofthecrimebytheoffendedparty,theauthoritiesortheiragents.
b.)Theperiodisinterruptedbythefilingofthecomplaintorinformation.
c.)Theperiodcommencestorunagainwhensuchproceedingsterminate:(a)withoutthe
accusedbeingconvictedoracquittedor(b)areunjustifiablystoppedforanyreasonnot
imputabletotheoffender.
d.)PrescriptionshallnotrunwhentheoffenderisoutsideofthePhilippines,exceptwhenthereis
anextraditiontreaty.

28.PeriodofBondtoKeepthePeace.
BasedonArticles27and35oftheRevisedPenalCode,thebondtokeepthepeaceshallbe
requiredtocoversuchperiodoftimeasthecourtmaydetermineaccordingtoitsdiscretion.
Shouldthepersonsentencedfailtogivethebondasrequiredheshallbedetainedforaperiod
whichshallinnocaseexceedsixmonths,isheshallhavebeenprosecutedforagraveorless
gravefelony,andshallnotexceedthirtydays,ifforalightfelony.

29.DisqualificationsofRecidivistsandHabitualDelinquents

UnderSection15oftheRulesonParoleandPardon,HabitualDelinquentsaredisqualifiedfrom
availingparole.

HabitualdelinquentsarealsodisqualifiedfromavailingtheIndeterminateSentenceLaw.

BasedonthewordsofSection9(c)oftheProbationlaw,bothhabitualdelinquentsand
recidivistsaredisqualifiedfromavailingprobationprovidedthattheyhavepreviouslybeen
convictedbyfinaljudgmentofanoffensepunishedbyimprisonmentofnotlessthanonemonth
andonedayand/orafineofnotlessthanTwoHundredPesos

31.ApplicationanddisqualificationofIndeterminateSentenceLaw
ApplicationofISL:
1.CrimespunishedbyRevisedPenalCode
Thecourtshallsentencetheaccusedtoanindeterminatesentencethemaximumtermof
whichshallbethatwhich,inviewoftheattendingcircumstances,couldbeproperlyimposed
undertherulesofthesaidCode,andtheminimumwhichshallbewithintherangeofthepenalty
nextlowertothatprescribedbytheCodefortheoffense
2.Crimespunishedbyspeciallaws
Thecourtshallsentencetheaccusedtoanindeterminatesentence,themaximumtermof
whichshallnotexceedthemaximumfixedbysaidlawandtheminimumshallnotbelessthan
theminimumtermprescribedbythesame
Steps:
1.Determinethecrimecommittedandthepenaltyimposable.
2.FixtheproperdegreebyapplyingtheprovisionsofArt.64par.5(2+MC,noAC),Art.68
(Minority)&69(Inc.selfdefense)thenLOWERthepenaltybydegree/s
3.FixtheMINIMUMpenaltybyloweringthepenaltybyONEDEGREEfromthepenalty
imposablefromtheoffensecommittedorfromtheproperdegreeifArt.64(5),Art68&69is
applicablewithoutanyreferencetoanyperiod.Thejudgehasthediscretiontofixtheminimum
inanyperiodoftheMINIMUMpenalty.
4.FixtheMAXIMUMpenaltybygoingtothepenaltyimposableorproperdegreeandlook
forremainingMCorACifany,andapplythem.FixtheproperperiodbyapplyingArt.64.This
istheMAXIMUMoftheindeterminatesentence.

TheIndeterminateSentenceLawisnotapplicabletothefollowing(ISLSec2)
1.
Personsconvictedofoffensespunishedwithdeathpenaltyorlifeimprisonment

2.
tothoseconvictedoftreason,conspiracyorproposaltocommittreason
3.
tothoseconvictedofmisprisionoftreason,rebellion,seditionorespionage
4.
tothoseconvictedofpiracytothosewhoarehabitualdelinquents
5.
tothosewhohaveescapedfromconfinementorevadedsentence
6.
tothosewhohavingbeengrantedconditionalpardonbytheChiefExecutiveshallhave
violatedthetermsthereof
7.
tothosewhosemaximumtermofimprisonmentdoesnotexceedoneyear,
8.
tothosealreadysentencedbyfinaljudgmentatthetimeofapprovalofthisAct,exceptas
providedinSection5hereof.
Section5:ThesaidBoardofIndeterminateSentenceshallalsoexaminetherecordsandstatus
ofprisonerswhoshallhavebeenconvictedofanyoffenseotherthanthosenamedinSection2
hereof,andhavebeensentencedformorethanoneyearbyfinaljudgmentpriortothedateon
whichthisActshalltakeeffect,andshallmakerecommendationinallsuchcasestothe
GovernorGeneralwithregardtotheparoleofsuchprisonersastheyshalldeemqualifiedfor
paroleashereinprovided,aftertheyshallhaveservedaperiodofimprisonmentnotlessthanthe
minimumperiodforwhichtheymighthavebeensentencedunderthisActforthesameoffense.

32.ApplicationofActualDamages,MoralDamages,ExemplaryDamagesandTemperate
Damages
i.A
ctualDamagesitisnecessaryforapartyseekingtheawardofactualdamagesto
producecompetentprooforthebestevidenceobtainabletojustifysuchaward

ii.MoralDamagesitmayberecoveredinthefollowinganalogouscases:
1. Acriminaloffenseresultinginphysicalinjuries
2. Seduction,abduction,rapeorotherlasciviousnessacts
3. Adulteryorconcubinage
4. Illegalorarbitrarydetentionorarrest
5. Illegalsearch
6. Libel,slanderoranyotherformofdefamation
7. Maliciousprosecution
Incrimesofrape,moraldamages(P75,000)mayadditionallybeawardedtothevictim,
withoutneedforpleadingorproofofthebasisthereof.

iii.E
xemplaryDamagesM
aybegivenwhenoneormoreaggravatingcircumstancesare
presentP3,000.00
iv.TemperateDamages mustbeawardedconsideringthatitwasestablishedthatthe
victimsfamilyincurredexpensesforhishospitalizationandburial.

UnderArt2224,temperatedamagesmayberecoveredwhenthecourtfindsthatsome
pecuniarylosswassufferedbutitsamountcantbeprovenwithcertainty.
Temperatedamagesmaybeawardedifincomeofvictimisnotsufficientlyprovided.
**Moralandexemplarydamagesdonotrequireproofofpecuniaryloss.

33.Theperiodofbondtokeepthepeace
Art.35.Effectsofbondtokeepthepeace.Itshallbethedutyofanypersonsentencedto
givebondtokeepthepeace,topresenttwosufficientsuretieswhoshallundertakethatsuch
personwillnotcommittheoffensesoughttobeprevented,andthatincasesuchoffensebe
committedtheywillpaytheamountdeterminedbythecourtinthejudgment,orotherwiseto
depositsuchamountintheofficeoftheclerkofthecourttoguaranteesaidundertaking.T
he
courtshalldetermine,accordingtoitsdiscretion,theperiodofdurationofthebond.Shouldthe
personsentencedfailtogivethebondasrequiredheshallbedetainedforaperiodwhichshallin
nocaseexceedsixmonths,isheshallhavebeenprosecutedforagraveorlessgravefelony,and
shallnotexceedthirtydays,ifforalightfelony.

34.Ruleintheorderofpaymentofpecuniaryliabilities,wherethepropertyoftheoffender
isnotsufficientforthepaymentofallhisliabilities
Art.38.PecuniaryliabilitiesOrderofpayment.Incasethepropertyoftheoffendershould
notbesufficientforthepaymentofallhispecuniaryliabilities,thesameshallbemetinthe
followingorder:
1. Thereparationofthedamagecaused
2. Indemnificationoftheconsequentialdamages.
3. Thefine.
4. Thecostsoftheproceedings.

35.Wheretheoffendermayservethepenaltyofarrestomenor.
Article88oftheRevisedPenalCodestatesthatthepenaltyofarrestomenorshallbe
servedbytheoffenderinthem
unicipaljail,orintheh
ouseofthedefendanthimselfunderthe
surveillanceofanofficerofthelaw,whenthecourtsoprovidedinitsdecision,takinginto
considerationthehealthoftheoffenderandotherreasonswhichmayseemsatisfactorytoit.

36.BondforProvisionalLibertyRulesofApplicationundersection5Rule114ofthe
ADMINISTRATIVECIRCULARNO.1294August16,1994asamended.Sec.5.Bail,
whendiscretionary.
UponconvictionbytheRegionalTrialCourtofanoffensenotpunishablebydeath,
reclusionperpetuaorlifeimprisonment,thecourt,onapplication,mayadmittheaccusedtobail.
Thecourt,initsdiscretion,mayallowtheaccusedtocontinueonprovisionallibertyunderthe
samebailbondduringtheperiodofappealsubjecttotheconsentofthebondsman.Ifthecourt

imposedapenaltyofimprisonmentexceedingsix(6)yearsbutnotmorethantwenty(20)years,
theaccusedshallbedeniedbail,orhisbailpreviouslygrantedshallbecancelled,upona
showingbytheprosecution,withnoticetotheaccused,ofthefollowingorothersimilar
circumstances:
(a)Thattheaccusedisarecidivist,quasirecidivist,orhabitualdelinquent,orhas
committedthecrimeaggravatedbythecircumstanceofreiteration
(b)Thattheaccusedisfoundtohavepreviouslyescapedfromlegalconfinement,evaded
sentence,orhasviolatedtheconditionsofhisbailwithoutvalidjustification
(c)Thattheaccusedcommittedtheoffensewhileonprobation,parole,orunder
conditionalpardon
(d)Thatthecircumstancesoftheaccusedorhisindicatetheprobabilityofflightof
releasedonbailor
(e)Thatthereisundueriskthatduringthependencyoftheappeal,theaccusedmay
commitanothercrime.TheappellatecourtmayreviewtheresolutionoftheRegionalTrial
Court,onmotionandwithnoticetotheadverseparty

37.Rulewhereunlawfulaggressionandanyofthetworemainingelementsarepresent

Incomplete selfdefense or selfdefense where only unlawfulaggressionandeitherofthe

other two elements are present is considered a privileged mitigating circumstance under Article
13, Paragraph 1 of the Revised Penal Code. It can lower ones penalty by two degrees fromthe
prescribed penalty for the offense. If only unlawful aggression is present, it will only lower the
penaltybyonedegreefromtheprescribedpenaltyfortheoffense.

However,inordertoavailthis,thefollowingconditionsmustfirstbemet:

A. That there was unlawful aggression. Unlawful aggression is a condition sine qua non
without which one cannot avail the benefits ofacompleteorincompleteselfdefense. Thereare
three elements of unlawful aggressionthatmustbeproventoconcur,namely:(a)theremustbea
physical or material attack or assault (b) the attack or assault must be actual, which means an
attack with physicalforceorwithaweapon,anoffensiveactthatpositivelydeterminestheintent
of the aggressor to cause the injury, or, at least, imminent which means an attack that is
impendingoratthepointofhappeningand(c)theattackorassaultmustbeunlawful.

For imminent attack or assault to be considered as unlawful aggression, it mustnotconsistina

mere threatening attitude, nor must it be merely imaginary, but must beoffensiveandpositively

strong just like aiming a revolveratanotherwithintenttoshootoropeningaknifeandmakinga

motionasiftoattack

B. In cases where he provoked the unlawful aggressor, he must prove the requirement of
reasonable necessity of the means used to defend ones self from an unlawful aggression.
This entails the use of reasonable means of self defense that is commensuratetothenatureand
the extent of the attack sought to be averted (People of the Philippines vs. Escarlos, G.R. No.
148912,September10,2003).

And whether the means employedisreasonabledependsonthenatureandqualityoftheweapon

used by the aggressor, his physical condition, character, size and other circumstances,andthose
of the person defending himself, and also the place and the occasion of the assault. This means
that the determination of reasonableness of the means employed for selfdefense relies on the
appreciation of the facts surrounding that incidentthatrequiredtheuseofselfdefense.Hence,it
may be considered reasonable if there was no other possible weapon or means one can use to
defend himself or prevent it from happening, likeifthereisnowayofescapingorrunningaway
fromtheaggressor,forexamplee.

C. In the absence of reasonable necessity, one must prove that he did not give sufficient
provocation which led the unlawful aggressor to attack or assault him. Sufficient means
proportionate to the damage caused by the act, and adequate to stir one to its commission.
Imputingtoapersontheutteranceofvulgarlanguageissufficientprovocation.

38.Rulewhenaminorwhosesentenceissuspended(RA9344)andisreferredtoan
interventionprogram,butduringtheprocesshebecomesincorrigibleinthereformatory
institution

Simplyput,ifhebecomesincorrigibleinthereformatoryinstitution,heshallbereturnedtothe
Courtfortheimpositionoftheproperpenalty.

Ifthecourtfindsthattheobjectiveofthedispositionmeasuresimposeduponthechildinconflict
withthelawhavenotyetbeenfulfilled,orifthechildinconflictwiththelawhaswillfullyfailed
tocomplywiththeconditionsofhis/herdispositionorrehabilitationprogram,thechildin
conflictwiththelawshallbebroughtbeforethecourtfortheexecutionofjudgment.

Ifsaidchildinconflictwiththelawhasreachedeighteen(18)yearsofagewhileunder
suspendedsentence,thecourtshalldeterminewhethertodischargethechildinaccordancewith
thisAct,toorderexecutionofsentence,ortoextendthesuspendedsentenceforacertain

specifiedperiodoruntilthechildreachesthemaximumageoftwentyone(21)years.(Section
40,RA9344)

Part2
2.Cantherebeacomplexcrimeofcoupdetatwithrebellion?
No.Therecanbenocomplexcrimeofcoupdetatwithrebellion.Althoughtheyareboth
directedtowardsthegovernment,theperpetratorsascontemplatedintheRevisedPenalCodeare
differentinthattheformerisperpetratedbygovernmentarmedforcessuchasthepoliceand
militarywhilethelatterisperpetratedbycivilianswhotakeuparms.

4.Canapenalactionbeextinguishedaftertheinstitutionofcriminalaction?
Art23statesthatasageneralrule,pardonbytheoffendedpartydoesnotextinguishpenal
action.T
heonlyactthatextinguishesthepenalactionaftertheinstitutionofthecriminalaction
ismarriagebetweentheoffenderandtheoffendedpartyincasesofseduction,abduction,actsof
lasciviousnessandrape(Art344).

7.Rulesinrecklessimprudence(complexcrimeornot)FocusonthecaseofPeoplevsIvler
JasonIvlerwaschargedbeforetheMTCofPasigCityBranch71withtwoseparateoffenses:(1)
RecklessImprudenceresultingtoslightphysicalinjuriesforinjuriessustainedbyrespondent
EvangelineL.Ponceand(2)RecklessImprudenceresultinginHomicideandDamageto
PropertyforthedeathofrespondentPonceshusbandNestorPonceanddamagetopropertyof
thespouses.

RECKLESSIMPRUDENCEISNOTACOMPLEXCRIME

RecklessImprudenceisasinglecrime,itsconsequencesonPropertyandMaterialOnlyto
DeterminethePenalty.RecklessImprudenceconsistsinvoluntary,butwithoutmalice,doing
orfailingofthepersonperformingorfailingtoperformsuchact,takingintoconsiderationhis
employmentoroccupation,degreeofintelligence,physicalconditionandothercircumstances
regardingpersons,time,andplace.

TheSolicitorGeneralstressesinhisbriefthatthechargeforslightphysicalinjuriesthrough
recklessimprudencecouldnotbejoinedwiththeaccusationforseriousphysicalinjuriesthrough
recklessimprudence,becauseArticle48oftheRevisedPenalCodeallowsonlythecomplexing
ofgraveorlessgravefelonies

8.Canrebellionnowbecomplexedwithothercommoncrimes?

Yes, rebellioncannowbecomplexedwithcommoncrimes.SCinPonceEnrilev.Salazar
et al, reiterated and reaffirmed the rule laid down in People v. Hernandez thatrebellionmaynot
be complexed with common crimes which are committed in furtherance thereof because such
crimes are absorbed in rebellion. In view of said reaffirmation, some believe that it has been a
settled doctrine that rebellion cannot be complexed with common crimes such as killings,
destructionsofpropertyetc.,committedontheoccasionandinfurtherancethereof.
Thethinkingisnotanymorecorrect,moresothatthereisnolegalbasisforsuchrule.
The pronouncement in People v. Hernandez that common crimes committed in furtherance of
rebellion are absorbed by the crime of rebellion was dictated by the provisions of Art 135 of
RPC prior to the amendments by RA No. 6968, commonly referred to astheCoupdeatlaw.It
may be recalled that although the crimeofrebellionisdefinedinArt134,thepenaltyprescribed
in Article 135 basedontheparticipationoractsdonebytherebelswhomerelyfolloworexecute
the commands of others, whileahigherpenaltyisprescribedforthosewhopromote,maintainor
headarebellionorinsurrection.

Since higher penalty is prescribed for the crime of rebellion when any of the specified acts are
committed in furtherance thereof, the said acts are punished as componentsoftherebellionand,
should not be treated as distinct crimes, although the same acts constitute distinct crimes when
committedonadifferentoccasionandnotinfurtheranceoftherebellion.

It was because of Article 135 of the Code which then punished said acts as components of the
crime of rebellion that precludes the application of Article 48 on complexcrimes.Intheeyesof
the law then, said acts constitute only one crime and that is rebellion. The Hernandez doctrine
was reaffirmed in Ponce Enrile v. Salazar etal.,becausethetextofArticle135hasremainedthe
sameasitwaswhentheSCresolvedthesameissueofRA6968.

TheSC,inPoncev.Enrile,etal.,invitedtothisfactandstatedthus:

There is an apparent need to restructure the law no rebellion, either to raise thepenalty
thereof or to clearly define and delimit the other offences to be considered as absorbed thereby,
so that it cannot be conveniently utilised as the umbrella for every sort of illegal activity
undertakeninitsname.Thecourthasnopowertoeffectsuchchange,foritcanonlyinterpretthe
law as it stands at any given time and what is needed lies beyond interpretation. Hopefully,
Congress will perceivetheneedforpromptlyseizingtheinitiativeinthismannerwhichispurely
withinitsprovince.
Obviously,Congresstooknoticeofthispronouncement.

Hence, the overt acts used to be punished as components of the crime of rebellion have been
severed therefrom by RA 6968. The legal impediment to the application of Article 48 of the
Code to rebellion have been removed. After the amendment,commoncrimesinvolvingkillings,
serious violence, robberies and or destructions of property even though committed by rebels in
furtherance of rebellion, shall bring about a complex crime of rebellion with homicide or with
seriousphysicalinjuriesasthecasemaybe.

9.Ruleintheuseoffirearmsandautomaticfirearms
Severalshotsfromautomaticfirearmscausingseveraldeaths,althoughcausedbya
singleactofpressingthetriggerareconsideredseveralactsthusnocomplexcrimewas
committed.
Althougheachburstofshotswascausedbyonesingleactofthesubmachinegun,in
viewofitsspecialmechanismthepersonfiringithasonlytokeeppressingthetriggerandit
wouldfirecontinually.Hence,itisnottheactofpressingthetriggerwhichshouldbeconsidered
asproducingtheseveralfelonies,butthenumberifbulletswhichactuallyproducedthem.

11.Ruleonreclusionperpetuaonwhetheritisdivisibleorindivisible

Peoplev.Gatward(1997):Held:AsamendedbyRA7659,thepenaltyofreclusion
perpetuaisnowaccordedadefineddurationrangingfrom20yearsand1dayto40years.The
CourtheldthatinspiteoftheamendmentputtingthedurationofRP,itshouldremainasan
indivisiblepenaltysincetherewasneverintentonthepartofCongresstoreclassifyitintoa
divisiblepenalty.Themaximumdurationofreclusionperpetuaisnotandhasneverbeen30
yearswhichismerelythenumberofyearswhichtheconvictmustserveinordertobeeligible
forpardonorfortheapplicationofthe3foldrule(infra).
ReclusionPerpetuaAsindivisiblePenalty
UnderRA7659,thelegaldurationofReclusionPerpetuais20yearsand1dayto40
years.However,theSupremeCourtruledthatitisstillanindivisiblepenaltyasthereisno
clearintentfromthelegislaturetochangeitsclassificationasanindivisiblepenalty
hence,ithasnolegalduration(asindivisiblepenaltieshavenoduration.)
WiththeadventofRA7659,thefirstrulingbytheSupremeCourtmaintainedthat
althoughreclusionperpetuaisanindivisiblepenalty,Art.65oftheRPCmaybe
applied,hencedividingitinto3periods.(Peoplevs.Lucas,1994).However,upon

reviewbytheSC,reclusionperpetuaalthoughhavingadefinitetermremainsan
indivisiblepenaltyforthereisnoclearlegislativeintenttoalteritsoriginal
classification.(PeoplevsLucas,1995)

12.DistinctionofReclusionPerpetuafromLifeImprisonment

ReclusionperpetuaisprescribedoncrimespunishablebytheRevisedPenalCode,while
lifeimprisonmentisimposedonoffensespunishablebySpecialLaws.
ACCESSORYPENALTIES:
Reclusionperpetuacarriesaccessorypenalty,lifeimprisonmentdoesnot.
PERIODANDPARDON:
Reclusionperpetuaentailsaminimumimprisonmentof30yearsafterwhichaconvictbecomes
eligibleforpardon,butthemaximumperiodforimprisonmentmaynotexceed40years.Life
imprisonment,however,doesnothaveanydefiniteextentordurationofimprisonmentandhas
nospecificdetailsonpardon.

13.Mayajudgeimposeanalternativepenaltyoffineorimprisonment?

No,ajudgecannotimposeanalternativepenaltyoffineorimprisonment.Penalties
cannotbeimposedinthealternative.InacasedecidedbytheSupremeCourt,itwasforwarded
thatthelawdoesnotpermitanycourttoimposeasentenceinthealternative,itsdutybeingto
indicatethepenaltyimposeddefinitelyandpositively.

Afine,whetherimposedasasingleorasanalternativepenalty,shouldnotandcannotbe
reducedorconvertedintoaprisonterm.Thereisnorulefortransmutationoftheamountofa
fineintoatermofimprisonment.

14.ReadallthecasesonProbation.ReadRA10707.
Probationisadispositionunderwhichadefendant,afterconvictionandsentence,is
released,subjecttoconditionsimposedbythecourtandtothesupervisionofaProbationOfficer.
Itisaspecialprivilegegrantedbythestatetoapenitentqualifiedoffender.Itessentiallyrejects
appealsandencouragesanotherwiseeligibleconvicttoimmediatelyadmithisliabilityandsave
thestatethetime,effortandexpensestojettisonanappeal.

Purposes:
(a)Promotethecorrectionandrehabilitationofanoffenderbyprovidinghimwithindividualized
treatment
(b)Provideanopportunityforthereformationofapenitentoffenderwhichmightbeless
probableifheweretoserveaprisonsentenceand
(c)Preventthecommissionofoffenses.

Cases

i.CabatinganvSandiganbayan(1981)

Thosewhoapplyforprobationshouldbegivenadequateopportunitytoprovetheirentitlement
andtoraiseargumentsshouldtheProbationOfficerrecommenddenialoftheirapplication.

Facts:AliciaCabatinganwaschargedwithMalversation.Sheappliedforprobation.The
ProbationOfficerrecommendedthatitbedisapprovedonthegroundsthat(1)thereisunduerisk
thatshewouldcommitanothercrimeandthat(2)probationwoulddepreciatetheseriousnessof
theoffense.
Aftertheaccusedsubmittedrebuttalevidence,theOfficersubmittedasupplementaryreportto
thecourtbutdidnotfurnishtheaccusedwithacopynotgiventheopportunitytoinspectitand
crossexaminethewitnessesagainsther.
Sandiganbayandeniedherapplication.
Issue:Wasthepetitioneraffordedherfullrighttodueprocess?
Held:No.TheSandiganbayancommittedagraveabuseofdiscretionforbasingthedenialofher
applicationsolelyontheProbationOfficer'sreport,whichwasmostlyhearsay,withoutmaking
itsowndeterminationastowhetherornotprobationwouldservetheendsofjusticeandbest
interestofthepublic.Thepetitionerdidnotappeartobeahardenedcriminalwhowasbeyond
correctionorredemption.

ii.TolentinovJudgeAlconcel(1983)

Probationisamereprivilegeanditsgrantrestssolelyuponthediscretionofthecourt,tobe
exercisedprimarilyforthebenefitoforganizedsocietyandonlyincidentallyforthebenefitof
theaccused.

Facts:EduardoTolentinowaschargedwithViolationoftheDangerousDrugsAct.Heinitially
pleadednotguilty,butthecourtlateronallowedhimtochangehispleatoguiltytothelesser
offenseofpossessionofmarijuana.
Afterbeingsentenced,heappliedforprobation.TheProbationOfficerrecommendedatwoyear
probation,claimingTolentinowasalreadyonhiswaytoreformation.
JudgeAlconceldeniedtheapplication.
Issue:Wasthecourtcorrectindenyingtheapplicationonthegroundthatitwilldepreciatethe
seriousnessoftheoffenseinthiscase?
Held:Yes.Petitionersadmissionthathewasindeedcaughtintheactofsellingmarijuana
rendersahearingontheapplicationforprobationanunnecessarysurplusageandanidle
ceremony.

Proliferationofprohibiteddrugsinthecountryhasremainedaseriousthreattothewellbeingof
thepeople.
TheStateconsidersthisasonecasewhereprobationwilldepreciatetheoffensecommitted,and
willnotservetheendsofjusticeandthebestinterestofthecommunity,particularly,theinnocent
andgullibleyoung.

iii.AmandyvPeople(1988)

Thegrantofprobationisnotautomaticorministerial.Itdoesnotrestsolelyontheoffender's
potentialitytoreformbutalsoontheobservanceofdemandsofjusticeandpublicinterest.

Facts:JuanitoAmandywassentencedto6yearsand1dayimprisonmentandtopayafineof
P6,000forbeingcaughtinthepossessionofmarijuana.
HeappliedforprobationbutdespiteafavorablerecommendationfromtheProbationOfficers
reportclaimingthatheisagoodsubjectforprobationbecausehecouldstillbereformedand
rehabilitated,thelowercourtdeniedhisapplicationonthegroundthattheProbationLawcannot
applytothosesentencedtoserveamaximumtermofimprisonmentofmorethansixyears.
Issue:Wasthepetitionerentitledtothebenefitsofprobation?
Held:No.Thecourtmerelycompliedwiththeexpressprovisionsofthelaw.
The Law clearly states that offenders sentenced to amaximumjailtimeofmorethan6yearsare
disqualifiedfromthebenefitsofprobation.

iv.BalavJudgeMartinez(1990)

Theexpirationoftheprobationperiodalonedoesnotautomaticallyterminateprobation.If
theprobationerhasproventobeunrepentant,theStateisnotbarredfromrevokingsucha
privilege.

Facts:ManuelBalawasfoundguiltyofFalsificationofaPublicDocument.Thereafter,Judge
Martinezgrantedhisapplicationforprobation,whichwastolastforoneyear.Uponitssupposed
expirationonAugust10,1983,however,anorderforfinaldischargewasnotissuedbecausethe
ProbationOfficerhadnotyetsubmittedafinalreport.
OnDecember3,1983,amotionwasfiledtorevokehisprobationforviolationofthetermsand
conditions.Balaopposedsuchmotion,contendingthathisprobationhadalreadyexpiredand
thereforecouldnolongerberevoked.
Issues:Doesexpirationoftheprobationperiodautomaticallyterminateprobation?Whatisthe
consequenceonceprobationisrevoked?
Held:No.ThecourtmustissueanorderoffinaldischargebasedonthereportoftheProbation
Officerbeforeprobationcouldbeterminated.

Oncerevoked,theoffendershallbearrestedsothathecanservetheoriginalsentenceimposed
withoutanydeductions.

v.SalgadovCA(1990)

Althoughtheexecutionofsentenceissuspendedbythegrantofprobation,itdoesnotfollow
thatthecivilliabilityoftheoffender,ifany,isextinguished.

Facts:AfterbeingconvictedforSeriousPhysicalInjuries,Salgadoappliedforprobation,which
thecourtgranted,withtheconditionthathewouldindemnifythevictimthroughamonthly
installmentofP2,000duringtheperiodofprobation.
Issues:Doesprobationextinguishcivilliability?Maythecourtsimposeconditionssuchasthe
mannerofpaymentofcivilliability?
Held:Probationdoesnotremovecivilliability.
Thetrialcourtisgiventhediscretiontoimposeconditionsintheordergrantingprobation"asit
maydeembest".TheProbationOrdermayalsorequiretheprobationertocomplywitha
programofpaymentofcivilliabilitytothevictimorhis.Itisnecessarythattheconditionwhich
providesforaprogramofpaymentofhiscivilliabilitywilladdresstheoffender'sneedsand
capacity.

vi.FranciscovCA(1995)

Multipleprisontermsshouldnotbesummedupbuttakenseparatelyasthetotalityofallthe
penalties.

Facts:PabloFranciscowasfoundguiltyofmultiplecountsofOralDefamationbytheMeTC.He
elevatedthecasetotheRTCwhichaffirmedhisconvictionbutmodifiedhissentencetoa
straightpenaltyof8monthsofimprisonmentforeachcase.

Issue:Shouldthe6yearlimitbebasedontotalpenaltyimposedorthemaximumofthe
individualpenaltiesimposed?
Held:Thedeterminationoftheeligibilityoftheaccusedinamultipleprisonterm(inrelationto
thedisqualificationforthoseimposedwithimprisonmentofmorethan6years)shouldbebased
onthe maximumtermandnotthetotalterm.Itisenoughthateachofthe prisontermdoesnot
exceed6years.Thenumberofoffensesisimmaterialforaslongasthepenaltiesimposed,when
takenindividuallyandseparately,arewithintheprobationableperiod.

Thebasisofthedisqualificationisprincipallythegravityoftheoffensecommittedandthe
concomitantdegreeofpenaltyimposed.Thosesentencedtoamaximumtermnotexceeding6
yearsarenotgenerallyconsideredcallous,hardcorecriminals,andthusmayavailofprobation.

vii.OCAvLibrado(1996)

Probationdoesnotobliteratethecrimeofwhichthepersonunderprobationhasbeen
convicted.

Facts:VicenteLibrado,deputysheriffoftheMTCCofIliganCity,wasfoundguiltyforviolation
oftheDangerousDrugsActandsentencedto6yearsimprisonment.
Issue:Mayanoffenderwhoheldapositioninthejudiciarybeautomaticallyreinstatedifunder
probation?
Held:No.Probationdoesnotobliteratethecrime.Thereformandrehabilitationofthe
probationercannotjustifyhisretentioninthegovernmentservice.Hemayseektoreenter
governmentservice,butonlyafterhehasshownthatheisfittoserveonceagain.

viii.SorianovCA(1999)

Havingthepowertograntprobation,itfollowsthatthetrialcourtalsohasthepowertoorder
itsrevocationwhentheprobationerdoesnotcomplywiththeconditions.

Facts: RonaldSorianowasfoundguiltyofRecklessImprudenceresultingtoHomicideand
DamagetoProperty.Hewasgrantedprobationsubjecttotermsandconditionsmeethisfamily
responsibilities,devotehimselftoaspecificemployment,andindemnifytheheirsofthe victim.
Lessthantwomonthsafterthegrant,amotionwasfiledtocancelhisprobationduetofailureto
satisfyhiscivilliability.Later,thecourtissuedanorderdeclaringSorianoincontemptfor
failuretocomplywiththeconditions.
Issue:Maycourtsorderrevocationofprobationincaseswheretheconditionsarenotmet?
Held:Yes.Sorianowasboundtosatisfyhisobligationasaconsequenceofhavingbeen
convictedforacrime.Thecourtgavehimthechancetoformulateaprogramofpaymentthatfits
hisneedsandcapacity.Hecannotescapecivilliability.Thetrialcourtisempoweredtoimpose
conditionsandthepetitioner,asprobationer,isrequiredtofollow.Onlybysatisfyingthese
conditionsmaythepurposesofprobationbefulfilled.

ix.PeoplevEvangelista(1996)

Facts:GrildoTugonnanwasconvictedoffrustratedhomicide.HemadeanappealbeforetheCA
wherehisconvictionwasaffirmed.Thereafter,heappliedforprobation.TheProbationOfficer
recommendeddenialonthegroundthatbyappealing,hewaivedhisrighttoapplyfor
probation.

Issue:Areprobationandappealmutuallyexclusiveremedies?

Held:Duringthistime,yes.Apetitionerwhohadappealedhissentencecouldnotsubsequently
applyforprobation.Probationwasnotintendedasanescapehatchandshouldnotbeusedto
obstructanddelayadministrationofjustice.Itshouldbeavailedofatthefirstopportunityby
offenderswhoarewillingtobereformedandrehabilitated.

x.ColinaresvPeople(2011)

An appeal should not bar the accused from applying for probation if the appeal is solely to
reducethepenaltytowithintheprobationablelimit.

Facts: ArnelColinareswasfoundguiltyofFrustratedHomicideandsentencedtosuffer
imprisonmentwithamaximumtermof6yearsand1dayofp risionmayor.Sincethemaximum
probationableimprisonmentunderthelawwasonlyupto6years,hedidnotqualifyfor
probation.HeappealedtotheCA,invokingselfdefenseand,alternatively,seekingconviction
forthelessercrimeofattemptedhomicidewiththeconsequentreductionofthepenaltyimposed
onhim.
Issue: Given a findingthattheaccusedisentitledtoconvictionforalesseroffenseandareduced
probationable penalty, may he may still apply for probation on remand of the case to the trial
court?
Held: Yes. Ordinarily, the offender would no longer be entitled to apply for probation, having
appealed from thejudgmentoftheRTCconvictinghimforfrustratedhomicide.ButtheSCfinds
Colinares guilty only of the lesser crime of attempted homicide and holds that the maximum of
thepenaltyimposedonhimshouldbeloweredtoimprisonmentoffourmonthsofarrestomayor,
as minimum, to two years and four months of prision correccional,asmaximum.Withthisnew
penalty, it would be fair to allow him therighttoapplyforprobationuponremandofthecaseto
theRTC.

An accused may be allowed to apply for probation even if he has filed a notice of appeal,
providedthathisappealislimitedtothefollowinggrounds:
1. When the appeal is merely intended for the correction of the penalty imposed by the lower
court,whichwhencorrectedwouldentitletheaccusedtoapplyforprobationand
2. When the appeal is merely intended to review the crime for whichtheaccusedwasconvicted
and that the accused should only be liable to the lesser offense which is necessarily included in
the crime for which he was originally convicted and the proper penalty imposable is within the
probationableperiod.

Ontheotherhand,probationshouldn otb egrantedtotheaccusedinthefollowinginstances:

1. When the accused is convicted by the trial court of a crime where the penalty imposed is
withintheprobationableperiodorafine,andtheaccusedfilesanoticeofappealand

2. When theaccusedfilesanoticeofappealwhichputsthemeritsofhisconvictioninissue,even
if there isanalternativeprayerforthecorrectionofthepenaltyimposedbythetrialcourtorfora
conviction to a lesser crime, which is necessarily included in the crime in which he was
convictedwherethepenaltyiswithintheprobationableperiod.

RANo.10707:AnActAmendingPDNo.968,otherwiseknownasthe"ProbationLawof
1976",asamended(ApprovedonNovember26,2015)

GrantofProbation
Thetrialcourtmay,afteritshallhaveconvictedandsentencedadefendantfora
probationablepenaltyanduponapplicationbysaiddefendantwithintheperiodfor
perfectinganappeal,suspendtheexecutionofthesentenceandplacethedefendanton
probationforsuchperiodanduponsuchtermsandconditionsasitmaydeembest.
Noapplicationforprobationshallbeentertainedorgrantedifthedefendanthasperfected
theappealfromthejudgmentofconviction:P
rovided,Thatw
henajudgmentof
convictionimposinganonprobationablepenaltyisappealedorreviewed,andsuch
judgmentismodifiedthroughtheimpositionofaprobationablepenalty,thedefendant
shallbeallowedtoapplyforprobationbasedonthemodifieddecisionbeforesuch
decisionbecomesfinal.xxx
Thisnotwithstanding,theaccusedshalllosethebenefitofprobationshouldheseeka
reviewofthemodifieddecisionwhichalreadyimposesaprobationablepenalty.
Probationmaybegrantedwhetherthesentenceimposesatermofimprisonmentorafine
only.Thefilingoftheapplicationshallbedeemedawaiveroftherighttoappeal.
Anordergrantingordenyingprobationshallnotbeappealable.

DisqualifiedOffenders
ThebenefitsoftheProbationLawshallnotbeextendedtothose:
1. sentencedtoserveamaximumtermofimprisonmentofmorethansix(6)years
2. convictedofanycrimeagainstthenationalsecurity
3. whohavepreviouslybeenconvictedbyfinaljudgmentofanoffensepunishedby
imprisonmentofmorethansix(6)monthsandone(1)dayand/orafineofmorethanone
thousandpesos(P1,000.00)
4. whohavebeenonceonprobationundertheprovisionsofthisDecreeand
5. whoarealreadyservingsentenceatthetimethesubstantiveprovisionsofthisDecree
becameapplicablexxx

TerminationofProbation

Aftertheperiodofprobationanduponconsiderationofthereportandrecommendation
oftheprobationofficer,thecourtmayorderthefinaldischargeoftheprobationerupon
findingthathehasfulfilledthetermsandconditionsofhisprobationandthereuponthe
caseisdeemedterminated.
Thefinaldischargeoftheprobationershalloperatetorestoretohimallcivilrightslostor
suspendedasaresultofhisconvictionandtototallyextinguishhiscriminalliabilityasto
theoffenseforwhichprobationwasgranted.Theprobationerandtheprobationofficer
shalleachbefurnishedwithacopyofsuchorder.

15.Theruleandexceptionsforcivilliabilityoftheaccusedincaseofacquittalofthe
accusedincriminalcases

Art.100.CivilLiabilityofapersonguiltyoffelony
Everypersoncriminallyliableforfelonyisalsocivillyliable.

ExceptiontotheRule:
Extinctionofthecriminalactiondoesnotextinguishcivilaction

Theextinctionofpenalactiondoesnotcarrywithitextinctionofthecivil.However,thecivil
actionbasedondelictshallbedeemedextinguishedifthereisafindinginafinaljudgmentinthe
criminalactionthattheactoromissionfromwhichthecivilliabilitymightarisedidnotexist.

Thedismissaloftheinformationorcriminalactiondoesnotaffecttherightoftheoffendedparty
toinstituteorcontinuethecivilactionalreadyinstitutedfromtheoffense,becausesuch
dismissalorextinctionofcivilactiondoesnotcarrywithittheextinctionofthecivilone

Deathofanaccusedappelantduringthependencyofanappealextinguishedhiscriminal
liabilityincludingthefine,hiscivilliabilityisnotextinguished.

Caseswherecivilliabilitymayexistevenaccusedisnotheldcriminallyliable:
1. Acquittalonreasonabledoubt.
2. Acquittalfromacauseofnonimputability
3. Acquittalincriminalactionofnegligence
4. Whenthereisonlycivilresponsibility
5. Incasesofindependentcivilaction
Theruleandexceptionsforthecivilliabilityoftheaccusedincaseofacquittaloftheaccusedin
acriminalcase
Reyes

Thegeneralruleisthat,everypersoncriminallyliableisalsocivillyliable.However,his
acquittalinacriminalcasedoesnotautomaticallyextinguishhiscivilliability.Theextinction
ofthepenalactiondoesnotcarrywithitextinctionofthecivil.However,thecivilactionbased
ondelictshallbedeemedextinguishedifthereisafindinginafinaljudgementinthecriminal
actionthattheactoromissionfromwhichthecivilliabilitymayarisedidnotexist.(Sec.2,par
4,RuleIII,RevisedRulesofCriminalProcedure).
Thecaseswherecivilliabilityisnotextinguisheddespiteofacquittalinthecriminalcase
arethefollowing:
a.Acquittalonreasonabledoubt
b.Acquittalfromacauseofnonimputability(imbecile,insane,orminor)
c.Acquittalinthecriminalactionfornegligence
d.Whenthereisonlycivilresponsibilityand
e.Incasesofindependentcivilactions.
Anexceptiontotheabovementionedruleiswhentheaccusedisacquittedandthe
complaintfiledagainsthimisbasedonsomeotherfactorgrounddifferentfromthecriminalact.
(i.e.Adefendantwaschargedwiththecrimeofestafathrufalsificationofcommercial
documents.Thecourtacquittedhimfromthechargeonthegroundthatmoneyhadbeenreceived
orretainedbyhimpursuanttoanarrangementbetweenthelatterortheoffendedparty,andthat
theliabilityofthedefendantforthereturnoftheamountsoreceivedarisesfromacivilcontract,
notfromacriminalact,andmaynotbeenforcedinthecriminalcase(Peoplev.Miranda)).
Outline(PersonsCivillyLiable)
GeneralRule:Everypersoncriminallyliableisalsocivillyliable
Theextinctionofthepenalactiondoesnotcarrywithitextinctionofthecivil.However,the
civilactionbasedondelictshallbedeemedextinguishedifthereisafindinginafinaljudgement
inthecriminalactionthattheactoromissionfromwhichthecivilliabilitymayarisedidnot
exist.(Sec.2,par4,RuleIII,RevisedRulesofCriminalProcedure).
SpecificRules:
A.Insanity,ImbecilityandthoseOver9andUnder15yearsofAge
Civilliabilityofpersonsexemptfromcriminalliability
1.Personswhohavelegalauthorityoftheimbecile,insaneorminorareprimarily
liable.
2.Civilliabilityofaminorwhoactswithdiscernmentdevolveuponparents.
3.Incaseofstateofnecessity,theonesbenefittedshallproportionatelyshoulder
thecivilliability.
4.Incasesfallingundersubversions5and6ofArticle12,thepersonswhoused

violenceorcausedfearshallbeprimarilyandsecondarilyliable.Iftherebeno
suchpersons,thepersondoingtheactshallbeliable
B.StateofNecessity
Thereiscivilliabilitybutthecivilliabilityisborneupontheonewhobenefittedbythe
actwhichcausesdamagetoanother.(proportionalbenefit)
C.IrresistibleForce,UncontrollableFearofGreaterorEqualInjury
Thepersonsusingviolenceorcausingthefearareprimarilyliable.Iftherebenosuch
persons,thosedoingtheactshallbeliablesecondarily
D.InnkeepersandSimilarPersons
16..theruleonawardofdamages.Rememberthecasewheretheaccusedwasfoundguiltyof5
countsofrapeforhavingcarnalknowledgewiththesamewoman?Learntheapplicationofthe
rulesonindemnity

ThecaseofPeoplevsMontemayor
Facts of the case: At about 6:30 in the evening of January 16, 1995, Accused Montemayor
called Ailen anddraggedherinsidetheBrgy.Hall,theaccusedloweredhershortpantsand

underwear and proceeded to remove his own pants. Then, accused went on top of
Aileen, inserted his penis in her vagina and made a push and pull movement. After
satisfying his lust, accused removed himself from Aileen, and ate a piece of bread.
Having eaten,accusedagainravagedAileenthesecondtime,thenatebreadanddrank
water.]AccusedrapedAileentwo(2)moretimesthatharrowingnight.
After the fourth rape, accused warned Aileen not to report the incident toanybodyor
elsehewillkillher.
Theforegoingincidentsagainhappenedforthreemoretimes,twiceonFebruary4,1995and
finallyonFebruary19,1995,at6:30intheeveningwhenAileenpassedbythebarangayhallon
herwaytoseeFrancingdeVeraandLayaRosarioonsaiddates,respectively.
OnFebruary22,1995,Aileenexecutedaswornstatement,alongwithherfatherValentinoAlba
OnMarch15,1995,four(4)Informationschargingaccusedfortherapesallegedlycommittedon
January16,1995,January23,1995,February4,1995,andFebruary19,1995.Fouradditional
InformationswerefiledonJune15,1995aftertheprovincialprosecutortookasecondlookat
thesworncomplaintandfoundthathefailedtoconsiderthatthethree(3)othercountsofrape
allegedtohavebeencommittedonJanuary16,1995andone(1)othercountofrapeallegedto
havebeencommittedonFebruary4,1995wereseparateanddistinctcountsofrape.
OnJanuary17,1996,thetrialcourtrenderedajointDecision[26]findingaccusedguiltyofthe
four(4)countsofrapecommittedonJanuary16,1995andtheone(1)countofrapecommitted
onJanuary23,1995,butacquittedhimfortherapescommittedonFebruary4and19,1995

Ruling: Civil indemnity must be awardedtocomplainantAileenS.Alba.Civilindemnity,which

is mandatory in a finding of rape, is distinct from and should not be denominated as moral
damages which are based on different jural foundationsandassessedbythecourtintheexercise
of sound discretion. [57] In accordance with prevailing jurisprudence, we grantcivilindemnityof
Fifty Thousand Pesos (P50,000.00) in each case. Wherefore the decision of the RTC is
AFFIRMED, with the MODIFICATION to pay complainant Aileen S. Alba the amounts of
P50,000.00 as civil indemnity, P50,000.00 as moral damages, and P25,000.00 as exemplary
damages,f oreachofthefive(5)rapes,oratotalofP625,000.00.

Comments:
In the case, the trial court did nod award civil indemnity, hence, the Supreme court ruled
that, civil indemnity must be awarded to complainant Aileen S. Alba. Civil indemnity,
which is mandatory in a finding ofrape,isdistinctfromandshouldnotbedenominatedas
moral damages which are based ondifferentjuralfoundationsandassessedbythecourtin
theexerciseofsounddiscretion.

17.Requisitesandtherulesincaseofsubsidiaryliabilityofemployers

ARTICLE 103. Subsidiary Civil Liability of Other Persons. The subsidiary

liability established in the nextprecedingarticleshallalsoapplytoemployers,teachers,persons,
and corporations engaged in any kind of industry for felonies committed by their servants,
pupils,workmen,apprentices,oremployeesinthedischargeoftheirduties.
Elements:
a.Theexistenceofanemployeremployeerelationship.
b.Theemployer,teacher,personorcorporationisengagedinanykindofindustry.
c. Any of their servants, pupils, workmen, apprentices or employees commits a felony
whileinthedischargeofhisduties.
d.Theemployeehasalreadybeenadjudgedandfoundguiltyofthewrongfulact.
e.Thesaidemployeeisinsolventandhasnotyetsatisfiedhiscivilliability.

18.Theinstancesorsituationsincriminalcaseswhereintheaccused,eitherasanadultor
asaminor,canapplyforand/orbegrantedasuspendedsentence.

Apersonmayapplyand/orbegrantedofasuspendedsentenceincaseofinsanitymentionedin
Article79.

Rulesregardingexecutionandserviceofpenaltiesincaseofinsanity:

a.
Whenaconvictbecomesinsaneorimbecileafterfinalsentencehasbeen
pronounced,theexecution,ofsaidsentenceissuspendedonlyasregardstopersonalpenaltyso
civilliabilitymaybeexecutedevenincaseofinsanityofconvict.
b.
Ifherecovershisreason,hissentenceshallbeexecuted,unlessthepenaltyhas
prescribed.

c.
Evenifwhileservinghissentence,theconvictbecomesinsaneorimbecile,the
aboveprovisionsshallbeobserved.

d.
Butthepaymentofhiscivilandpecuniaryliabilitiesshallnotbesuspended.

***Ifapersonwassaneatthetimeofthecommissionoftheoffensebutsubsequentlybecomes
insaneduringthetrialofhiscasethenthecourtthecourtshallsuspendtheproceedingsandorder
hisconfinementtoahospitaluntilherecovershisreason.
***Ifhisinsanityshouldcomeafterthefinalsentenceorwhileservinghissentence,the
executionshallbesuspendedwithregardtothepersonalpenaltyonly.

Minorsconvictedofacrimewillhavetheirsentencesautomaticallysuspended.Oncea
childwhoisundereighteenyearsatthetimeofthecommissionofthecrimeisfoundguiltyof
theoffense,thecourtshalldetermineandascertainhiscivilliability.However,insteadof
pronouncingthejudgementofconviction,thecourtshallplacethechildundersuspended
sentence,withoutneedofapplicationprovidedthatthesuspensionofthesentenceshallbe
appliedevenifthejuvenileisalreadyeighteenyearsofageormoreatthetimeofthe
pronouncementofhis/herguilt.Thesuspensionofsentence,however,lastsonlyuntilthechildin
conflictwiththelawreachesthemaximumageoftwentyoneyears.

Theageofthechildinconflictwiththelawatthetimeofthepromulgationofthe
sentenceisnotmaterial.Whatmattersisthattheoffendercommittedtheoffensewhens/hewas
stilloftenderage.

19.Rulesincasesof...Violationofconditionalpardon:
InthecaseofSalesVs.DirectorofPrison"Thelegislativeintentisclear,therefore,to
preservethepowerofthePresidenttoauthorizethearrestandreincarcerationofanypersonwho
violatestheconditionorconditionsofhispardonnotwithstandingtheenactmentofarticle159of
theRevisedPenalCode.Inthisconnection,weobservethatsection64(i)oftheAdministrative
Codeandarticle159oftheRevisedPenalCodearebutareiterationofActsNos.1524and1561,
underwhichaviolatorofaconditionalpardonwasliabletosufferandtoservetheunexpired
portionoftheoriginalsentence."ViolationofParole:SEC.39.ReportofParole
Infraction/ViolationAnyviolationofthetermsandconditionsappearinginhisRelease
Documentoranyseriousdeviationornonobservanceoftheobligationssetforthintheparole
supervisionprogramshallbeimmediatelyreportedbyhisProbationandParoleOfficertothe

Board.ThereportshallbecalledInfractionReportwhentheclienthasbeensubsequently
convictedofanothercrime.SEC.40.ArrestofClientUponreceiptofanInfractionReport,the
Boardmayorderthearrestorrecommitmentoftheclient.SEC.41.EffectofRecommitmentof
ClientTheclientwhoisrecommittedtoprisonbytheBoardshallbemadetoservethe
remainingunexpiredportionofthemaximumsentenceforwhichhewasoriginallycommittedto
prison.Violationofprobation:ifviolationisestablished,thecourtmayrevokeorcontinuehis
brobationandmodifytheconditionthereof.IfREVOKE,thecourtshallordertheprobationerto
servethesentenceoriginallyimposed.

21.Computationforlossofearningcapacity
Netearningcapacity=lifeexpectancyx(grossannualincomelivingexpenses)
NEC=(2/3x(80ageofdeceasedattimeofdeath))x(grossanualincomelivingexpenses)
Example
Ageofdeceased=35
Monthlyincome=12,000php
NEC=(2/3x(8035))x((12,000x12)50%(12,000x12))
NEC=(2/3x45)x(144,00072,000)
NEC=(30x72,000)
NEC=2,160,000php
Note:ifperdaymultiplyto261numberofworkingdays