OM ELT ls Lay Advance Your Carer DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION > GEOMETRIC @ Geometric Design: Working With Circles byJoumana Medie) 19May 2015 Difficulty: Beginner Length: Medium Languages: English ¥ Geometric) Drawing) Drawing Theory a< This post is part ofa series called Geomettic Design for Beginners, 4 Geometric Design: Working With and 10 D> Geometric Design: Knots and Weaves petpn apa com dreleonstc- egw ee 200 soWat You'll Be Creating We have already used circles extensively to create various grids for a number of patterns. In this lesson we are using circles for their own sake, namely in two types of constructions: spirals and inscribed circles Spirals Spirals come in several different types. The distance between turnings, and the angle of each turning, determines their appearance. Some can be defined using a mathematical equation, which translates, for specific spirals, into easy geometric constructions—approximate, but quite good enough for the eye. Regular or Archimedean Spiral This spiral is defined by an equal distance between turnings, so that it has a concentric appearance. It is drawn by moving the compass point from one peep com tegeec ee watson otpoint to the other in a base figure that can be a segment (two points), a triangle, a square, etc, The more points, the tighter and more perfect the spiral, but as that also makes construction more tedious, a hexagon is the highest one usually goes. Spiral Built on Two Points Step 1 On a horizontal ine, draw a semicircle that's as small as possible. This is the first turning of the spiral, and the two points where it cuts the line are the construction points. Step 2 Place the compass on one of the points, open it to meet the other, and draw a semicircle on the other side of the line. The two semicircles make a continuous curve. pep lap cm rieleonstic twain ccc 200, otStep 3 Move the compass back to the first point, open it to meet the end of the curve, and draw another semicircle. Step 4 Continue in this vein, moving the compass from one of the construction points to the other and adjusting the opening each time to take up the curves where you left off. pep apa cm drieleonstic twain ccc 200 sotCarry on as much as desired. The spiral will look lke this: ———~ petpn apa cm dreleonstic tg wating cick 200, sotSpiral Built on Three Points ‘The method is the same but we start with an equilateral triangle, the sides of which are extended. The compass will be moving from point 1 to 2 to 3 then back to 1, and so on, Ifthe sides are extended as shown here, the spiral turns clockwise (and the compass moves from point to point in a clockwise direction). epee praapa com tegerecee watson wotStep 1 Draw the first arc. pep lap cme twain ccc 200 otStep 2 Move to the next point, adjust the opening and draw the next are pep lapa cm releonstic twain ccc 200 wotStep 3 Move to the third point and repeat. pep lapa cm releonstic twain ccc 200 wotAfter a few turnings, the spiral looks like this: —_———_ penpn apa cm reeonstic tig watirg ith ccc 200, soresSpiral Built on Four Points Our base is now a square, and we are still working clockwise. As the angle of the turnings becomes smaller (first it was 180° for each, then 120°, now 90°), the spiral becomes smoother. Step 1 Draw the first quarter-circle pepn apa comers tig watirg ith ccc 200 sonStep 2 Move to the second point, adjust the compass opening and draw the next quarter-circle, pep lapa cm reeonstic- twain ccc 200, savasStep 3 Repeat with the third and fourth points. pep apa cm treleonatic ter watirg ith ccc 200 sanopep apa cm drieleonstic twain ccc 200 senotStep 4 How the spiral looks after a few turns: pep apa cm drieleonstic twain ccc 200 seroSpiral Built on Six Points With a hexagon as base, the construction is really the same. The critical part is drawing the bases and the extension of their sides very accurately, Then just run through the six points: peep com tegerec ee watson) veropepn apa cm trees twain ccc 200 sospepn apa cm trees twain ccc 200 sorespepn apa cm trees twain ccc 200 seropepn apa cm trees twain ccc 200 onapepn apa cm trees twain ccc 200 ao‘The spiral after a few turns: —_—_— pep apa cm dreleonstic tg wating ccc 200, aoWhen these spirals are placed side-by-side, we can appreciate how much smoother and more perfectly circular they are when the base has a higher number of points, SS LEN (ON OS peep com tegerec naira) wanaa) Golden Spiral In contrast to the regular spirals above, the distance between successive turnings in logarithmic spirals grows in a geometric sequence. Such spirals, found in the growth of many organisms, are self-similar: the size of the spiral increases but its shape is not altered (for this it was also named spira mirabilis, the "miraculous spiral"). The golden spiral is a type of logarithmic spiral with a growth factor linked to the Golden Number. The simplest way to draw such a spiral is to start from its outer boundaries, contrary to the previous one, Welll therefore start by constructing a golden rectangle ("ll explain what it is when that’s done.) Step 1 Construct a square. (Forgotten how? See Working With 4 and 8.) pep lap cm treleonstic tig watirg ih ccc 200 0Step 2 Extend the sides AB and DC. A E 8 pep apa cm drieeonstic twain ccc 200 10Step 3 With the dry point on E and the compass open to EC, draw an arc that cuts the extended AB at G. ae pepperoni tig wating ccc 200 enaStep 4 Move the dry point to F and draw an arc that cuts the extended CD at H. A E 8 6 pepperoni tig wating ccc 200 zaStep 5 Join GH to complete the rectangle. A 8 pep lapa cm dreleonstic tig watirg ihc 200other words the This is called a golden rectangle because AB/AG = BG/AB, relation of the longer side to the whole segment is the same as that of the shorter side to the longer. ‘An Ad piece of paper (or any other size in the A series) is a golden rectangle, 80 you could use its total surface as the outer rectangle, and go straight to step 6. step 6 We now need to break this rectangle down into squares. We already have the first square. The next one will be taken out of the rectangle BGHC. Place your dry point on B and open it to the length of the short segment. Mark on BC. A pep lapa cm dreleonstic tig watirg ihc 200 eaMove the dry point to G and mark J on GH Step 7 Connect IJ: we now have a square BGuI, and a new rectangle left over. petra conrbsipeneic esgwtirgthcicn 2082 sortA 8 6 1 1 D c 4 Step 8 Repeat this operation in each successive rectangle, always creating the square against the outer edge of the rectangle. A 8 6 pep lapa cm dreleonstic tig watirg ihc 200 stWhen we have enough squares, or they become too small to work with, we can draw the spiral proper. Step 9 Place the dry point on C, let the opening be equal to the side of the first square, and draw a quarter of a circle DB. A pepperoni twain ccc 200 saStep 10 Move the dry point to |, reduce the opening to the side of the second square, and draw an are BJ pep lap comers tg watirg ith ccc 200, sana' 1 # ‘And so on through all the squares. T F 4 pepperoni tig watirg ith ccc 200 wotpepperoni tig watirg ith ccc 200The feel of this spiral is very different from the concentric and even static appearance of the regular spirals: it's much less contained, with dynamic movement, Inscribed Circles Circles can be inscribed, i.e drawn inside a shape in such a way as to be tangent to its sides, in angles, polygons or other circles. This device is the basis for much of the decorative geometry of the West, for instance in Celtic illumination or Gothic rose windows. We'll ok at two basic constructions that, we can use with any polygon or any number of circles inside a circle, and then construct two full-fledged windows with their tracery. Circle in a Sector This method allows you to fit the number of circles of your choice inside a pep apa coment twain ccc 200 soncircle. Start by dividing your circle evenly in the desired number of sections, then for each sector proceed as follows. The sector shown here is from a circle divided in six. Step 1 Bisect the sector, The bisector cuts the arc at Q, Step 2 We now need to draw the perpendicular to PQ in Q. With the dry point of the compass on Q, and any opening, draw an are that cuts the bisector at point A. pep apa cm release wating ccc 200 oyStep 3 Move the dry point to A and draw another arc cutting the first at B pep apa cm drieleonstic twain ccc 200line AB and extend it somewhat. Step 5 With the same compass opening and the point on B, mark point C. pstinapln corbin esgic 2002Step 6 CQis the perpendicular to PQ. pep lap cm treleonstic- twain ccc 200,Step7 Extend one side of the sector to cut CQ at point E Step 8 Bisect the angle QEP. epstinapln conse esgic 2080This bisector cuts QP at a point 0 pep apa cm treleonatic ter watirg ith ccc 200Step 9 Point O is the centre of the circle inscribed in this sector. The circle can now be drawn, with the compass point on 0 and the opening set to 00. pep apa cm drieleonstic tig watirg th ccc 200,Here are some possibilities, depending on the number of sectors the circle was divided into, Note that, the circles being tangent, the arcs between their contact points can be omitted to create rosettes. ~~ pep lap cme tiwag ihc 200OOU aC ee Circle in a Kite This method is to fit a number of circles in a polygon equal to the number of sides of that polygon (three circles in a triangle, five in a pentagon, four or eight in an octagon... First connect the centre of each side to the centre of the polygon, thus dividing the polygon into kites, and then proceed as follows for each kite peep com tegerec ee watson) soraStep 1 Bisect ACB, This bisector cuts AB at O. pep lapa cm treleonstic twain ccc 200O is the centre of our inscribed circle, but in order to determine the radius of the circle accurately, we need to find a point F on AD so that OF is, perpendicular to AD. This is the purpose of the remaining steps: Step 2 With the dry point on A and compass open to AO, draw an arc. pep apa cm drieleonstic twain ccc 200 ratStep 3 Move the dry point to D and repeat, to find point E. pep apa cm drieleonstic twain ccc 200 swStep 4 Join OE to cut AD at F. pep apa cm drieleonstic twain ccc 200Step 5 The inscribed circle can now be drawn, with centre O and radius OF As with the previous construction, different polygons will result in different shapes, and the the inner arcs can be erased to create rosettes, pep apa cm dregeana tig watirg ihc 200 conTriskele Window (Three Circles) Such church windows betraying a Celtic influence can be spotted in many places around the British Isles. Step 1 Start with a circle, Divide it into six and draw the diameters. peerage com tegerec ee watson canaStep 2 Join three of these points to create an equilateral triangle. pep apa cm releonstic tig watirg ith ccc 200,Step 3 With the compass opening below, draw the circle inscribed in the triangle pep apa cm releonstic tig watirg ith ccc 200, exStep 4 Draw another triangle, inscribed in this circle. pep apa cm releonstic tig watirg ith ccc 200, eonStep 5 With the compass opening below, draw the three circles centered on the points of the triangle. pep apa cm releonstic tig watirg ith ccc 200, conpep apa cm releonstic tig watirg ith ccc 200, emaStep 6 With the compass opening below, draw the circle in which the three smaller ones are inscribed. pep apa cm releonstic tig watirg ith ccc 200,If you just want a linear rendering, you can stop here and ink the following arcs: _—_ pep apa cm releonstic tig watirg ith ccc 200, canaTo draw the tracery of the window, i to give these lines their own thickness and detailing, (where the line’, being the window frame, has thickness and detailing of its own), carry on. Step 7 Place the dry point where one of the intersection of a diameter with the last circle we drew, and set the opening to the difference between the two large circles. Draw a small circle. peerage com tegerec ee watson wonStep 8 Return the dry point to the original centre and open it as shown. Draw a third, innermost large circle. pep apa cm releonstic tig watirg ith ccc 200, exStep 9 Now, for each of the three circles, draw an inner circle using the opening shown below. pep apa cm releonstic tig watirg ith ccc 200, vapep apa cm releonstic tig watirg ith ccc 200, eanStep 10 Now change the opening as shown, and for each of the three, draw this arc: pep apa cm releonstic tig watirg ith ccc 200,pep apa cm releonstic tig watirg ith ccc 200, wonStep 11 You can now ink the two outer circles, LL pep lapa com dreleonstic twain ccc 200 wonthen the inner drop-shapes. —_ pep lapa com dreleonstic twain ccc 200 asand finally the central lines of the triskele <_< pep lapa com dreleonstic twain ccc 200 eanpeerage com tegerec ee watsonRosette Window (Eight Circles) This is a window from the West front of Chartres cathedral, and the oldest in the bt Step 1 Start with a large circle. Divide it in eight, by following the steps for drawing a square (there's no need to draw the square itself, because we only need its diagonals), peerage com tegeec ee watson rowepepnaaplacemtiseipanstcirwtirgwithcicheseme 2809 aStep 2 Bisect half of the sectors to divide the circle further into 16. pep lap cm reenact wating ccc 200pep lap cm releonstic twain ccc 200 raThere are now eight diameters. Number the points for clarity. 16 2 pep apa cm dreleonstic twain ccc 200 ay15 a 4 4 6 8 Step 3 Join the even-numbered points to create a static octagon, 16 2 pep apa cm dreleonstic twain ccc 200 wx15 a “ 4 10 8 Step 4 The sides of the octagon cut the diameters at eight points. Join these to create an inscribed, dynamic octagon. pep apa cm dreleonstic twain ccc 200 oy15 a “ 4 10 8 Step 5 Now draw one more static octagon inscribed in the previous one. 16 2 pep apa cm dreleonstic twain ccc 200 rma15 a 4 4 10 8 Step 6 Now, returning to the numbered points, join the following pairs: 2-8 and 10-16, then 4-14 and 6-12. pep apa cm dreleonstic twain ccc 200 wn15 a 4 4 0 8 step7 Join 2-12 and 4-10, and finally 6-16 and 8-14. 16 2 pep apa cm dreleonstic twain ccc 200 rena15 a 4 4 10 8 Notice the following places where three lines intersect: they are the centres of the eight circles forming the rosette. pep apa cm dreleonstic- twain ccc 200,e Step 8 With the compass opening below, draw a circle centered on each of these points. pep apa cm dreleonstic- twain ccc 200, exInk the ares shown here. pep apa cm treleonatic ter watirg ith ccc 200 aQOD SINS Gg Step 9 Change the opening of the compass as shown here, and repeat. There is no need to draw the full circles—you can stop the arcs where they meet a diameter, and ink them that way. pep apa cm dreleonstic- twain ccc 200, eonOn ee ANS Step 10 Change the compass opening once more and repeat, again stopping at pstminapln corset esgic 02 oondiameters, pep apa cm dreleonstic- twain ccc 200, oraStep 11 Join the open ends of the arcs. pep apa cm dreleonstic- twain ccc 200,Step 12 Ink the lines between arcs; they are portions of the diameters. pep apa cm dreleonstic- twain ccc 200, easStep 13 With one last compass adjustment, draw and ink the circle below. pep apa cm dreleonstic- twain ccc 200,Step 14 Finally, ink the outer circle. Lm pep lapa cm trieleonstic twain ccc 200peer com telgerec ee wats one)With this chapter on circles, we have completed the basic part of these lessons on geometric designs. From next month on we will focus on complete patterns and motifs of increasing complexity, from both East and West. peerage com tegerec ee watsonDownload Zip, Unzip or Joumana Medlej London, UK Joumana Medle]is a Lebanese calligraphy artist, trained by a master in Beirut and now living in England. Her body of work encompasses drawing tutorials, graphic design, illustration, comic books, digital ‘games and children's literature, joumajnouna Weekly email summary “Translations pep lapa comes twain ih ccc 200 cana‘Suseribe below and we'llsend you a weekly email summary ofa new Design 4 llustration tutorials. Never miss out on asher languages by our community learning about the next big thing, rmembere-you canbe invalved too Envato Tuts tutorials are translated into Email Address ransate his post Sone ne wy vont $ ntve an pep lapa cm reams watirg ice ee 200 canacoma era eg Weare Wincreke ‘50-800t/h Stone Crushing Line for Constructio Quarry, Mining | 40Comments Tuts+ Hub @ Losin @ Recommend 3G Share Sort by Best @ sein ne ciseussion = Qi Really very great amazing awesome ..nice and helpful tutorial COOL.nl ove tS “The Explanation is quite Simple And very Neatly Explained. «ir da best. “Thanks for sharing i keop it up. Av + Reply » Share» Vintage Type Company + 2 years ago bed Wow... reat information! Av + Reply » Share» Lucas Lux + 2 years ago pep lapa coment watirg thc 200 exBig ste tora Tne Aw + Reply » Share» S Jourmana Medlej Lucas Lux 2yoarsag0 You're welcome! Av + Roply + Share» Qo Do you have any suggestions an how to do small ekcles with the compass? Thank you or the fantastic tutors. Av + Reply » Share» S Jourmana Medlej bmseot 2 years ego That's abit vicky and you really want a good qualy compass for that. Generally ‘hey wil alow you to bend the pencil end (or sometimes the point end) inward, ‘and | find it easier to open the compass a bit, then bend one ofthese inward to achieve a small size. The pencil point should be at the same level as the needle so that the circle can be easly drawn while the compass is upright its shorter ‘orlonger, youl have to change the angle ofthe compass as you draw, and that’s always disastrous for tiny circles). For really small circles, you can use a circular template, but that's a last resort as is quite dificult to achiave tue ‘accuracy with them. Av = Reply = Shee @_ 2201 A Jourana meat +2 years ago Hello Jounana, “Thank you for your reply I've ordered a new compass, so hopefully | wil be able to adjust the pencil as you suggested. Your tutorials are invaluable and such fun! Marsha Scott Happy Connecting. Sent from my Sprit Samsung Galaxy S@ 5 Original message — Av» Roply » Share» pep lapa cm reponse wating th ccc 200 wonJoumana Medle} mascot 2 years ago Good to hear! AM = Reply + Share» LUISE + 2years 0 ‘Ass this the right way to make some kind of logos? Av = Reply » Share» | Cem kis Looking for something to help kick start your next project? Envato Market has a range of items for sale to help get you started epee rapa com tegen acc wagStock Photos Royalty Free Images From $1 allss e tuts+ Tutorials Video Courses Meet Envato. Join our Community Help and Support pep lapa comers twain ccc 200 emEmail Newsletters Get Envato Tutst updates, news, surveys & offers Email Adcress Seoserbe From logo design to video animation, web development to website copy: expert designers developers and digital talent are ready to complete your projects Pee for your proje Check out Envato Studio's services choose from over § milion royalyfee photos and images priced LMA trom $1. No subscription required Een) Deen pep lapa cm reponse wating th ccc 200 sono(© 2016 Envat ry Lid, Trademarks and brands atthe prope of th respective owner, pep lapa cm trees watirg ith ccc 200 sanapep lapa cme watirg ih ccc 200 oropep lapa cm trees watirg ith ccc 200 soso