Rotation of Sun and Planets

By Samy Esmaeil.
Email: saeles@yahoo.com

1-Abstract.
If a small body of mass (m) orbit a large body of mass (M) then ,my be we can calculate the sidereal rotation
period of the large body (M) From the rotational equation.
The rotational equation can calculate the rotation period for a Star of mass(M)which circled by another mass (m).
The nine Planets orbit our sun so,we can calculate the rotation period of our sun.
Also, from the rotation Equation we can calculate the rotation period of Earth,Mars,Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus,Neptune
and Pluto because all this planets are circled by another moons with small mass (m).
The rotation period of the large body is highly effected by the inclination degree of the small body orbit.

2-Introduction.:
The moons are "driving" the rotation of their parent planet in the same way, as sun's rotation is being Controlled by
the planets.( Franz J. Heeke;Germany)

3-The rotation Equation:

Where:
T=Rotation period of the large body (sec)
K=Moment of inertia factor of the large body.
M= Large body mass or parent Body mass (kg)
G=Gravitational constant.
R= Polar radius for the large body(meter)
D= Density for the large body(Kg/m3)
a=semimajor axis for the center of mass of all satellites that orbit large body (meter)
=Distance between the large body center and the center of masses of all satellites that orbit this large body.
i=Orbit inclination of the center of mass of all satellites that orbit large body (degrees)
m=Total mass of all satellites that orbit the large body (kg)
d= Mean density for the total satellites that orbit large body(Kg/m3)
r =Mean Polar radius of all satellites (meter)
In other words ,if the large body circled by more than one satellite,we can consider all this satellites as a
one satellite of a mass (m)=total mass of all satellites,has a semimajor axis a=distance between the center of mass
of all satellites and large body,also has a density d=mean density of all satellites.

Large body properties

Observed Calculated Grav.
Rotation Rotion
Const.
To
T
G
hr
hr

Earth

Mass
M
Kg

Small body properties

Polar Mom.
Radius Inertia Density Incl.
Rp
k
D
I
Cos2
meter
kg/m3 Degr.

23.90

7E-011 6.0E+24 6356800 0.331 5515

24.62

24.32

7E-011 6.4E+23 3375000

0.36

3933 5.15 0.99 1E+016 12151530 9714.483

1 1E+016 9378000
1
9200
1 3E+015 23459000
1.8
5200

1870
1900
1750

7E-011 1.9E+27

0.25

1326 0.22
0.04
0.47

1 4E+023 1.1E+009 3472608

1 9E+022 4.2E+008 1821600
1 5E+022 6.7E+008 1560800

2402
3530
3010

0.2
0.28

1 1E+023 1.1E+009 2631200

1 1E+023 1.9E+009 2410300

1940
1830

Phobos
Deimos

Jupiter
Io
Europa
Ganymede
Callisto

Semi.Maj. Polar
Axis
Radius Density
a
rp
d
meter
meter
kg/m3

23.93

Moon

Mars

Mass
m
Kg

9.90

9.27

7E+007

5.15
5.15

0.99 7E+022 3.8E+008 1736000

0.99 7E+022 3.8E+008 1736000

3350
3350

Saturn

10.70

10.96

7E-011 5.7E+26

5E+007

0.22

Uranus

17.2

15.17

7E-011 8.7E+25

2E+007

16.11

12.24

7E-011 1.0E+26

153.30

150.92

600

599

1858
1500
1240
1881
1020

0.22

1 9E+021 4.2E+008 1100315

1270 0.21
4.22 0.99 7E+019 1.3E+008 232900
1 1E+021 1.9E+008 577700
0.31
1 1E+021 2.7E+008 584700
0.36
1 4E+021 4.4E+008 788900
0.14
1 3E+021 5.8E+008 761400
0.1

1634
1200
1670
1400
1710
1630

2E+007

0.22

1638

157 0.85 2E+022 3.5E+008 1353400

157 0.85 2E+022 3.5E+008 1353400

2050
2050

7E-011 1.3E+22 1195000

0.29

1750 98.8 0.02 2E+021 19600000

98.8 0.02 2E+021 19600000

7E-011 2.0E+30

0.06

1400 1.56
1.3
2.49
0.77
1.77

Miranda
Ariel
Umbriel
Titania
Oberon

Neptune

1
687 0.49
1
0.02
1
0.35
1
0.33
14.7 0.94

1.3E+009 2620044
3.8E+008 560000
5.3E+008 764000
1.2E+009 2575000
5.6E+009 718000

Dione
Rhea
Titan
Iapetus

Triton

Pluto
Charon

Sun

7E+008

Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune

1
1
1
1
1

1E+023
1E+021
2E+021
1E+023
2E+021

3E+027
2E+027
6E+026
9E+025
1E+026

1.1E+012
7.8E+011
1.4E+012
2.9E+012
4.5E+012

Table (1)All data of sun ,planets and satellites which used in the rotation equation.

4-Determination of Earth rotation period:

The Earth has one satellite (the Moon)
From Table (1)
K=0.331
M=5.9736E+24 (kg)
R= 6.3568E+6(meter)
D= 5515(Kg/m3)
a=3.844E+8 (meter)
i=5.14 (degrees)
m=7.35E+22 (kg)
d= 3340(Kg/m3)
r =1735000 (meter)
Then from rotation equation the rotation period of Earth is 23.9 hr

5-Determination of Mars rotation period:

All data about the large body Mars are in table (1)
There are two satellites orbit Mars
m= Total mass of all satellites that orbit the large body Mars (kg)
=1.32E+16
a=semimajor axis for the center of mass of all satellites that orbit Mars (meter)
=(m1a1+m2a2)/(m1+m2)=1.2E+7 (meter)
i=Orbit inclination of the center of mass of all satellites that orbit large body (degrees)
=(m1i1+m2i2)/(m1+m2)=1.158 (degrees)

593000
593000

2000
2000

8E+007
7E+007
5E+007
2E+007
2E+007

1199
1326
687
1270
1638

d= Mean density for the total satellites that orbit large body(Kg/m3)
=(m1d1+m2d2)/(m1+m2)=1870.5 (Kg/m3)
r =Mean Polar radius for the total satellites (meter)
r3=(r1)3+(r2)3=(9200)3+(5200)3
r=9714 (meter)
All the above data are calculated in table (1)
Then from the rotation Equation ,the rotation period of Mars=24.3 hr

6-Determination of Jupiter rotation period:

All data about the large body Jupiter are in table (1)
There are four satellites orbit Jupeter, the masses of this satellites are big compared with the other satellites that orbit
jupiter.so,the other satellites are negligable.
The big satellites that orbit Jupiter are shown in Table (1).
m= Total mass of all satellites that orbit the large body Jupiter (kg)
=3.93E+23
a=semimajor axis for the center of mass of all satellites that orbit Jupiter (meter)
=(m1a1+m2a2+m3a3+m4a4)/(m1+m2+m3+m4)=1.096E+9 (meter)
i=Orbit inclination of the center of mass of all satellites that orbit large body (degrees)
=(m1i1+m2i2+m3i3+m4i4)/(m1+m2+m3+m4)=0.217 (degrees)
d= Mean density for the total satellites that orbit large body(Kg/m3)
=(m1d1+m2d2+m3d3+m4d4)/(m1+m2+m3+m4)=2401.8 (Kg/m3)
r =Mean Polar radius for the total satellites (meter)
r3=(r1)3+(r2)3+(r3)3+(r4)3=(1821600)3+(1560800)3+(2631200)3+(2410300)3
r=3472608 (meter)
All the above data are calculated in table (1)
Then from the rotation Equation ,the rotation period of Jupiter=9.3 hr

7-Determination of Sun rotation period:

All data about the large body Sun are in table (1)
There are four planets(Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus and Neptune) orbit Sun, the masses of this planets are big compared
with the others (Earth,Mars,.) that orbit Sun.so,the other planets are negligable.
The big planets that orbit Sun are shown in Table (1).
m= Total mass of all planets that orbit the large body Sun (kg)
= m1+m2+m3+m4 = 2.656E+27
a=semimajor axis for the center of mass of all planets that orbit Sun(meter)
=(m1a1+m2a2+m3a3+m4a4)/(m1+m2+m3+m4)=1.131E+12 (meter)
i=Orbit inclination of the center of mass of all planets that orbit large body (degrees)
=(m1i1+m2i2+m3i3+m4i4)/(m1+m2+m3+m4)=1.555 (degrees)

d= Mean density for the total planets that orbit large body Sun (Kg/m3)
=(m1d1+m2d2+m3d3+m4d4)/(m1+m2+m3+m4)=1199.46 (Kg/m3)
r =Mean Polar radius for the total planets (meter)
r3=(r1)3+(r2)3+(r3)3+(r4)3=(66854000)3+(54364000)3+(24973000)3+(24341000)3
r=87665590.5 (meter)
All the above data are calculated in table (1)
Then from the rotation Equation ,the rotation period of Sun=599.5 hr
Note:
In future we can consider the inclination degree of the center of mass that orbit sun is (0) and measure the
inclination degree of all planets and moons with respect to it.
As,the same method ,we can calculate the rotation period of Saturn,Uranus,Neptune and pluto.All data are
shown in table(1)

S.No

Large body

Rotation period

1
2
3
4
5

Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus

Observed(hr)
23.93
24.6
9.9
10.7
17.2

6
7
8

Neptune
Pluto
Sun

16.1
153.3
600

Rotation
period
Calculated(hr
)
23.9
24.3
9.3
10.96
15.2
12.2
150.9
599.5

Table(2) A comparison between the measured and calculated rotation period

8-Conclusion :
The rotation period of a Large body circled by one or more satellites can be calculated theoretically.
The rotation period of the large body is highly effected by the inclination degree of the small body orbit.
We can consider the average inclination degree of all planets is (0) and measure the inclination degree of all
planets and moons with respect to it.