%%%%%%%% -------------DAY 1---------%%%%%%%%

%%%%%%Some basic programs on images%%%%%%

>> zeros(3)
ans =
0

>> ones(3)
ans =
1

>> eye(3)
ans =
1

>> ones(3)*2
ans =
2

>> a = [1 2 3]
a=
1

>> b = [1,2,3]

b=
1

>> c = [1;2;3]
c=
1
2
3

>> d = [1 2;3 4]
d=
1

>> e = [1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9]

e=
1

>> magic(3)
ans =
8

>> pascal(3)
ans =
1

>> rand(3,4)
ans =
0.9501

0.4860

0.4565

0.4447

0.2311 0.8913

0.0185

0.6154

0.6068

0.8214

0.7919

0.7621

>> randint(3)
ans =
1

>> randn(3,4)%%Displays +ve and -ve values

ans =
-0.4326

0.2877

1.1892

0.1746

-1.6656 -1.1465 -0.0376 -0.1867

0.1253

1.1909

0.3273

>> A = [1 2 3;4 5 6; 7 8 9]
A=
1

>> B = size(A)

0.7258

B=
3

>> C = length(A)
C=
3

>> A = [11 12 13;14 15 16;17 18 19]

A=
11 12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

>> B = sum(A)
B=
42

45

48

>> C = sum(B)
C=

135

>> D = diag(A)
D=
11
15
19

>> E = diag(A, -1)

E=
14
18

>> F = det(A)
F=
0

>> G = norm(A)
G=
45.6601
>> H = inv(A)
Warning: Matrix is close to singular or badly scaled.
Results may be inaccurate. RCOND = 1.387779e-017.
H=
1.0e+014 *
1.8765 -3.7530
-3.7530

7.5060 -3.7530

1.8765 -3.7530

>> J = A'
J=
11 14

17

12

15

18

13

16

19

>> K = A/2
K=

1.8765

1.8765

5.5000

6.0000

6.5000

7.0000

7.5000

8.0000

8.5000

9.0000

9.5000

>> L = mod(A,4)
L=
3

%%%%%%%%%Matrix Indexing%%%%%%%%%

>> A = [1 2 3;4 5 6; 7 8 9]
A=
1

>> A(3, 2)

ans =
8
>> A(end,end-2)
ans =
7

>> A(1,:)
ans =
1

>> A(2,:)
ans =
4

>> A(:,1)
ans =
1
4
7

>> A(:,3)
ans =
3
6
9

>> A(:,:,:)
ans =
1

>> A(:,2,:)
ans =
2
5
8
>> A(1,:,:)
ans =

>> A(1,2,:)
ans =
2
>> A(0+[1 2],1+[1 2])
ans =
2

%%%%%%%-------- Arithmetic Operators---------%%%%%%%%%%

MATLAB provides these arithmetic operators.

Day 2

%%%%%%%% -------------DAY 2---------%%%%%%%%

%%%%%%%%%------Image Processing------%%%%%%%%%%%

% How to read an image

A=imread (filename);

% To display the image

imshow (A);
imview(A);
X=imread(Path);
imshow(X);

X=imread(Path);
imshow(X);

% Add a constant to an image.

I = imread('rice.png');
J = imadd(I,50);
subplot(1,2,1), imshow(I)
subplot(1,2,2), imshow(J)

OUTPUT:

% Subtract a constant value from an image:

I = imread('rice.png');
Iq = imsubtract(I,50);
imview(I),imview(Iq)
OUTPUT:

% Scale an image by a constant factor:

I = imread('moon.tif');
J = immultiply(I,0.5);

subplot(1,2,1), imshow(I)
subplot(1,2,2), imshow(J)
OUTPUT:

% Divide by a constant of the rice image.

I = imread('rice.png');
J = imdivide(I,2);
subplot(1,2,1), imshow(I)
subplot(1,2,2), imshow(J)

OUTPUT:

% Adjust a low-contrast grayscale image.

I = imread('pout.tif');
J = imadjust(I);
imview(I), imview(J)
OUTPUT:

% A low-contrast image with its histogram.

I = imread('pout.tif');
imshow(I)
figure, imhist(I,64)

OUTPUT:

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0

50

100

150

200

%Entropy
%Entropy is used to characterize the texture of the input image.
I = imread('circuit.tif');
J = entropy(I)
OUTPUT:
J = 6.9439

%A high-contrast image with its histogram.

I = imread('cameraman.tif');
figure; imshow(I); imhist(I,64);
OUTPUT:

250

4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0

50

100

150

200

250

%Add two images together and specifies an output class.

I = imread('rice.png');
J = imread('cameraman.tif');
K = imadd(I,J,'uint16');
imshow(K,[])

OUTPUT:

% To display the r, g, b components of an color image

a=imread('football.jpg');
subplot(2,2,1),imshow(a);title('rgb image');

b=a(:,:,1);
subplot(2,2,2),imshow(b);title('r component image');
c=a(:,:,2);
subplot (2,2,3),imshow(c);title('g component image');
d=a(:,:,3);
subplot(2,2,4),imshow(d);title('b component image');
rgb image

r component image

g component image

b component image

2)
a=imread('peppers.png');
subplot(2,2,1),imshow(a);title('rgb image');

b=rgb2gray(a);

subplot(2,2,2),imshow(b);title('gray scale image ');

c=rgb2ind(a,234);%tolerance value between (0 to 255)

subplot(2,2,3),imshow(c);title('indexed image');

d=im2bw(a);
subplot(2,2,4),imshow(d);title('binary image');

e=rgb2ntsc(a);figure,
subplot(2,2,1),imshow(e);title('national television systems commitee
image');

rgb image

gray scale image

indexed image

binary image

% To convert an indexed image to the gray scale image

[a,map]=imread('trees.tif');
imshow(a,map);

f=ind2gray(a,map);figure,
subplot(2,2,2),imshow(f);title('gray scale image');
original image

a=imread('peppers.png');
subplot(2,2,1),imshow(a);title('rgb image');

b=rgb2ycbcr(a);
subplot(2,2,2),imshow(b);title('ycbcr image ');

c= ycbcr2rgb(b);
subplot(2,2,3),imshow(c);title('rgb image');

gray scale image

rgb image

ycbcr image

indexed image

% To rotate an image 35 counterclockwise and use bilinear

interpolation.
I = imread('circuit.tif');
J = imrotate(I,35,'bilinear');
imshow(I)
figure, imshow(J)

OUTPUT:

% Crop an image
clc;
close all;
clear all;
I = imread('circuit.tif');
I2 = imcrop(I,[75 68 130 112]);
imview(I), imview(I2)

OUTPUT:

% To increases the size of the image

I = imread('circuit.tif');
J = imresize(I,1.25);
imshow(I)
figure, imshow(J)
OUTPUT:

IMAGE TRANSFORMS
Image transforms

Fourier transform

a=imread('peppers.png');
subplot(2,2,1),imshow(a);title('original image');
b=fft(a);
subplot(2,2,2),imshow(b);title('transformed image');
c=ifft(b);
subplot(2,2,3),imshow(c,[]);title('restored image');
original image

transformed image

restored image

% Create geometric transformation structure

I = imread('cameraman.tif');

tform = maketform('affine',[1 0 0; .5 1 0; 0 0 1]);

J = imtransform(I,tform);
imshow(I), figure, imshow(J)
OUTPUT:

DAY 3

%%%%%%%% -------------DAY 3---------%%%%%%%%

Image enhancement

Image enhancement

% Add gaussian noise to an image

I = imread('eight.tif');
J = imnoise(I, 'gaussian');

imshow(I);
figure, imshow(J);
OUTPUT:

% Add salt & pepper noise to an image

I = imread('eight.tif');
J = imnoise(I,'salt & pepper',0.02);
imshow(I)
figure, imshow(J)
OUTPUT:

% Filter the noisy image with an averaging filter and display the
results.
I = imread('eight.tif');
imshow(I)
J = imnoise(I,'salt & pepper',0.02);
figure, imshow(J)
K = filter2(fspecial('average',3),J)/255;
figure, imshow(K)

OUTPUT:

% Median filters to filter the noisy image and display the results.
I = imread('eight.tif');
imshow(I)
J = imnoise(I,'salt & pepper',0.02);
figure, imshow(J)
L = medfilt2(J,[3 3]);
figure, imshow(L)
OUTPUT:

% Filtering of images, either by correlation or convolution

I = imread('coins.png');
h = ones(5,5) / 25;
I2 = imfilter(I,h);
imshow(I), title('Original Image');
figure, imshow(I2), title('Filtered Image')

OUTPUT:

Original Image

Filtered Image

% Blurred image.
I = imread('cameraman.tif');
subplot(2,2,1);
imshow(I); title('Original Image');

H = fspecial('motion',20,45);
MotinBlur = imfilter(I,H,'replicate');
subplot(2,2,2);
imshow(MotionBlur); title('Motion Blurred Image');

H = fspecial('disk',10);
blurred = imfilter(I,H,'replicate');
subplot(2,2,3);
imshow(blurred); title('Blurred Image');

H = fspecial('Unsharp');
sharpeneded = imfilter(I,H,'replicate');

subplot(2,2,4);
imshow(sharpened); title('Sharpened Image');
OUTPUT:
Original Image

Motion Blurred Image

Blurred Image

Sharpened Image

DAY 4
Image
restoration

%To blur an image using a function psf.

I = imread('peppers.png');
I = I(10+[1:256],222+[1:256],:);
figure;imshow(I);title('Original Image');
LEN = 31;
THETA = 11;
PSF = fspecial('motion',LEN,THETA);
Blurred = imfilter(I,PSF,'circular','conv');
figure; imshow(Blurred);title('Blurred Image');

OUTPUT:
Original Image

%Deblurring with the Wiener Filter:

I = imread('peppers.png');

Blurred Image

I = I(10+[1:256],222+[1:256],:);
figure;imshow(I);title('Original Image');
LEN = 31;
THETA = 11;
PSF = fspecial('motion',LEN,THETA);
Blurred = imfilter(I,PSF,'circular','conv');
figure; imshow(Blurred);title('Blurred Image');
wnr1 = deconvwnr(Blurred,PSF);
figure;imshow(wnr1);
title('Restored, True PSF');

OUTPUT:
Original Image

Blurred Image

Restored, True PSF

% Deblurring with a Regularized Filter

I = imread('tissue.png');
I = I(125+[1:256],1:256,:);
figure; imshow(I); title('Original Image');
PSF = fspecial('gaussian',11,5);
Blurred = imfilter(I,PSF,'conv');
V = .02;
BlurredNoisy = imnoise(Blurred,'gaussian',0,V);
figure;imshow(BlurredNoisy);title('Blurred and Noisy Image');
NP = V*prod(size(I));
[reg1 LAGRA] = deconvreg(BlurredNoisy,PSF,NP);
figure,imshow(reg1),title('Restored Image');

Original Image

Blurred and Noisy Image

Restored Image

Restoration algorithms
% deblurring with the lucy richardson filter
I = imread('football.jpg');
subplot(2,2,1),imshow(I);title('Original Image');
PSF = fspecial('gaussian',5,5);
% Create a simulated blur in the image and add noise.
Blurred = imfilter(I,PSF,'circular','conv');
V = .02;
BlurredNoisy = imnoise(Blurred,'gaussian',0,V);
subplot(2,2,2),imshow(BlurredNoisy);title('Blurred and Noisy ');
luc1 = deconvlucy(BlurredNoisy,PSF,5);
subplot(2,2,3); imshow(luc1);
title('Restored Image');

Original Image

Restored Image

Blurred and Noisy

DAY 5
COMPRESSIO
N
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%day 5 %%%%%%%%%%
Compression

a = im2double(imread('cameraman.tif'));
imshow(a);title('original image');
v = dctmtx(size(a,1));
dct = v*a*v';

figure, imshow(dct);title('dct image');

original image

dct image

I = imread('coins.png');
imshow(I);title('original image');
I = im2double(I);
T = dctmtx(8);
B = blkproc(I,[8 8],'P1*x*P2',T,T');
mask = [1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0];
B2 = blkproc(B,[8 8],'P1.*x',mask);
I2 = blkproc(B2,[8 8],'P1*x*P2',T',T);
imshow(I), figure, imshow(I2);title('dct compressed image');

OUTPUT:

dct compressed image

% Un sharp contrast enhancement filter

I = imread('cameraman.tif');
subplot(2,2,1);
imshow(I); title('Original Image');
H = fspecial('unsharp');
sharpened = imfilter(I,H,'replicate');
subplot(2,2,4);
imshow(sharpened); title('Sharpened Image');
OUTPUT:

Wavelets

a=imread('cameraman.tif');
subplot(3,2,1),imshow(a);title('original image');
[ca,ch,cv,cd]=dwt2(a,'haar');
subplot(3,2,2),imshow(mat2gray(ca));title('approximation coefficents
image');
subplot(3,2,3),imshow(ch);title('horizontal coefficients image');
subplot(3,2,4),imshow(cv);title('vertical coefficients image');
subplot(3,2,5),imshow(cd);title('diagnol coefficients image');
c=idwt2(ca,ch,cv,cd,'haar');
subplot(3,2,6),imshow(mat2gray(c));title('reconstructed image');

original image

approximation coefficents image

horizontal coefficients image

vertical coefficients image

diagnol coefficients image

reconstructed image

DAY 6

%%%%%%%%%%day 6 %%%%%%%%%%

segmentation
% Edge-detection method that edge provides is the Sobel and Canny
method
I = imread('coins.png');
imshow(I)
BW1 = edge(I,'sobel');
BW2 = edge(I,'canny');
imshow(BW1);
figure, imshow(BW2);
OUTPUT:

% edge-detection method that edge provides is the prewitt and

Canny method
z= imread('cameraman.tif');
BW1 = edge(z,'prewitt');

BW2 = edge(z,'canny');
imshow(BW1);title('prewitt image');
figure, imshow(BW2);title('canny image');
OUTPUT:
prewitt image

Segmentation
% applying the watershed transform
a=imread('football.jpg');
imshow(a);title('original image');
b=watershed(a);
figure,imshow(b);title('transformed image');

canny image

original image

transformed image

%bwmorph means Morphological operations on binary images

% Morphological operations are create connectivity array,
% reconstruction morphologically etc.

%remove-removes interior pixels.

BW = imread('circles.png');
imshow(BW);
BW2 = bwmorph(BW,'remove');
figure, imshow(BW2);
OUTPUT:

%SKELETONIZATION
%To reduce all objects in an image to lines, without changing the essential
structure of the image is known as skeletonization.
BW1 = imread('circbw.tif');
BW2 = bwmorph(BW1,'skel',Inf);
imshow(BW1);
figure, imshow(BW2)
OUTPUT:

%Matrix to grayscale image convertion

%filter2- 2-D digital filter
%fspecial- Create predefined 2-D filter
%mat2gray- Convert matrix to grayscale image
I = imread('rice.png');
J = filter2(fspecial('sobel'),I);
K = mat2gray(J);
imshow(I), figure, imshow(K)
OUTPUT:

%Reverse black and white in a binary image.

%imcomplement- Complement image
bw = imread('text.png');
bw2 = imcomplement(bw);
subplot(1,2,1),imshow(bw)
subplot(1,2,2),imshow(bw2)
OUTPUT:

% To plot the border on the image.

I=imread(cameraman.tif);
imshow(I)
BW = im2bw(I);
imshow(BW)
dim = size(BW)
col = round(dim(2)/2)-90;
row = min(find(BW(:,col)))

boundary = bwtraceboundary(BW,[row, col],'N');

imshow(I)
hold on;
plot(boundary(:,2),boundary(:,1),'g','LineWidth',10);
OUTPUT:

%To rotate an image 35 counterclockwise and use bilinear interpolation.

I = imread('circuit.tif');
J = imrotate(I,35,'bilinear');
imshow(I)
figure, imshow(J)
OUTPUT:

%creating a mask to an image.

I = imread('cameraman.tif');
BW = imread('text.png');
mask = BW(1:256,1:256);
f = inline('imadjust(x,[],[],0.3)');
I2 = roifilt2(I,mask,f);
imshow (I2)

OUTPUT:

%Edgetapering
original = imread('cameraman.tif');
PSF = fspecial('gaussian',60,10);
edgesTapered = edgetaper(original,PSF);
figure, imshow(original,[]);
figure, imshow(edgesTapered,[]);
OUTPUT: