Analysis of Sine Wave Inverter Harmonics Contents by Simulation

ANALYSIS OF SINE WAVE INVERTER
HARMONICS CONTENTS BY SIMULATION
A Thesis
Submitted to the department of Electrical Power Engineering
Of
COMSATS Institute Of Information Technology Abbottabad
By
Ashfaq Muhammad Khan
Reg # Sp08-EPE-081
Noor Ahmad Shah
Reg # Sp08-EPE-070
Khizar Jahngir
Reg # Sp08-BEE-030
In the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor Of

Science in Electrical Power Engineering, Jan 2012
COMSATS University,
Abbottabad
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this thesis is based on the result I found in my thesis
work. Contents of work found by other researcher are mentioned by
references. This thesis has never been previously submitted for any degree
neither in a whole nor in a part.
Signature of
Signature Of
Supervisor
Author
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly I would like to thank my supervisor Engr. Mohsin Shahzad for giving us the
opportunity to work on this project under his supervision and also for his invaluable
support and guidance throughout the period of Project.
Through his supervision I have learned a lot.
APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
We have developed this hardware and accompanied report entirely on the basis of our
own effort, under the sincere guidance of our supervisor and seniors. If any part of this
system is proved to be copied out from any source or found to be reproduction of
someone else, we will stand by consequences.
Signature of Head of the Department
Signature of Supervisor
.
Signature of DOO
.
ABSTRACT
Energy crises are special attention in todays world. The unending usage of nonrenewable energy sources will bring an end to the limited resources in near future. In
order to preserve the resources, several alternative renewable sources have been use
in these days. The power generated from the renewable sources like solar energy,
produces is a DC power which can be stored in batteries. This DC power needs to be
converted to AC power as most of the appliances used in our daily life are dependent
on AC power. To overcome this obstacle DC-AC inverter took birth.
Inverter can be categorized into three groups i-e square wave, modified sine wave
and pure sine wave. Considering power wattage, efficiency and harmonics contents,
pure sine wave inverter has proved to have the best quality among the three types.
The control circuit for pure sine wave inverter produces sinusoidal pulse width
modulation.
In this thesis project, Performance of microcontroller based control circuit used in

invertr has been analyzed and DC-AC pure sine wave inverter used the analog control
circuit has been implemented.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Motivation
Introduction
Types of Inverter
Topology of pure sine wave inverter
Topology 1. Analog control circuit
Topology 2. Microcontroller based control circuit
(10)
(11)
(11)
(13)
CHAPTER-2
DESIGNING OF SINE WAVE INVERTER
2.1
Design Method of Pure sine wave inverter (Topology-1
(15)
2.2
Block Diagram
(15)
2.3
Software Simulation
(16)
2.4
Simulink model of Inverter
(17)
2.5
Simulink model of SPWM
(18)
2.6
Scope Window
(18)
2.7
Relational operator
(18)
2.8
Simulation Result using Different loads
(19)
2.8.1
Using resistive load
(19)
2.8.2
Using inductive load
(20)
CHAPTER-3
HARMONICS
3.1
Harmonics
(21)
3.2
What are Harmonics?
(21)
3.3
What cause Harmonics?
(22)
3.4
A little about AC Drives
(24)
3.5
Effects
(24)
3.6
Technique for the reduction of harmonics
(25)
3.7
Electronic filter use for the reduction of harmonics
(26)
CHAPTER-4
FILTERS
4.1
Passive filter
(26)
4.2
Low pass RL filter
(27)
4.3
RC band pass filter
(29)
4.4
RC band stop filter
(31)
4.5
Series resonant band pass filter
(34)
4.6
Low pass RC filter
(36)
CHAPTER-5
HARDWARE
5.1
Introduction
(39)
5.2
System Overview
(39)
5.3
Conclusion
(41)
5.4
Output wave form of microcontroller based inverter
(41)
5.5
Active filter
(42)
5.6
Analogue filter
(43)
5.7
Digital filter
(44)
CHAPTER-6
Indexes
6.1
6.2
Data Sheet of inverter

Coding
(45)
(50)
List of Figures
Fig(1.1)
Pure sine wave inverter.13
Fig(1.2)
PWM.14
Fig(2.1)
Block diagram of the system16
Fig(2.2)
Simulink model of inverter.17
Fig(2.3)
Simulink model of SPWM18
Fig(2.4)
Simulation result using resistive load.19
Fig(2.5)
Simulation result using inductive load20
Fig(3.1)
Resultant wave form of sine wave with the presence of 3 rdand5thharmonic22
Fig(4.1)
Passive filter..26
Fig(4.2)
Implementation of low pass RL filter27
Fig(4.3)
Simulation result.28
Fig(4.4)
FFT Analysis28
Fig(4.5)
RC band pass filter.29
Fig(4.6)
Implementation of RC band pass filter.30
Fig(4.7)
Simulation result of RC band pass filter30
Fig(4.8)
FFT analysis of RC band pass filter31
Fig(4.9)
Implementation of RC Band stop filter..32
Fig(4.10) FFT analysis of RC band stop filter33

Fig(4.11) Simulation result of RC band stop 33
Fig(4.12) Series resonant band pass filter.34
Fig(4.13) Implementation of series resonant band pass filter35

Fig(4.14) Simulation result of Series Resonant band pass filter35
Fig(4.15) FFT Analysis of series resonant band pass filter .36
Fig(4.16) implementation of low pass RC filter..37
Fig(4.17) Simulation result of low pass RC filter. 37
Fig(4.18) FFT analysis of low pass RC filter38
Fig(5.1)
Schematic diagram of the photovoltaic inverter.39
Fig(5.2)
Single phase full bridge inverter.40
Fig(5.3)
PIC18F4437 for the generation of SPWM single phase inverter.40
Fig(5.4)
Output wave form in Oscilloscope.41
Fig(5.5)
Sine wave inverter with output wave form. 42
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Motivation:-
Pakistan is suffering from shortage of electricity and to overcome the crises

alternative source of energy is expanding, especially in rural areas of Pakistan. The
solar home system is one of the alternative sources that can mitigate the demand of
electricity especially in rural areas where electricity has not reached yet.
Solar energy is a renewable energy without causing pollution to the environment. The
maximum electricity that a solar panel can produce is 130 watt by this panel. 11 CFL
(compact florescent lamp) of 6 watt power and 17-20 inches back and white TV can
run. Fan conducted on DC current can also be run by this solar energy.
After some research, we found that most of the companies, including SIEMENS System
a dependent on DC appliances. Due to lack of proper inverter, companies provide
usages of DC appliances only and not AC appliances. That is because, the existing
inverters produces modified sine wave (square waves) which causes a power loss and
harms the AC appliances. It is learned that the amount of investment in this energy
sector in rural areas per year is more than 2500 corer. 60% of this invested in solar
panel total of which requires being imported from outside. 25% is invested in battery
and the rest 15% in small mechanical parts. The companies are interested to extend
the service to the city dwellers.
In near future, the demand of pure sin wave inverter will be sky-rocketing, since most
of the appliances around us are dependent on AC power. Thus, this has motivated us
to create a pure sine wave inverter which can be implemented in solar homes systems,
at in affordable cost so the rural people can be benefited besides others. Our goal is to
produces pure sine wave, and not modified. If we can successfully implement the
analog circuit, then we can digitize our pure sine wave inverter circuitry using
microcontroller appliances.
10
1.2
Introduction:-
The output of battery source is a 12 volt DC and the required for volt for AC appliances
is a 220V AC (50 Hz). The function of inverter is to convert 12 DC to 220V AC which
should have pure sine wave oscillation at 50 hertz like the ordinary household
electrical outlet. The method that we are applying in our experiment is, converting the
low voltage DC power to AC, and then using a transformer to boost the voltage to
220V AC.
In today's market, there are two different types of inverters, modified sine wave and
pure sine wave inverter. The modified sine wave is similar to a square wave which is
less efficient in power consumption. It produces high number of harmonics which
affects the devices, hence, reducing its life time. Whereas, a pure sin wave inverter
reduces the harmonics to minimum, thus increasing the efficiency of power
consumption and life time of AC appliances. It also reduces the audible and electrical
noise in audible equipment, TV's, Fluorescent lights and allows inductive load, l ike fan
to run faster and quieter. The basic differences between the three waves are shown
in the figure: 1, below. It can be noted that the square wave has the minimum
amplitude, that is, maximum distortion. The modified sin wave is quite similar to
square, but it rests at zero for moment then rises or falls, it's less distorted then the
square. Whereas, the pure sin wave shown, have zero distortion (maximum
amplitude) compared to the rest two with pure oscillation of sine wave.
1.3
Types Of Inverter:There are three types of Inverter

1. Square wave inverter
2. Modified Sine wave inverter
3. Pure Sine wave inverter
11
1.
Square wave inverter:-
Square wave inverters were the first invented inverter. Square wave inverter has had
odd number of harmonics and can hardly be used to AC appliances except some lights
and fans which eventually reduce their life time. This is cheapest inverter. The green
colored line shown in figure:1 illustrates the output of the square wave inverter
2. Modified Sine wave inverter:The Modified sine wave is more like the square wave which has less harmonic
distortion compared to square wave. The harsh corners from the square wave were
eliminated to transform it to a modified sine wave. This type of inverter mostly exits in
today's market. Although it is less harmful to devises compared to square wave, it still
heats up the coil in filter due to large amount of harmonic distortion and dissipates
power. The blue color line in figure (1) shows the modified sine wave .
3. Pure Sine wave inverter:Unlike square wave and modified sine wave, pure sine wave inverters maintain the
best quality due to the least number of harmonic distortions present in it. Usually sine
wave inverter are more expensive but it allows to us use all AC appliances and reduces
the humming noise of inductive loads. The red colored line represents the sine wave
with respect to the other two, in figure (1)
12
(Fig. 1.1) pure sine wave inverter
1.4
Topologies of Pure Sine wave inverter:-
Pulse width modulation is widely used as a source of powering alternating current (AC)
devices with available direct current (DC) source. Variation of duty cycle of the PWM
signal to provide dc voltages across the load in a specific pattern will appear to the
load as ac signal. The pattern at which the duty cycle of a PWM Signal varies can be
implemented using simple analog components or a digital microcontroller.
There are two basic topologies to generate sinusoidal PWM that controls that output
of the inverter. The two topologies are,
TOPOLOGY-1:- Analog Control Circuit:In this type of control circuit, the SPWM is generated by comparing a sine wave with a
high carrier frequency (Triangular wave or saw tooth wave) with sine wave as the
reference voltage. Figure
shows how SPWM is produced by comparing sine wave with
13
triangular wave. This type of topology, analog components is used to generate the sine
wave and carrier wave and compare them with analog comparator.
Vsine
Fig 1.2. Pulse width modulation
TOPOLOGY-2:- Microcontroller based control circuit:In this type of topology, the SPWM is directly achieved using microcontroller that will
control the final sine wave at the final output. Using this type of topology reduces the
cost and the size of the control circuit. The low cost micro controller like ATmega32 or
Pic18F443 i has built in PWM modules which require some command to generate the
necessary PWM wave form.
14
Chapter-2
DESIGNING OF SINEWAVE INVERER
2.1
Design Method of Pure Sine wave inverter (Topology-1):-
The implementation of pure sine wave inverter can be complex when thought of as a
whole but when broken into smaller projects and implementing them individually, it
becomes easier. the following sections describes how the individual blocks like
Oscillator section, carrier wave generator and switching circuit was implemented and
how the blocks were joined together.
2.2 Block Diagram:Our project consists of analog circuitry (resistors, capacitor, diode, variable resistors)
as well as discrete components (Integrated circuits -LM348, TL084, MC3302), MOSFET
driver (IR-2101), MOSFETs and step up transformer. That is all required to cons truct a
sin wave to generate 220V AC sine wave across a load. The block diagram (Figure 1)
illustrates the various parts or blocks of the project. The three basic blocks to control
the circuit are the Six volt reference, sine wave generator and triangle wave generator.
When these blocks are implemented with comparator, and other small circuitry, they
control the pulse width modulated (PWM) signals that are fed into two MOSFET
drivers. The comparator circuit also produces square waves that are fed into other
MOSFET drivers which determine the polarity of the final output sin wave. The PWM
signals fed into the MOSFET Driver performs the level translation to drive four NChannel MOSFETs in an H-Bridge configuration. From here, the signals from the NChannel MOSFETs are passed through a low pass filter so that the output is a pure sin
wave of 12V P-P with 50 hertz frequency. Then the signal will be boosted up to 220 V
AC using a step-up transformer.
15
StapUp
220V ac
Transformer
Fig-2.1 Block Diagram Of the system
2.3
Software Simulation:-
In order to understand the circuit, we had to design the circuit in MATLAB software and
note the outputs at some specific nodes. A 12V DC supply is used and makes it step down
to 6V through regulator. In SPWM we compare two waves i-e sine wave and rectangular
wave and generate pulses. 4 MOSFETs switches are used for to convert theses pulses to
pure sine wave. An ammeter is used in series and voltmeter is used in parallel to measure
the voltage and current in the circuit.
16
2.4
SIMULINK Model Of Inverter:-
(Fig 2.2)
A pulses are applied on the gate of the MOSFETs. Voltage and current are measured on
the load through voltmeter and ammeter. For the safety of the circuit, we used fuses after
the switches.
17
2.5
SIMULINK Model of SPWM:-
(Fig 2.3)
2.6
Scope Window:-
If the Scope windows are closed at the start of a simulation, scope data is still written to the
connected Scopes. As a result, if you open a Scope after a simulation, the Scope window displays the
input signal or signals.
2.7 Relational Operator:By default, the Relational Operator block compares two inputs using the Relational operator
parameter that you specify. The first input corresponds to the top input port and the second
input to the bottom input port.
Here two waves are compared through comparator which can be seen on the scope.
18
2.8
SIMULATION Results Using Different Loads:-
2.8.1 Using Resistive Load:Using resistive load current and voltage are in phase. The simulation results is as follows.
(Fig 2.4) Simulation result using resistive load
We can easily see here that Switch 1 and Switch 4 are ON on the same time and Switch
2 and Switch 3 are ON on the same time. On the last two line it shows Voltage and
Current. Because of the resistive Load Voltage and Current are in phase. No angle
difference between them.
19
2.8.2
Using Inductive Load:-
(Fig 2.5) Simulation using Inductive load
Using inductive load, it is clear from the figure that voltage and current are not in
phase but voltage is leading from the current with some degree.
20
Chapter-3
HARMONICS
3.1
Harmonics:-
Definition:A harmonic of a wave is a component frequency of the signal that is an integer multiple
of the fundamental frequency i.e. if the fundamental frequency is f, the harmonics have
frequencies 2f, 3f, 4f, . . . etc. The harmonics have the property that they are all periodic
at the fundamental frequency, therefore the sum of harmonics is also periodic at that
frequency. Harmonic frequencies are equally spaced by the width of the fundamental
frequency and can be found by repeatedly adding that frequency. For example, if the
fundamental frequency is 25 Hz, the frequencies of the harmonics are: 50 Hz, 75 Hz,
100 Hz etc.
3.2
What are Harmonics:-
With more and more electronic devices being used the term harmonics comes into use.
Harmonics should be taken seriously but they are not the only cause of your electrical
problems. If you have tried everything and you are still having problems and you have a lot
of electronic devices it is something to think about. Any distortions in the voltage or current
wave causes harmonics. We can give you a lot of technical explanations on what harmonics
are but the intention of this website is to help everyone unders tand electrical terms not
cause more confusion. In fact a lot of people (including myself) in the electrical trade are
not
exactly
sure
how
harmonics
effect
electrical
circuits.
These harmonic currents create heat. This heat over a period of time, will ra ise the
temperature of the neutral conductor causing nuisance tripping of circuit breakers,
overvoltage problems, blinking of Incandescent Lights, computer malfunctions etc.
21
Among the electrical devices that seem to cause harmonics are Personal Computers,
Dimmers, Laser Printers, Electronic Ballast, Stereos, Radios, TVs, Fax Machines, and any
other equipment powered by switched-mode power supply (SMPS) equipment. This is not
to say that harmonics will cause all these problems, only that it is possible.
You can somewhat prevent these problems by using a dedicated circuit for electronic
equipment. Also on a branch circuit use an isolated ground wire for sensitive electronic and
computer equipment. A more expensive way is to rectify and filter the mains thus
effectively removing all low frequency harmonics including the fundamental. Oversized
neutrals is another possible means to prevent overheating of this wire. In power
distribution systems electricians are usually interested in measuring the current, thus a
"true-RMS" current measuring clamp-on meter is normally used.
Fig(3.1) The resultant wave form of a sine wave with the presence of 3 rd and 5 th harmonic
The Power company typically supplies a pure sine wave, But because of non linear loads
harmonics comes into in this pure sine wave. It becomes distorted.
3.3
What Cause Harmonics:-
22
Harmonics are the by-products of modern electronics. They occur frequently when there are
large numbers of personal computers (single phase loads), uninterruptible power supplies
(UPSs), variable frequency drives (AC and DC) or any electronic device using solid state
power switching supplies to convert incoming AC to DC. Non-linear loads create harmonics
by drawing current in abrupt short pulses, rather than in a smooth sinusoidal manner The
terms linear and non-linear define the waveform. A linear relationship exists between
the voltage and current, which is typical of an across-the-line load. A non-linear load has a
discontinuous current that does not correspond to the applied voltage waveform.
Common sources of harmonics are as follows
1.
Lighting Ballasts
2.
UPS System
3.
AC and DC Drives
1.
Lighting Ballasts:-
Lighting ballast is a piece of equipment required to control the starting and operating
voltages of electrical gas discharge lights. Examples of gas discharge light sources include
fluorescent and neon lights and high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps. The term lighting
ballast can refer to any component of the circuit intended to limit the flow of current through
the light, from a single resistor to more complex devices.
Lighting ballast is necessary to operate discharge lights because they have negative
resistance, meaning they are unable to regulate the amount of current that passes through
them. Lighting ballast must be used to control current flow; otherwise the light could fail.
Small light sources can use passive components, which require no additional power to
operate, as ballasts. An example would be a series resistor that limits the flow of current
across its terminals. For high-powered lights, however, a resistor would waste a large amount
of electricity, so more complex lighting ballast is required. Electromagnetic lighting ballast
uses electromagnetic induction to provide the starting and operating voltages of a gas
discharge light. Inside each is a coil of wire and an electromagnetic field that together
transform voltage. Some also include an igniter for high-power applications.
2.
UPS System:-
An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power source, UPS or

battery/flywheel backup, is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load
when the input power source, typically mains power fails. A UPS differs from an auxiliary or
emergency power system or standby generator in that it will provide instantaneous or nearinstantaneous protection from input power interruptions by means of one or more attached
batteries and associated electronic circuitry for low power users, and or by means of diesel
generators and flywheels for high power users. The on-battery runtime of most
uninterruptible power sources is relatively short515 minutes being typical for smaller
unitsbut sufficient to allow time to bring an auxiliary power source on line, or to properly
23
shut down the protected equipment. While not limited to protecting any particular type of
equipment, a UPS is typically used to protect computers, data centers, telecommunication
equipment or other electrical equipment where an unexpected power disruption could cause
injuries, fatalities, serious business disruption or data loss. UPS units range in size from units
designed to protect a single computer without a video monitor (around 200 VA rating) to
large units powering entire data centers, buildings, or even cities.
3. AC Drives:The word "drive" is used loosely in the industry. It seems that people involved primarily in
the world of gear boxes and pulleys refer to any collection of mechanical and electromechanical components, which when connected together will move a load, as a "drive".
When speaking to these people, an AC drive may be considered by them as the variable
frequency inverter and motor combination. It may even include the motor's pulley - I am not
sure. People in the electrical field and electrical suppliers usually refer to a variable frequency
inverter unit alone, or an SCR power module alone (when discussing DC drives) as the
"drive" and the motor as the "motor". Manufacturers of variable frequency drives (VFD) used
to refer to the drive as just that, a "variable frequency drive". More manufacturers are
referring to their drive as an "adjustable speed AC drive". To make matters worse when a
motor is included in the package it may be referred to as an "adjustable speed AC drive
system".
A variable frequency drive is an adjustable speed drive. Adjustable speed drives include all
types; mechanical and electrical. Now is it clear? Don't worry about it. It's not clear to
anyone. As you read on, when I refer to the "drive" I am referring to the variable frequency
inverter alone.
3.4 A little about AC drives:The main power components of an AC drive, have to be able to supply the required level of
current and voltage in a form the motor can use. The controls have to be able to provide the
user with necessary adjustments such as minimum and maximum speed settings, so that the
drive can be adapted to the user's process. Spare parts have to be available and the repair
manual has to be readable. It's nice if the drive can shut itself down when detecting either an
internal or an external problem. It's also nice if the drive components are all packaged in a
single enclosure to aid in installation but that's about it.
3.5
Effects:-
1.
Harmonics degrade the level of power quality and its efficiency particularly in a
commercial building or industry facility.
2.
Overheating of transformer and increased associated losses.
24
3.6
Technique for the reduction of Harmonics:-
Using Passive Filter:Method:- Provide a low-impedance path to ground for the

Harmonic frequencies.
Benefits:- May be tuned to a frequency between two prevalent harmonic s so as to help
attenuate both.
Concern:- Tuning the filter may be a labor intensive process. Filter are difficult to size
because they offer a path for harmonics from any source. Quite sensitive to any future
system changes.
3.7
Electronic Filters Use for the reduction of harmonics:-
Electronic filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing functions,
specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted
ones, or both. Electronic filters can be:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Passive or active
Analog or digital
high-pass, low-pass, bandpass, band-reject (band reject; notch), or all-pass.
discrete-time (sampled) or continuous-time
linear or non-linear
infinite impulse response (IIR type) or finite impulse response (FIR type)
The most common types of electronic filters are linear filters, regardless of other aspects of
their design. See the article on linear filters for details on their design and analysis.
25
Chapter 4
FILTERS
4.1 Passive Filter:A passive filter is a kind of electronic filter that is made only from passive elements in
contrast to an active filter, it does not require an external power source (beyond the signal).
Since most filters are linear, in most cases, passive filters are composed of just the four basic
linear elements resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers. More complex passive
filters may involve nonlinear elements, or more complex linear elements, such as
transmission lines.
A passive filter has several advantages over an active filter.
Guaranteed stability
Scale better to large signals (tens of amperes, hundreds of volts), where active devices are
often impractical
No power supply needed
Less expensive in discrete designs (unless large coils are required)
For linear filters, potentially greater linearity depending on components required
Fig 4.1. (Passive Filter)
They are commonly used in speaker crossover design (due to the moderately large voltages
and currents, and the lack of easy access to a power supply), filters in power distribution
networks (due to the large voltages and currents), power supply bypassing (due to low cost,
and in some cases, power requirements), as well as a variety of discrete and home brew
circuits (for low-cost and simplicity). Passive filters are uncommon in monolithic integrated
circuit design, where active devices are inexpensive compared to resistors and capacitors, and
inductors are prohibitively expensive. Passive filters are still found, however, in integrated
26
circuits. Indeed, it may be the desire to incorporate a passive filter that leads the designer to
use the hybrid format.
4.2 Low Pass RL Filter:A low-pass filter is an electronic filter that passes low-frequency signals but attenuates
(reduces the amplitude of) signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency.
4.2(a) Implementation of Low Pass RL Filter in SIMULINK:-
(fig 4.2)Implementation of low pass RL filter)
4.2(b)
Simulation result of Low Pass RL Filter:-
27
(fig 4.3 Simulation result)
The Harmonics are present in the wave. We have to reduce this harmonics as much as
possible.
4.2(c) FFT Analysis Of Low Pass RL Filter:FFT Analysis shows the amount of distortion in a wave in percentage. In this case the Total
Harmonic Distortion is (THD) is 14.56%
(Fig 4.4 FFT Analysis)
28
4.3 RC Band Pass Filter:The cut-off frequency or c point in a simple RC passive filter can be accurately controlled
using just a single resistor in series with a non-polarized capacitor, and depending upon
which way around they are connected either a low pass or a high pass filter is obtained. One
simple use for these types of filters is in audio amplifier applications or circuits such as in
loudspeaker crossover filters or pre-amplifier tone controls. Sometimes it is necessary to only
pass a certain range of frequencies that do not begin at 0Hz, (DC) or end at some high
frequency point but are within a certain frequency band, either narrow or wide.
By connecting or "cascading" together a single Low Pass Filter circuit with a High Pass
Filter circuit, we can produce another type of passive RC filter that passes a selected range or
"band" of frequencies that can be either narrow or wide while attenuating all those outside of
this range. This new type of passive filter arrangement produces a frequency selective filter
known commonly as a Band Pass Filter or BPF for short.
(Fig 4.5) RC Band Pass
4.3(a) Implementation of RC Band Pass Filter In Simulink:-
29
(Fig 4.6)
4.3(b) Simulation Result of RC Band Pass Filter:The Simulation result of RC Band Pass Filter shows that we can reduce the total distortion to
some amount but can not finish it completely.
(Fig 4.7) Result of RC band pass filter
30
4.3(c) FFT Analysis Of RC Band Pass Filter:The FFT Analysis of RC Band Pass Filter shows that the distortion is present but reduce it to
some level. So the Total Harmonic Distortion is 19.25%.
(fig 4.8) FFT Analysis of RC Band Pass filter
4.4 RC Band Stop Filter:The simulation and FFT analysis of RC band stop filter is given
4.4(a) Implementation of RC Band Stop Filter In Simulink:-
31
(Fig 4.9)
4.4(b) FFT Analysis Of RC Band Stop Filter:The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis of RC Band Stop Filter shows that the Total
Harmonic Diistortion is 25.99%.
32
(Fig 4.10) FFT Analysis of RC Band Stop Filter
4.4(c) Simulation Result Of RC Band Stop Filter:-
(Fig 4.11)
33
4.5 Series Resonant Band Pass Filter:The filter designs we've concentrated on have employed either capacitors or inductors, but
never both at the same time. We should know by now that combinations of L and C will tend
to resonate, and this property can be exploited in designing band-pass and band-stop filter
circuits.
Series LC circuits give minimum impedance at resonance, while parallel LC (tank) circuits
give maximum impedance at their resonant frequency. Knowing this, we have two basic
strategies for designing either band-pass or band-stop filters. For band-pass filters, the two
basic resonant strategies are this: series LC to pass a signal or parallel LC to short a signal.
The two schemes will be contrasted and simulated here:
(Fig 4.12) Series Resonant Band Pass Filter
4.5(a) Implementation of Series Resonant Band Pass Filter in Simulink:The simulation result is as follows.
34
(Fig 4.13)
4.5(b) Simulation Result of Series Resonant Band Pass Filter:-
(Fig 4.14)
35
4.5(c)
FFT Analysis of Series Resonant Band Pass Filter:-
In this Filter the Total Harmonic Distortion is 18.19%
(Fig 4.15)
4.6
low pass RC filter:-
A low-pass filter is an electronic filter that passes low-frequency signals but attenuates
(reduces the amplitude of) signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. The
actual amount of attenuation for each frequency varies from filter to filter. It is sometimes
called a high-cut filter, or treble cut filter when used in audio applications. A low-pass filter
is the opposite of a high-pass filter. A band-pass filter is a combination of a low-pass and a
high-pass.
4.6(a) Implementation of low Pass RC Filter in Simulink:-
36
(Fig 4.16)
4.6(b) Simulation Result of low Pass RC filter:-
(Fig 4.17)
37
4.6(c) FFT Analysis of Low Pass RC filter:The FFT Analysis of RC Low Pass Filter shows that the Total Harmonic Distortion is 9.49%.
(Fig 4.18)
38
Chapter-5
MICROCONTROLLER BASED INVERTER (HARDWARE)
5.1
Introduction:-
Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is widely used in power electronics to digitize
the power so that a sequence of voltage pulses can be generated by the on and off of the
power switches. The pulse width modulation inverter has been the main choice in power
electronic for decades, because of its circuit simplicity and rugged control scheme. SPWM
switching technique is commonly used in industrial applications or solar electric vehicle
applications. SPWM techniques are characterized by constant amplitude pulses with different
duty cycle for each period. The width of this pulses are modulated to obtain inverter output
voltage control and to reduce its harmonic content. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation is the
mostly used method in motor control and inverter application. To generate this signal,
triangular wave is used as a carrier signal is compared with sinusoidal wave, whose
frequency is the desired frequency.
The proposed alternative approach is to replace the conventional method with the use of
microcontroller. The use of PIC18F4431 microcontroller brings the flexibility to change the
real-time control algorithms without further changes in hardware. It is also low cost and has a
small size of control circuit for the single phase full bridge inverter. The microcontroller has
the built in dead time control circuit
5.2
System Overview:-
The basic schematic diagram of the photovoltaic inverter is shown in Fig. It consists of many
blocks, emphasis is given only on Sinusoidal PWM generation.
(Fig 5.1)
The single phase full bridge inverter circuit is shown in Fig.
39
(Fig 5.2)
The heart of the system is a PIC Microcontroller. This microcontroller is specially developed
for the generation of Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) with dead time controller. The dead time
controller circuit is useful to make the design simpler, more reliable and the most important
thing is to reduce the cost and components. The Microcontroller: PIC18F4431generates four
Sinusoidal PWM signals. Fig. 3 shows the pin diagram of PIC18F4431 connected with
external oscillator. RB0 to RB3 pins are output for Sinusoidal PWM signals. RB0 and RB2
pins are independent which go to gate driver ICs. The name of the IC is IR2110. RB1 and
RB3 pins are complementary which go to another same gate driver IC. The output voltage of
the gate driver IC is 10V - 20V. The output voltage may be used for gate of the IGBT or
MOSFET. For operating the microcontroller we used 20MHz oscillator and two 15pF
capacitor. Also for operate Gate drive circuit IC needs some capacitors.
( Fig.5.3) PIC18F4431 for the generation of the S PWM single phase inverter
40
5.3 Conclusion:In this work, a single phase PWM signal has been implemented in PIC18F4431
microcontroller and gate drivers IC IR2110 was used. Several outstanding features of the
developed Sinusoidal PWM signal are highlighted as follows: By generating the Sinusoidal
single phase PWM signal have less harmonic; both PWM signal and Dead time control
circuits can be implemented in a single board microcontroller, which makes the system
reliable, compact and low cost; IR2110 IC can take two signals; one is used for independent
signal and another is used for inverting signal. That means IC can also reduce the cost,
compact and system reliable.
5.4 Out Put Wave Form Of Microcontroller Based Inverter:After completing our project the practical result of the Sine Wave Inverter is Shown in the
fig. A little bit distortion is present because of the connection. Almost sine wave comes out
from the project.
(Fig 5.4) out put wave form in Oscilloscope
41
This fig shows the output wave form with complete circuit.
(Fig 5.5) Sine Wave Inverter with Output wave form
5.5 Active Filter:An active filter is a type of analog electronic filter that uses active components such as an
amplifier. Amplifiers included in a filter design can be used to improve the performance and
predictability of a filter, while avoiding the need for inductors (which are typically expensive
compared to other components). An amplifier prevents the load impedance of the following
stage from affecting the characteristics of the filter. An active filter can have complex poles
and zeros without using a bulky or expensive inductor. The shape of the response, the Q
(quality factor), and the tuned frequency can often be set with inexpensive variable resistors.
In some active filter circuits, one parameter can be adjusted without affecting the others.
Using active elements has some limitations. Basic filter design equations neglect the finite
bandwidth of amplifiers. Available active devices have limited bandwidth, so they are often
impractical at high frequencies. Amplifiers consume power and inject noise into a system.
42
Certain circuit topologies may be impractical if no DC path is provided for bias current to the
amplifier elements. Power handling capability is limited by the amplifier stages.
Active filter circuit configurations (electronic filter topology) include:
Sallen and Key, and VCVS filters (low dependency on accuracy of the components)
State variable and biquadratic filters
Dual Amplifier Bandpass (DABP)
Wiennotch
Multiple Feedback Filter
Fliege (lowest component count for 2 opamp but with good controllability over
frequency and type)
Akerberg Mossberg(one of the topologies that offer complete and independent
control over gain, frequency, and type)
Active filters can implement the same transfer functions as passive filters. Common transfer
functions are:
High-pass filter attenuation of frequencies below their cut-off points.

Low-pass filter attenuation of frequencies above their cut-off points.
Band-pass filter attenuation of frequencies both above and below those they allow
to pass.
Notch filter attenuation of certain frequencies while allowing all others to pass.
Combinations are possible, such as notch and high-pass (in a rumble filter where
most of the offending rumble comes from a particular frequency). Another example
is an elliptic filter.
5.6 Analogue Filter:Analogue filters are a basic building block of signal processing much used in electronics.
Amongst their many applications are the separation of an audio signal before application to
bass, mid-range and tweeter loudspeakers; the combining and later separation of multiple
telephone conversations onto a single channel; the selection of a chosen radio station in a
radio receiver and rejection of others.
Passive linear electronic analogue filters are those filters which can be described with linear
differential equations (linear); they are composed of capacitors, inductors and, sometimes,
resistors (passive) and are designed to operate on continuously varying (analogue) signals.
There are many linear filters which are not analogue in implementation (digital filter), and
there are many electronic filters which may not have a passive topology both of which may
have the same transfer function of the filters described in this article. Analogue filters are
43
most often used in wave filtering applications, that is, where it is required to pass particular
frequency components and to reject others from analogue (continuous-time) signals.
5.7
Digital Filter:-
In electronics, computer science and mathematics, a digital filter is a system that performs
mathematical operations on a sampled, discrete-time signal to reduce or enhance certain
aspects of that signal. A digital filter system usually consists of an analog-to-digital converter
to sample the input signal, followed by a microprocessor and some peripheral components
such as memory to store data and filter coefficients etc. Finally a digital-to-analog converter
to complete the output stage. Program Instructions (software) running on the microprocessor
implement the digital filter by performing the necessary mathematical operations on the
numbers received from the ADC. Digital filters may be more expensive than an equivalent
analog filter due to their increased complexity, but they make practical many designs that are
impractical or impossible as analog filters.
44
Chapter-6
INDEXES
6.1 Data Sheet:-
UNISONIC TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD

75N75 Power MOSFET
www.unisonic.com.tw 1 of 8
Copyright 2005 Unisonic Technologies Co., Ltd. QW-R502-097,A
75Amps, 75Volts
Data Sheet of N-CHANNEL POWER MOSTFET
DESCRIPTION
The UTC 75N75 is n-channel enhancement mode power field effect transistors with
stable off-state characteristics, fast switching speed, low thermal resistance, usually
used at telecom and computer application.
FEATURES
* RDS(ON) = 12.5m @VGS = 10 V
* Ultra low gate charge ( typical 90 nC )
* Fast switching capability
* Avalanche energy Specified
* Improved dv/dt capability, high ruggedness
SYMBOL
1.Gate
2.Source
3.Drain
TO-220F
*Pb-free plating product number: 75N75L
ORDERING INFORMATION
Order Number Pin Assignment Normal Lead Free Plating
Package 1 2 3 Packing
75N75-TA3-T 75N75L-TA3-T TO-220 G D S Tube
75N75-TF3-T 75N75L-TF3-T TO-220F G D S Tube
75N75-TM3-T 75N75L-TM3-T TO-251 G D S Tube
75N75-TN3-R 75N75L-TN3-R TO-252 G D S Tape Reel
45
75N75-TN3-T 75N75L-TN3-T TO-252 G D S Tube

Note: Pin Assignment: G: Gate D: Drain S: Source
75N75L-TA3-T
(1)Packing Type
(2)Package Type
(3)Lead Plating
(1) T: Tube, R: Tape Reel
(2) TA3: TO-220, TF3: TO-220F, TM3: TO-251,
TN 3: TO-252
(3) L: Lead Free Plating, Blank: Pb/Sn
75N75 Power MOSFET
UNISONIC TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD 2 of 8
www.unisonic.com.tw QW-R502-097,A
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

PARAMETER SYMBOL RATINGS UNIT
Drain to Source Voltage VDSS 75 V
TC = 25/ 75 A
Continuous Drain Current
TC = 100
ID=56 A
Drain Current Pulsed (Note 1) IDM 300 A
Gate to Source Voltage VGS 20 V
Single Pulsed(Note 2) EAS 900 mJ
Avalanche Energy
Repetitive (Note 1) EAR 300 mJ
Peak Diode Recovery dv/dt (Note 3) dv/dt 15 V/ns
TC = 25/ 220 W
Total Power Dissipation
Derating above 25
PD 1.4 W
Junction Temperature TJ +150
Storage Temperature TSTG -55 ~ +150
Note: Absolute maximum ratings are those values beyond which the device could be
permanently damaged. Absolute maximum ratings are stress ratings only and
functional device operation is not implied.
THERMAL DATA
PARAMETER SYMBOL MIN TYP MAX UNIT
Thermal Resistance Junction-Ambient JA 62.5
46
Thermal Resistance Junction-Case JC 0.8

Thermal Resistance Case-Sink CS 0.5
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(TC = 25, unless otherwise specified)
PARAMETER SYMBOL TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT
Off Characteristics
Drain-Source Breakdown Voltage BVDSS VGS = 0 V, ID = 250 A 75 V
ID = 1mA,
Referenced to 25
0.08 V
VDS = 75 V, VGS = 0 V 20 A
Drain-Source Leakage Current IDSS VDS = 75 V, VGS = 0 V,
TJ = 150
250 A
Gate-Source Leakage Current VGS = 20V, VDS = 0 V 100 nA
Gate-Source Leakage Reverse
IGSS
VGS = -20V, VDS = 0 V -100 nA
On Characteristics
Gate Threshold Voltage VGS(TH) VDS = VGS, ID = 250 A 2.0 4.0 V
Static Drain-Source On-State
Resistance
RDS(ON) VGS = 10 V, ID = 48 A 12.5 15 m
Dynamic Characteristics
Input Capacitance CISS 3300 pF
Output Capacitance COSS 530 pF
Reverse Transfer Capacitance CRSS

VGS = 0 V, VDS = 25 V
f = 1MHz
80 pF
47
Switching Characteristics
Turn-On Delay Time tD(ON) 12 ns
Rise Time tR 79 ns
Turn-Off Delay Time tD(OFF) 80 ns
Fall Time tF
VDD = 38V, ID =48A,
VGS=10V, (Note 4, 5)
52 ns
Total Gate Charge QG 90 140 nC
Gate-Source Charge QGS 20 35 nC
Gate-Drain Charge (Miller Charge) QGD
VDS = 60V, VGS = 10 V
ID = 48A, (Note 4, 5)
30 45 nC
75N75 Power MOSFET
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS(Cont.)
PARAMETER SYMBOL TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT
Source-Drain Diode Ratings and Characteristics
Continuous Source Current IS 75
Pulsed Source Current ISM
300
A
Diode Forward Voltage VSD IS = 48A, VGS = 0 V 1.4 V
Reverse Recovery Time trr 90 ns
Reverse Recovery Charge Qrr
IS = 48A, VGS = 0 V
dIF / dt = 100 A/s 300 C
Note 1. Repeativity rating: pulse width limited by junction temperature
2. L=0.24mH, IAS=48A, RG=20, Starting TJ=25
3. ISD48A, di/dt300A/s, VDDBVDSS, Starting TJ=25
4. Pulse Test: Pulse Width300s,Duty Cycle2%
5. Essentially independent of operating temperature.
75N75 Power MOSFET
TEST CIRCUITS AND WAVEFORMS
48
Same Type as D.U.T.L

VDD Driver
VGS
RGVDS
D.U.T. +
* dv/dt controlled by RG
* ISD controlled by pulse period
* D.U.T.-Device Under Test
P. W.
Period
VGS D=(Driver) ISD (D.U.T.) IFM, Body Diode Forward Current di/dt IRM
Body Diode Reverse Current
Body Diode Recovery dv/dt
Body Diode Forward Voltage Drop
VDD 10V
VDS
(D.U.T.)
VGS= P.W. Period
75N75 Power MOSFET

UTC assumes no responsibility for equipment failures that result from using products
at values that exceed, even momentarily, rated values (such as maximum ratings,
operating condition ranges, or other parameters) listed in products specifications of
any and all UTC products described or contained herein. UTC products are not
designed for use in life support appliances, devices or systems where malfunction of
these products can be reasonably expected to result in personal injury. Reproduction
in whole or in part is prohibited without the prior written consent of the copyright
owner. The information presented in this document does not form part of any
quotation or contract, is believed to be accurate and reliable and may be changed
without notice.
49
6.2 Coding:-
; ASM code generated by PIC Basic Pro for PIC - V. 2.0.1.0

; Date/Time: 12/22/2011 10:59:59 PM
;
; Address
Instruction
;------------------------------------0000 GOTO main

;--- procedure interrupt --interrupt:
0004 MOVWF
i_STACK_2
0005 SWAPF
STATUS,W
0006 CLRF
STATUS
0007 MOVWF
i_STACK_3
0008 MOVF FSR,W

0009 MOVWF
i_STACK_0
000A MOVF PCLATH,W

000B MOVWF
i_STACK_4
000C MOVLW
000D SUBWF
main_global_interval_counter,W
000E BTFSS STATUS,Z

000F GOTO L_Ups_Test_1
0010 L_Ups_Test_0:
0010 MOVF main_global_dutycycle_1,W
0011 MOVWF
main_global_workcycle_1
0012 MOVF main_global_dutycycle_2,W
50
0013 MOVWF
GOTO L_Ups_Test_2
0015 L_Ups_Test_1:
0015 L_Ups_Test_2:
0015 BSF
STATUS,C
0016 BTFSC main_global_workcycle_2,7

0017 GOTO $+9
0018 MOVLW
0019 MOVWF
i_STACK_6
001A MOVF main_global_workcycle_2,W

001B SUBWF
i_STACK_0,W
001C BTFSS STATUS,Z

001D GOTO $+3
001E MOVF main_global_workcycle_1,W
001F SUBLW
250
0020 BTFSC STATUS,C

0021 GOTO L_Ups_Test_5
0022 L_Ups_Test_4:
0022 MOVLW
250
0023 MOVWF
CCPR1L

0025 L_Ups_Test_5:
0025 BSF
STATUS,C
0026 BTFSC main_global_workcycle_2,7

0027 GOTO $+9
0028 MOVLW
0029 MOVWF
i_STACK_7
51
002A MOVF main_global_workcycle_2,W
002B SUBWF
i_STACK_0,W
002C BTFSS STATUS,Z

002D GOTO $+3
002E MOVF main_global_workcycle_1,W
002F SUBLW
0030 BTFSC STATUS,C

0032 L_Ups_Test_8:
0032 MOVF main_global_workcycle_1,W
0033 MOVWF
0034 CLRF
CCPR1L
i_STACK_8
0035 BTFSC PORTC,6

0036 INCF
i_STACK_8,F
0037 MOVLW
0038 SUBWF
i_STACK_8,W
0039 BTFSS STATUS,Z

003A GOTO L_Ups_Test_13
003B L_Ups_Test_12:
003B BCF
PORTC,7
003C GOTO L_Ups_Test_14

003D L_Ups_Test_13:
003D BCF
PORTC,6
003E BSF
PORTC,7
003F GOTO L_Ups_Test_14

0040 L_Ups_Test_14:
52
0041 L_Ups_Test_9:
0041 CLRF
CCPR1L

0043 L_Ups_Test_10:
0044 L_Ups_Test_6:
0044 MOVLW
250
0045 MOVWF
i_STACK_7
0046 MOVLW
0047 MOVWF
i_STACK_8
0048 MOVF i_STACK_7,W

0049 SUBWF
main_global_workcycle_1,W
004A MOVWF
i_STACK_5
004B MOVF i_STACK_8,W

004C BTFSS STATUS,C
004D INCFSZ
i_STACK_8,W
004E SUBWF
main_global_workcycle_2,W
004F MOVWF
i_STACK_6

0051 MOVWF

0053 MOVWF
0054 INCF
main_global_interval_counter,F
0055 MOVLW
10
0056 SUBWF
main_global_interval_counter,W
53
0057 BTFSS STATUS,Z

0059 L_Ups_Test_16:
0059 CLRF
main_global_interval_counter

005B L_Ups_Test_17:
005B L_Ups_Test_18:
005B BCF
PIR1,1
005C MOVF i_STACK_4,W

005D MOVWF
PCLATH
005E MOVF i_STACK_0,W

005F BCF
STATUS,IRP
0060 MOVWF
FSR
0061 SWAPF
i_STACK_3,W
0062 MOVWF
STATUS
0063 SWAPF
i_STACK_2,F
0064 SWAPF
i_STACK_2,W
0065 RETFIE
;---endproc--;--- procedure delays_delay_22us --delays_delay_22us:
0066 MOVLW
0067 BCF
STATUS,RP1
0068 BCF
STATUS,RP0
0069 MOVWF
STACK_0
006A DECFSZ
STACK_0,F
54
006B GOTO $-1

006C RETURN
;---endproc--;--- function ADClib_A_A_adc_read --ADClib_A_A_adc_read:
006D BCF
STATUS,RP1
006E BCF
STATUS,RP0
006F CLRF
ADCON0
0070 MOVLW
192
0071 IORWF ADCON0,W

0072 MOVWF
ADCON0
0073 MOVF ADClib_A_A_adc_read_param_chann el,W

0074 MOVWF
STACK_1
0075 MOVLW
0076 MOVWF
STACK_2
0077 L_ADClib_A_A_0:
0077 MOVF STACK_2,W
0078 BTFSC STATUS,Z
0079 GOTO L_ADClib_A_A_1
007A RLF
STACK_1,F
007B BCF
STACK_1,0
007C DECFSZ
STACK_2,F
007D GOTO L_ADClib_A_A_0

007E L_ADClib_A_A_1:
007E MOVF STACK_1,W
007F IORWF ADCON0,W
0080 MOVWF
0081 BSF
ADCON0
adcon0,0
55
0082 CALL
delays_delay_22us
0083 BSF
adcon0,2
0084 L_ADClib_A_A_3:
0084 CLRF
STACK_0
0085 BTFSC adcon0,2

0086 INCF
STACK_0,F
0087 MOVLW
0088 SUBWF
STACK_0,W
0089 BTFSS STATUS,Z

008A GOTO L_ADClib_A_A_4
008B L_ADClib_A_A_2:
008B nop
008C GOTO L_ADClib_A_A_3
008D L_ADClib_A_A_4:
008D CLRF
ADClib_A_A_adc_read_result_2
008E MOVF ADRES,W

008F MOVWF
0090 BCF
ADClib_A_A_adc_read_result_1
adcon0,0
0091 RETURN
;---endproc--;--- procedure math_div_16x16_u --math_div_16x16_u:
0092 BCF
STATUS,RP1
0093 BCF
STATUS,RP0
56
0094 CLRF Math_main_Global_Remainder_1

0095 CLRF Math_main_Global_Remainder_2
0096 MOVLW 16
0097 MOVWF Math_main_global_LoopCount
0098 RLF
math_main_global_X_2,W
0099 RLF
Math_main_Global_Remainder_1,F
009A RLF
Math_main_Global_Remainder_2,F
009B MOVF math_main_global_Y_1,W

009C SUBWF Math_main_Global_Remainder_1,F
009D MOVF math_main_global_Y_2,W
009E BTFSS STATUS,C
009F INCFSZ math_main_global_Y_2,W
00A0 SUBWF Math_main_Global_Remainder_2,F
00A1 BTFSC STATUS,C
00A2 GOTO $+8
00A3 MOVF math_main_global_Y_1,W
00A4 ADDWF Math_main_Global_Remainder_1,F
00A5 MOVF math_main_global_Y_2,W
00A6 BTFSC STATUS,C
00A7 INCFSZ math_main_global_Y_2,W
00A8 ADDWF Math_main_Global_Remainder_2,F
00A9 BCF
STATUS,C
00AA RLF
math_main_global_X_1,F
00AB RLF
math_main_global_X_2,F
00AC DECFSZ Math_main_global_LoopCount,F

00AD GOTO $-21
57
00AE RETURN
;---endproc--;--- procedure Ups_Test_pwmint_setup --Ups_Test_pwmint_setup:
00AF BCF
STATUS,RP1
00B0 BSF
STATUS,RP0
00B1 BCF
TRISC,6
00B2 BCF
TRISC,7
00B3 MOVLW
249
00B4 MOVWF
PR2
00B5 MOVLW
00B6 BCF
STATUS,RP0
00B7 MOVWF
00B8 CLRF
T2CON
CCPR1L
00B9 MOVLW
192
00BA MOVWF
INTCON
00BB BSF
STATUS,RP0
00BC BSF
PIE1,1
00BD BCF
STATUS,RP0
00BE BCF
PIR1,1
00BF BSF
T2CON,2
00C0 MOVLW
12
00C1 MOVWF
CCP1CON
00C2 CLRF
main_global_interval_counter
00C3 CLRF
main_global_adc_value_1
00C4 CLRF
58
00C5 BCF
PORTC,6
00C6 BCF
PORTC,7
00C7 RETURN
;---endproc--;--- procedure main --main:
00C8 CALL
Ups_Test_pwmint_setup
00C9 MOVLW
120
00CA BCF
STATUS,RP1
00CB BCF
STATUS,RP0
00CC MOVWF
00CD CLRF
main_global_dutycycle_1
00CE L_Ups_Test_20:
00CE MOVLW
00CF BCF
STATUS,RP1
00D0 BCF
STATUS,RP0
00D1 MOVWF
00D2 CALL
ADClib_A_A_adc_read_param_channel
ADClib_A_A_adc_read
00D3 MOVF ADClib_A_A_adc_read_result_1,W

00D4 MOVWF
00D5 MOVF ADClib_A_A_adc_read_result_2,W

00D6 MOVWF
00D7 MOVLW
00D8 MOVWF
Math_main_global_Y_2
00D9 MOVLW
00DA MOVWF
Math_main_global_Y_1
00DB MOVF main_global_adc_value_2,W

00DC MOVWF
Math_main_global_X_2
59
00DD MOVF main_global_adc_value_1,W

00DE MOVWF
00DF CALL
Math_main_global_X_1
Math_Div_16X16_U
00E0 MOVF Math_main_global_X_1,W

00E1 MOVWF
STACK_1
00E2 MOVF Math_main_global_X_2,W

00E3 MOVWF
STACK_2
00E4 MOVF STACK_1,W

00E5 MOVWF
00E6 MOVF STACK_2,W

00E7 MOVWF
00E8 MOVLW
00E9 MOVWF
STACK_3
00EA MOVLW
00EB SUBWF
main_global_adc_value_2,W
00EC BTFSS STATUS,Z

00ED GOTO $+3
00EE MOVF STACK_3,W
00EF SUBWF
00F0 BTFSS STATUS,Z

00F1 GOTO L_Ups_Test_24
00F2 CLRF
00F3 CLRF
60
00F5 L_Ups_Test_24:
00F5 MOVLW
10
00F6 MOVWF
STACK_4
00F7 MOVLW
00F8 SUBWF
00F9 BTFSS STATUS,Z

00FA GOTO $+3
00FB MOVF STACK_4,W
00FC SUBWF
00FD BTFSS STATUS,Z

00FE GOTO L_Ups_Test_25
00FF MOVLW
10
0100 MOVWF
0101 CLRF

0103 L_Ups_Test_25:
0103 MOVLW
20
0104 MOVWF
STACK_5
0105 MOVLW
0106 SUBWF
0107 BTFSS STATUS,Z

0108 GOTO $+3
0109 MOVF STACK_5,W
010A SUBWF
010B BTFSS STATUS,Z

010D MOVLW
20
010E MOVWF
61
010F CLRF

0111 L_Ups_Test_26:
0111 MOVLW
30
0112 MOVWF
STACK_6
0113 MOVLW
0114 SUBWF
0115 BTFSS STATUS,Z

0116 GOTO $+3
0117 MOVF STACK_6,W
0118 SUBWF
0119 BTFSS STATUS,Z

011B MOVLW
30
011C MOVWF
011D CLRF
011E GOTO L_Ups_Test_22

011F L_Ups_Test_27:
011F MOVLW
40
0120 MOVWF
STACK_7
0121 MOVLW
0122 SUBWF
0123 BTFSS STATUS,Z

0124 GOTO $+3
0125 MOVF STACK_7,W
0126 SUBWF
0127 BTFSS STATUS,Z

62
0129 MOVLW
40
012A MOVWF
012B CLRF

012D L_Ups_Test_28:
012D MOVLW
50
012E MOVWF
STACK_8
012F MOVLW
0130 SUBWF
0131 BTFSS STATUS,Z

0132 GOTO $+3
0133 MOVF STACK_8,W
0134 SUBWF
0135 BTFSS STATUS,Z

0137 MOVLW
50
0138 MOVWF
0139 CLRF

013B L_Ups_Test_29:
013B MOVLW
60
013C MOVWF
STACK_9
013D MOVLW
013E SUBWF
013F BTFSS STATUS,Z

0140 GOTO $+3
0141 MOVF STACK_9,W
0142 SUBWF
63
0143 BTFSS STATUS,Z

0145 MOVLW
60
0146 MOVWF
0147 CLRF

0149 L_Ups_Test_30:
0149 MOVLW
70
014A MOVWF
STACK_10
014B MOVLW
014C SUBWF
014D BTFSS STATUS,Z

014E GOTO $+3
014F MOVF STACK_10,W
0150 SUBWF
0151 BTFSS STATUS,Z

0153 MOVLW
70
0154 MOVWF
0155 CLRF

0157 L_Ups_Test_31:
0157 MOVLW
80
0158 MOVWF
STACK_11
0159 MOVLW
015A SUBWF
015B BTFSS STATUS,Z

015C GOTO $+3
64
015D MOVF STACK_11,W

015E SUBWF
015F BTFSS STATUS,Z

0161 MOVLW
80
0162 MOVWF
0163 CLRF

0165 L_Ups_Test_32:
0165 MOVLW
90
0166 MOVWF
STACK_12
0167 MOVLW
0168 SUBWF
0169 BTFSS STATUS,Z

016A GOTO $+3
016B MOVF STACK_12,W
016C SUBWF
016D BTFSS STATUS,Z

016F MOVLW
90
0170 MOVWF
0171 CLRF

0173 L_Ups_Test_33:
0173 MOVLW
100
0174 MOVWF
STACK_13
0175 MOVLW
0176 SUBWF
65
0177 BTFSS STATUS,Z

0178 GOTO $+3
0179 MOVF STACK_13,W
017A SUBWF
017B BTFSS STATUS,Z

017D MOVLW
100
017E MOVWF
017F CLRF

0181 L_Ups_Test_34:
0181 MOVLW
110
0182 MOVWF
STACK_14
0183 MOVLW
0184 SUBWF
0185 BTFSS STATUS,Z

0186 GOTO $+3
0188 SUBWF
0189 BTFSS STATUS,Z

018B MOVLW
110
018C MOVWF
018D CLRF

018F L_Ups_Test_35:
018F MOVLW
120
0190 MOVWF
STACK_15
66
0191 MOVLW
0192 SUBWF
0193 BTFSS STATUS,Z

0194 GOTO $+3
0196 SUBWF
0197 BTFSS STATUS,Z

0199 MOVLW
120
019A MOVWF
019B CLRF

019D L_Ups_Test_36:
019D MOVLW
130
019E MOVWF
STACK_16
019F MOVLW
01A0 SUBWF
01A1 BTFSS STATUS,Z

01A2 GOTO $+3
01A3 MOVF STACK_16,W
01A4 SUBWF
01A5 BTFSS STATUS,Z

01A6 GOTO L_Ups_Test_37
01A7 MOVLW
130
01A8 MOVWF
01A9 CLRF
01AA GOTO L_Ups_Test_22

01AB L_Ups_Test_37:
67
01AB MOVLW
140
01AC MOVWF
STACK_17
01AD MOVLW
01AE SUBWF
01AF BTFSS STATUS,Z

01B0 GOTO $+3
01B1 MOVF STACK_17,W
01B2 SUBWF
01B3 BTFSS STATUS,Z

01B4 GOTO L_Ups_Test_38
01B5 MOVLW
140
01B6 MOVWF
01B7 CLRF
01B8 GOTO L_Ups_Test_22

01B9 L_Ups_Test_38:
01B9 MOVLW
150
01BA MOVWF
STACK_18
01BB MOVLW
01BC SUBWF
01BD BTFSS STATUS,Z

01BE GOTO $+3
01BF MOVF STACK_18,W
01C0 SUBWF
01C1 BTFSS STATUS,Z

01C2 GOTO L_Ups_Test_39
01C3 MOVLW
150
01C4 MOVWF
01C5 CLRF
68
01C6 GOTO L_Ups_Test_22

01C7 L_Ups_Test_39:
01C7 MOVLW
160
01C8 MOVWF
STACK_19
01C9 MOVLW
01CA SUBWF
01CB BTFSS STATUS,Z

01CC GOTO $+3
01CD MOVF STACK_19,W
01CE SUBWF
01CF BTFSS STATUS,Z

01D0 GOTO L_Ups_Test_40
01D1 MOVLW
60
01D2 MOVWF
01D3 CLRF
01D4 GOTO L_Ups_Test_22

01D5 L_Ups_Test_40:
01D5 MOVLW
170
01D6 MOVWF
STACK_20
01D7 MOVLW
01D8 SUBWF
01D9 BTFSS STATUS,Z

01DA GOTO $+3
01DB MOVF STACK_20,W
01DC SUBWF
01DD BTFSS STATUS,Z

01DE GOTO L_Ups_Test_41
01DF MOVLW
170
69
01E0 MOVWF
01E1 CLRF
01E2 GOTO L_Ups_Test_22

01E3 L_Ups_Test_41:
01E3 MOVLW
180
01E4 MOVWF
STACK_21
01E5 MOVLW
01E6 SUBWF
01E7 BTFSS STATUS,Z

01E8 GOTO $+3
01E9 MOVF STACK_21,W
01EA SUBWF
01EB BTFSS STATUS,Z

01EC GOTO L_Ups_Test_42
01ED MOVLW
180
01EE MOVWF
01EF CLRF

01F1 L_Ups_Test_42:
01F1 MOVLW
190
01F2 MOVWF
STACK_22
01F3 MOVLW
01F4 SUBWF
01F5 BTFSS STATUS,Z

01F6 GOTO $+3
01F7 MOVF STACK_22,W
01F8 SUBWF
01F9 BTFSS STATUS,Z
70
01FA GOTO L_Ups_Test_43

01FB MOVLW
190
01FC MOVWF
01FD CLRF
01FE GOTO L_Ups_Test_22

01FF L_Ups_Test_43:
01FF MOVLW
200
0200 MOVWF
STACK_23
0201 MOVLW
0202 SUBWF
0203 BTFSS STATUS,Z

0204 GOTO $+3
0206 SUBWF
0207 BTFSS STATUS,Z

0209 MOVLW
200
020A MOVWF
020B CLRF

020D L_Ups_Test_44:
020D MOVLW
210
020E MOVWF
STACK_24
020F MOVLW
0210 SUBWF
0211 BTFSS STATUS,Z

0212 GOTO $+3
71
0214 SUBWF
0215 BTFSS STATUS,Z

0217 MOVLW
210
0218 MOVWF
0219 CLRF

021B L_Ups_Test_45:
021B MOVLW
220
021C MOVWF
STACK_25
021D MOVLW
021E SUBWF
021F BTFSS STATUS,Z

0220 GOTO $+3
0222 SUBWF
0223 BTFSS STATUS,Z

0225 MOVLW
220
0226 MOVWF
0227 CLRF

0229 L_Ups_Test_46:
0229 MOVLW
230
022A MOVWF
STACK_26
022B MOVLW
022C SUBWF
022D BTFSS STATUS,Z
72
022E GOTO $+3

022F MOVF STACK_26,W
0230 SUBWF
0231 BTFSS STATUS,Z

0233 MOVLW
230
0234 MOVWF
0235 CLRF

0237 L_Ups_Test_47:
0237 MOVLW
240
0238 MOVWF
STACK_27
0239 MOVLW
023A SUBWF
023B BTFSS STATUS,Z

023C GOTO $+3
023D MOVF STACK_27,W
023E SUBWF
023F BTFSS STATUS,Z

0241 MOVLW
240
0242 MOVWF
0243 CLRF

0245 L_Ups_Test_48:
0245 MOVLW
250
0246 MOVWF
STACK_28
0247 MOVLW
73
0248 SUBWF
0249 BTFSS STATUS,Z

024A GOTO $+3
024B MOVF STACK_28,W
024C SUBWF
024D BTFSS STATUS,Z

024F MOVLW
250
0250 MOVWF
0251 CLRF

0253 L_Ups_Test_49:
0253 MOVLW
120
0254 MOVWF
0255 CLRF

0257 L_Ups_Test_22:
0258 L_Ups_Test_21:
0258 GOTO $
;---endproc--References:-
1.
B. Ismail, S. T. (November 28-29, 2006). Development of a Single Phase SPWM
Microcontroller-Based Inverter. First International Power and Energy Conference PEC (p.
437). Putrajaya, Malaysia: IEEE
2.
MICROCHIP. (2003). PIC18F2331/2431/4331/4431 Data Sheet.
Michrochip Tchonology Inc.
74
Links
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-lighting-ballast.htm
http://www.drivesys.com/asdis.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_filter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_filter#Passive_filter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_filter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_filter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_filter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filter
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/filter/filter_4.html
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_8/6.html
75

Analysis of Sine Wave Inverter Harmonics Contents by Simulation

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ANALYSIS OF SINE WAVE INVERTER

HARMONICS CONTENTS BY SIMULATION

Noor Ahmad Shah

In the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor Of

Signature of Head of the Department

In this thesis project, Performance of microcontroller based control circuit used in

Design Method of Pure sine wave inverter (Topology-1

Simulink model of Inverter

Simulink model of SPWM

Simulation Result using Different loads

Using resistive load

Using inductive load

What are Harmonics?

What cause Harmonics?

A little about AC Drives

Technique for the reduction of harmonics

Electronic filter use for the reduction of harmonics

Low pass RL filter

RC band pass filter

RC band stop filter

Series resonant band pass filter

Low pass RC filter

Output wave form of microcontroller based inverter

Data Sheet of inverter

Pure sine wave inverter.13

Block diagram of the system16

Simulink model of inverter.17

Simulink model of SPWM18

Simulation result using resistive load.19

Simulation result using inductive load20

Resultant wave form of sine wave with the presence of 3 rdand5thharmonic22

Implementation of low pass RL filter27

RC band pass filter.29

Implementation of RC band pass filter.30

Simulation result of RC band pass filter30

FFT analysis of RC band pass filter31

Implementation of RC Band stop filter..32

Fig(4.10) FFT analysis of RC band stop filter33

Fig(4.13) Implementation of series resonant band pass filter35

Schematic diagram of the photovoltaic inverter.39

Single phase full bridge inverter.40

PIC18F4437 for the generation of SPWM single phase inverter.40

Output wave form in Oscilloscope.41

Sine wave inverter with output wave form. 42

Pakistan is suffering from shortage of electricity and to overcome the crises

Types Of Inverter:There are three types of Inverter

Square wave inverter:-

(Fig. 1.1) pure sine wave inverter

Topologies of Pure Sine wave inverter:-

shows how SPWM is produced by comparing sine wave with

Fig 1.2. Pulse width modulation

Design Method of Pure Sine wave inverter (Topology-1):-

Fig-2.1 Block Diagram Of the system

SIMULINK Model Of Inverter:-

SIMULINK Model of SPWM:-

SIMULATION Results Using Different Loads:-

(Fig 2.4) Simulation result using resistive load

Using Inductive Load:-

(Fig 2.5) Simulation using Inductive load

What are Harmonics:-

What Cause Harmonics:-

An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power source, UPS or

Technique for the reduction of Harmonics:-