METHODOLOGY

RADIATION METHOD
A plane table is set up at station X and details in the area X plotted by method of
radiation. In order to carry out this, first the plane table is set over the station X, clamped and
its position is plotted on paper as x. Now, with alidade pivoted at x, salient object points
present in the area such as A, B, C, D etc of a building around the plane table got bisected and
radial lines are drawn showing their directions. The corresponding field distances XA, XB,
XC, XD are measured and scale off on respective radial lines. Thus, plot their positions as a,
b, c, d etc. The plotted positions are then joined to represent the object. In this way, points e,
f, g, h are also plotted and joined to get another building corner. The location of a telephne
line pillar T plotted as t.
The radiation method of plane table surveying is suitable for locating objects which
are within a single tape length (from the location of plane table). The method is convenient if
telescopic or digital alidade is used. Otherwise, it is effective when associated with tache-ometer or EDM for measurement of horizontal distance.

Procedures:
1. The total station is set up at a designated station. We used station 3 as a traverse
station. Another station is set up as station 100 which can be considered as the back
station.
2. Given coordinates is used to calculate the back bearing from station 3 to station 100.
3. The initialisation process of the total station prior to detail observations is performed.
4. Once step 3 is finished, observation of the details can be commenced. The following
is to observe carefully :a. Feature code for every detail observed is needed differentiate between points
and strings.
b. Enter the height of the reflector new value is needed if height is altered.
c. Press the ALL button to ensure that the information is stored in the total
station.
5. To avoid any gross errors in the observations, the back station is to be re-aimed from
time to time and checked so that the back bearing is correct.

ANALYSIS OF DATA And DISCUSSION

In our practical, we use radiation method which is enable both the position and
reduced levels be determined simultaneously. Detailed are measured from a control point
(station) that is closest to the area to be mapped. We do the detailed for half of M47 building
and M49 building. Detailed are either using an EDM mounted on a theodolite or a total
station. For us, we use the total station. This method of picking-up details is closely linked to
computer-aided mapping.
The total station was set up at designated station which is station 3 with coordinates
(25393.975 N, 32426.199 E). A back station (Station 100) with coordinates (25397.317 N,
32441.915 E) as a reference station. With the coordinates, we are able to get the back bearing
from station 3 to the reference station which is 77 59 41. We had to check the back bearing
from time to time to avoid gross errors during observation. The instrument height (height of
total station) and target height (height of prism at back station) were measured and recorded
as 1.438m and 1.564m respectively. A sketch plan was needed as aid in recorded and marked
down each of the stations and spot heights that we observed. All the feature code and station
points was recorded in the field book.
To make the plan more accurate, many spot heights was observed after all the stations
around the building, trees, bottom of bank, top of bank, and concrete drain were observed.
We always checked the bubble was in the black circle when holding the prism staff at every
station to make sure the prism staff was always vertical.
Data observed was export or downloaded to computers and processed using 12D
Model software to produce the required plans. We had manipulated the data to make the good
plans of half of M47 building and M49 building. The points of spot height were used to plot
the contour of the area using 12d Model software. Grid was made with 12d Model software
as well. Reduced levels of each spot height were calculated with the software also. We also
had erase the extra point or id in 12D Model software that we do not use. This is because of
when we do the detailed survey, we saved many extra points in total stations and some of the
points is wrong.
Lastly, the plan and contour were sent to AutoCAD software to make further edit at a
scale of 1:250.

CONCLUSION
The aim of this practical is to produce a detail map of the area opposite block M47 at
a scale of 1:250 using the radiation method.
The total station was set up at station 3 with instrument height 1.438m. A back station
(Station 100) was used as a reference station with target height 1.564m. The back bearing
from station 3 to the reference station which is 77 59 41. During our practical work, we
were asked to mark the location of specific items such as buildings (BLD), trees (TR), edge
of concrete drain (CDR), edge of sealed road (ERD), spot heights (SP) and many more. We
processed our data by using the software called 12d model. Lastly, we convert it into Autocad
format and we make some adjusts to make the map look better.
As the conclusion, detail surveying is an importance works that we, engineers should
know about it. This statement can be support by the following evidence. First and foremost,
we need it to determine the required areas and volumes of land and materials needed during
construction. Secondly, to provide permanent control points from which particularly
important projects can be surveyed - such as regular monitoring a construction to check for
movement. Last but not least, to produce up-to-date Engineering Plan of the areas in which
the work will be carried out. These plans form the basis for the design of the construction,
and so the reliability of the design depends heavily on the attention to detail with which the
survey is carried out.

SKAA1023/2 ENGINEERING SURVEYING

DETAIL SURVERY

Dr. RADZUAN BIN SA'ARI

Dr. MUSHAIRRY BIN MUSTAFFAR

SECTION

: 2

GROUP

: 3

INTRODUCTION
Detail survey one of the method to know the locations or heights of an area whether it
is man made or natural. Detail surveys usually include heights, floor levels, sewer inverts,
drainage depths, ground levels and contours. The survey will often include data such as the
elevation of the land, that is, how high the land is above the mean sea level. This survey is
carried out using equipment such as total station or theodolites.
This survey plays a vital role in land development, the planning and design of land
NAME

STUDENT ID

ADAM IRFAN BIN MUHAMMAD FIRDAUSZ

A16KA0004

MUHAMMAD AMIRUL HIZMI BIN ADNAN

A16KA0115

MASLINDA AYU BINTI FADZIL

A16KA0091

LIM CHIN BOON

A16KA0079

SITI HAWA BINTI HUSIN

A16KA0209

MUSRIATI BINTI MUSI

A16KA0143

subdivisions through to the final construction of roads, utilities and landscaping, furthermore,
planning to construct or extend a building on your land, locate and record all land features
and structures, to present information about your land for purposes of land valuation. The
data that has been recorded by the total station is then processed, which provide the details
that have been collected in the form of a map, the use of sophisticated software, such as
Autocad to draft plans and map the onsite measurements, this is crucial to the architects and
professional engineers who use them in their designs and plans.
Traditionally, contoured plans and any other survey drawings were drawn by hand. As
time passing buy technology became more advanced and one day surveying will be done by
using a satellite.

EQUIPMENTS OF DETAIL SURVEY

A total station or TST (total station theodolite) is an electronic/optical instrument used
in modern surveying and building construction. The total station is an electronic theodolite
(transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the
instrument to a particular point.

Figure 1.0: Total Station

A tripod is a three-legged stand, important in providing the foundation for laser levels
and other levelling instruments (total station). The adjustable-leg tripod is easier to set up on
uneven ground because each leg can be adjusted to exactly the height needed to find level,

even on a very steep slope. The adjustable-leg tripod is also easy to transport due to having
retractable legs.

Figure 2.0: Adjustable tripod for total station

Lastly, Prism is used as enable as the targeted point by the total stations to locked the
bearing before the detail survey is produced.

Figure 3.0: Prism