Cantilever interaction of shear walls and frames

Item type

text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)

Authors

Patel, Chimanbhai N., 1937-

Publisher

The University of Arizona.

Rights

Copyright is held by the author. Digital access to this

material is made possible by the University Libraries,
University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction
or presentation (such as public display or performance) of
protected items is prohibited except with permission of the
author.

Downloaded

2-Dec-2016 08:15:02

Link to item

http://hdl.handle.net/10150/347654

CANTILEVER INTERACTION OF SHEAR WALLS

AND FRAMES

V .
Chimanbhai N . Patel

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
In the Graduate College
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

19 6 8

STATEMENT BY AUTHOR
This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment
of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of
Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be
made available to borrowers under rules of the Library.
Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable
without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledg
ment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended
quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole
or in part may be granted by the head of the major department
or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the
proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholar
ship,
In all other instances, however, permission must be
obtained from the author.

SIGNED:

h/tct*

/ O

APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR

This thesis has been approved on the date shown below:

Andrew W.^Ross
Professor of Civil Engineering

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wishes to express his deep gratitude
to his thesis director, Professor Andrew W. Ross, for his
active interest, helpful guidance and constructive
suggestions
He would also like to express his appreciation to
Rod Gomez and Assoc., Consulting Engineers, Tucson, Arizona,
for the practical training he received.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.......

>vi

LIST OF TABLES..

..vii

ABSTRACT,

,vii

CHAPTER
1

INTRODUCTION.................

THE EQUIVALENT COLUMN METHOD.

Physical Analysis..............
Twin Cantilevers ...............
Initial Assumptions ............
Method of Analysis.............
Derivation of General Equations

.5
. 7
. 7

INTERACTION OF SHEAR WALLS AND FRAMES

.15

A.
B.

A.
B.

Concept and Method of Analysis ..........

Sys tern W ................................
System F................................
Iterative Procedure to be Used.........
Equilibrium conditions ..................
Step 1: Free Deflection of Shear Wall
(conjugate beam method)...............
Step 2: Initial Deflection and Rotation.
Step 3: Induced Fixed End Moments.......
Step 4: Story Shears in Frame...........
Step 5: Concentrated Moments and Net
De if1 c1 1 on s. . .. .. ... ... . ... ... . .. .. ...
Step 6: The Forced Convergence Correction
De s i gn E 3camp 1e .........................

.9

.15
.15
.16
.16
.16
.19
.21
.22
,23
.24
.26
.27

................................

.39

Base Rotation (General)................

Overturning Moment.....................
Base Rotation Formula..................
S1 ^1 I.2Cajlip1^5oooe.o. ..................

.39
.40
.41
.42

B^\SE RO TAT I
A.

. 8

v
Table of Contents (Continued)
B.
5

Omission of Khans Charts........ .

Derivation of Algebraic Equation

Page
.45
. .54

U ^5ION eeooeeeoeoooe6eoo6eeeaeeseoeeAOfl .57

APPENDIX
I

11

Free Delections and Rotations: Shear Wall... ,60

A.

.65
.66
.67
.68

B.

Moment Distributions ........................

1. Proposed Method 1st Trial...............
2. Proposed Method Final Trial.............
3. Basic Method Final Trial................

C.

Tabulated results of the deformations of the

wall from 1 through 6 trials.............. .69

f EK 2.012 S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.76

REFERENCE S.............................................. 79

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure

Page

Typical Deflected Shapes.......

Substitute Cantilevers

Idealized Structure and Free Deflection of the

al l a a a a i a a a Q Q t t a a a o a o a o a o 6 B O O o a n a n o a O & a a s o

......

10

Fixed End Moments From Deflected Shape of the

F rame a o @ * @ * @ B @ a @ @ a a a a * * a e o @ a o a a a a a a @ a o a a a c

g p > T 7

a B B a l 8

Shear Wall Flexural Equivalency..................20

Interacting Forces and Moments of Combined

Sy*S teXfi a e e e o a O Q a e a 6 6 o a e e a e e e o e o o e e o 6 B a o

a a e e o e 2 5

Shear Walled Frame Elevation for Illustrated

E 2Camp 1e aooaeoooeooooooooaaoodaaooooaooaoaaooaa28

Substitute Cantilevers for Illustrated Example...29

Forces and Moments After Moment Distribution...... 35

10

Rate of Convergence of Deflections at Second

F 1O O r o a e e o e o o o o o e d e o o o o e o o o e o o o o a o o o o e o g a a

o B o e

49

11

Rate

of Convergence of Deflections at 5th Floor.,50

12

Rate

of Convergence of Deflections at 9th Floor..50

13-

Rate

of Convergence of Rotations at 2nd Floor.... 51

14

Rate

of Convergence of Rotations at 5th Floor.... 51

15

Rate

of Convergence of Rotations at 9th Floor.... 52

16

Deflection vs. Height (with base rotation)....... 53

vi

LIST OF TABLES
Table
1

Page
Horizontal Deflection and Rotation for First
Iterative Trial...

,.31

Final Bending Moment on the Wall at the End of

1st Trial.,
3

I*!3LXI 11

Total Free Horizontal Deflections and Rotations

at Each Story.

tiZS XX1

S.. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o eo.

.36
,.38
47
.48

Final Results With and Without Base Rotation,

.e o e

Deflection and Rotation for First Cycle

..... 70

Deflection and Rotation for Second Cycle..... . .... 71

Deflection and Rotation for Third Cycle...... ..... 72

Deflection and Rotation for Fourth Cycle..... ..... 73

10

Deflection and Rotation for Fifth Cycle......

11

Deflection and Rotation for Sixth Cycle...... .....75

vii

ABSTRACT
If a building consisting of frames and shear walls
is replaced by two representative cantilevers; then one
cantilever represents the frame and the other the shear
wall or assembly of shear walls

In the analysis of the

interaction of the shear wall and frames, use of this

concept of twin cantilevers is made in order to save a
considerable amount of manual work in moment distribution
For an approximate

deflected shape of the frame,

the developed forces and moments are calculated at the

joint between shear wall and frame at each story.

The balance

of forces and moments (loading and frame) are applied to

the shear wall to find the deflection of the wall at each
story.

This iterative procedure is carried on until the

following conditions are satisfied.

That; the horizontal deflection must be the same
in both cantilevers at corresponding levels.
That; the summation of shears developed in both
cantilevers must be equal to the total
external shear (due to loading) at every story.
Effects of base rotation of the shear wall are included
also in the analysis.

ix
This thesis is an attempt to both simplify and
abbreviate existing techniques for accomplishing the above
by combining methods suggested in recent literature.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
As multistory building construction has evolved
from bearing wall types of the late 19th century and the
rigid steel frames of the 1930s to the delicate curtain
wall buildings of the 1950*5, the interior compositions
have changed along with the exterior skins (3), The trends
toward

column-free interiors, long spans, minimum floor

to floor heights and maximum rentable area together with

the increased popularity of reinforced concrete as a
construction material have resulted in the use of the shear
wall as the principal lateral load resisting member in many
multistory

buildings.

Frequently the service core of the

building has provided an excellent location, for the shear

wall since enclosure walls are required there anyhow.
Since a large number of tall buildings are now being
constructed, and present practice in this type of construc
tion is to provide shear walls along with the frames to
resist lateral loads due to wind or earthquake, the design
of shear walls has been the subject of considerable discussion
in the past few years,

The simplest approach to the design problem is to

consider the shear wall as an independent member and design
it as a vertical cantilever.
1

But since the steel framing

actually does resist some of the lateral loading, such design

is quite conservative with respect to shear walls; whereas
the frames are underdesigned.
A number of excellent articles have been published
on the subject of interaction of shear walls with frames in
multistory structures (2,3,4,5).

The analyses presented in

the aforementioned papers are, of course, interesting and

applicable to the design, but require use of a computer that
may not always be available to office practice.
As has been mentioned above, the distribution of
lateral forces between the frames and the walls should result
in more economical structures because, in practical cases,'
the results of an exact analysis will indicate a reduction
of reinforcement in the shear wall.

On the other hand, the

building code requirement (6) of the one-third increase in

allowable wind or earthquake stresses will generally permit
accommodation of the additional stresses in the frame with
no need for additional reinforcement over the major part of
most tall structures =
Recent building regulations are influenced by the
concept that structures designed for earthquake regions
must serve two functions; (1) for frequent small shocks,
they must be capable of controlling damage to nonstructurai
elements in a building (partitions, skin, ducts, water and
soil lines*etc., which, incidentally, may

amount to more

than 701 of the cost of the building), and (2) for several

earthquakes, the structure must have adequate ductility to

accommodate large lateral deflections, with little, if any,
loss in capacity.

The design procedure presented in this

thesis with consideration of code requirements relating to

lateral loading will result in the shear wall braced
structures accomplishing both functions (1) and (2) outlined
above.
(1)

The design information presented in Khans article

is helpful to engineers to establish more precise and

economical reinforcing requirements.

But the moment

distribution is very time consuming for multibayed multistory

buildings.

Moreover, the design procedure requires

successive adjustments to story deflections, so that it

too is iterative.
An attempt has been made to both simplify and
abbreviate existing techniques by combining methods suggested
in recent literature, with the care not to dissatisfy the
equilibrium conditions (Chapter 3).
Base rotation is considered in Chapter 4 in order to
determine its effect on the moments and shears in the final
solution.

An investigation is made also into the rate of

closure of the iteration when Khans charts (1) are not

used to get the deflected shape close to the final correct
deflected shape.

Although the analytical method considered is applicable

for free-standing walls, or the enclosure around elevator
shaft or stairs, it is not applicable to walls that are
filled-in panels bounded by steel framing.

The constraints

imposed by the boundary connections by the frame would prevent,

or modify, deflection as a contilever.

Similarly the

presence of such filled-in walls would modify the deflection

of the frame members.

Note:

The symbols adopted for use in this thesis are defined

where they first appear and are listed alphabetically
in Appendix II.

CHAPTER 2
THE EQUIVALENT COLUMN METHOD
A,

Physical Analysis.
The interaction of a shear wall and a frame is a

special case of indeterminancy in which two basically

different components are tied together to produce one
structure

If the frame alone is considered to take the

full lateral load, it would develop moments in columns and

beams to resist the total shear at each story while the
effects of overturning would normally be considered secondary
and, in most cases, negligible

In resisting all lateral

loads, a frame would deflect as in Fig. 1(a).

The floors

would remain essentially level even though the joints would

rotate.
to

If a shear wall, on the other hand, is considered

resist all the lateral loads, it would develop moments

at each floor equal to the overturning moment at that level

and the deflected shape, Fig. 1(b) would be that of a canti
lever.

.
If a shear wall and a frame exist together in a

building, each one will try to obstruct the other from

taking its natural free deflected shape, and as a result a
distribution of forces between the two results.

As shown

in Fig. 1(c), the frame will restrain or pull the shear wall

/77T77777/77

7Z77Free Frame

Free Wall

Combined Frame S Wall

Ox

Figure

1.

Typical Deflected Shapes.

back in upper stories, while in the lower regions the

opposite will occur.
The conflicting deflection characteristics of the
frame and the shear Wall can be considered if the structure
is first divided into two separated systems (1) frame, and
(2) shear wall.

Then for an approximate deflected shape

of the frame, the developed forces and moments are calculated

at the joint between shear wall and frame at each story.

The

difference of forces and moments between the external

loading and frame are applied to the shear wall to find the
deflection of the wall at each story, and these deflections
are compared with those previously assumed.

The procedure

is repeated until (1) horizontal deflection must be same

in both systems at corresponding levels, and (2) the summation
of shears developed in both systems must be equal to the
total external shear (due to loading) at every story.

Since

this is essentially a successive approximation procedure.,

equality means an acceptably low level of inequality.
In this chapter, an attempt has been made to
mathematically represent the frame as one cantilever and
the shear wall as a second.
B.

Twin Cantilevers.
Initial Assumptions
The assumptions which are .usually made in the analysis

of shear walls are as follows.

1*

Shear walls, have moment and shear resisting

connections with the adjacent framework.

2,

Shear walls act mainly as

vertical cantilevers

fixed at the footing level.

3.

The entire structure is tied and braced firmly so

that the building tends to act as a single unit.

4=

The floor'slabs are infinitely rigid in their own

plane.

Since the rotation is inversely proportional

to the flexural rigidity, the slabs are considered

not to undergo any rotation or distortion in the
horizontal plane.

But in case of flat slab design,

the slab does undergo flexure in the vertical plane.

Thus, the method is still valid for flat slab
design.
5.

Initially, it is assumed that the slopes in the

frame at any particular floor are the same; also
that the slopes in the walls at any floor level
are the same though different from that in the
frame.

Method of Analysis:
The building consisting of frames and walls is
replaced by two representative cantilevers (Fig. 2).

The

Substitute cantilever for the frame includes the stiffnesses of the columns and beams.

The other cantilever represents

the shear wall or assembly of the shear walls.

These

two cantilevers are tied together at each floor level so

that
1

the sum of the shears at any story developed by two

cantilevers is equal to the total shear acting on
the building,

2.

the slope at one end of the link members joining the

wall and frame represents the slope in the frame work,
whereas the slope at the other end represents the slope
of the shear wall,

3.

the lateral displacement of the two cantilevers at

any floor level is the same.
Derivation of General Equations:
The basic slope deflection equations for a beam are
MABskBA^2dA+dB+UAB^ m FAB 0 (1)
MBAok B A ^2 dB+ dA+ UB A-* ^ B A

where

(2)

resultant end moment at point A of member A B ,

positive if clockwise and vice versa.
M

fixed end moment at point A of member AB,

positive if clockwise and vice versa.

d^ 2E6.* deformation at A
A

Referring to Fig. 2(a), for joint n, for equilibrium to

exist.

Substitute
Frame Canti
lever
Substitute
Shear Wall

Joint
Stiffness

n-1

7TTJT7T77777

2V_J
Shear-Walled Frame
Figure 2.

b .. Twin Cantilevers
Substitute Cantilevers

Expressing the above relations in terms of the slope

deflection equations (1) and (2).

*kn ( 2d^ dn " ' > Where,

stiffness of columns between floor n and n-1

f
Un

6EDn
^

Dnas relative displacement of the

two ends of member n
E modulus of elasticity
hn height of nth story

kE stiffness of beam at nth floor,

n
But as per assumption,

5,

f
f
f
f
f
f
en'"en'" 6n " dn'dn"'"dn'
Where

joint rotation of frame work at nth floor.

So,substituting this deformation condition in previous

equation
< ( 2kn2knlt3kn*3n ' ^ kn < - V kn*ldL v kn <
*kn*lUn-H*0-'
Similarly for equilibrium to exist at joint n

12
For equilibrium to exist at joint n 91

H i 1,(n+1)1*Mn ,(n-1),+Mn',n"+Mn",n s 0 (5)

There will be vertical movements at the connecting points

of the "link" beams with the shear wall.

The vertical

movement at any connecting point will be equal to the slope

at that point multiplied by half the width of the shear
wall.

Vertical movement at point n """0n"^n 1

where

e^n rotation of shear wall at nth floor

&Y 58 half the width of an actual shear wall at nth
Ti

floor.
s< un',n"^ S ^
^n

Now expressing equation (5) in terms of the slope deflection

equations (1) and (2)
k Cn*l) '

'*Un.l)"kn ' ( 2dn'l d ( n - D

.WjX

n
Where.

stiffness of link beam

d^s deformation at joint between link beam and wall

at nth floor.

Therefore,

dn^2k(n*l) ,'!'2kn ,'!3kn 9's'2klb^+ k (n+l) ,dn+l

*kn ' < - l ,k(nl) 'U ( l ) < ' UX

b (1<- i K
n

Adding equations (4) (4a) and (6),

dn (2kn'>'2kn"''>2kn ,'>2kn*l'>2k (n-H),,,<'2k Cn+l) '

<6kn6kn-42knb^ dnl(kn.l*k (nl)"'

k (n+l)')+dn-l(kn+kn"'+kn')+knb (

dn
n

^Un (kn^kn " '*kne^*dn+1 (kn+ l*k (n+l)"' *k (n+l) '^=0

Now, making the following substitutions in equation (7)

Kn-kn"kn"'kn'=Ek^

kn+l*kn+l*k (n+l)"'*k (n+l)'*^kn+l

(These are the sums of all the column stiffnesses at the nth
and the n^lth stories, respectively)

14
Kn'lcn ^ n ' ' !;kn
(This is the sum of the stiffnesses of all the beams except
the link beams at the nth floor.)
K lb=rklb
n
n
3w
n
(These are the sums of stiffnesses of all the link beams.)

dn(2K^ 2Kntl*6Kn*2Knb>*Kn l 4 l

Kn dn . l ^ < ,KX < l Un M -

Say, Kn- 2 K ^ 2 K ^ 1<-6Kb *2K^b

... ...(8a)

Substituting equation (8a) into equation (8),

Kn dntKnldnl"Kn dn-llkIFdn 4Kn Un"KnlUnl=0''

Equation (9) shows that the structure shown in Fig. 2(a) can
be represented as shown in Fig. 1(b).

Thus the frame system

can be represented as one cantilever and the assembly of

shear walls as the other.

These twin cantilevers are tied

together by link beams so that the entire structure is

looked at as a single unit.

Kn (Eqn. 8a) is the stiffness

of the joint between frame column and link beam at nth story,

CHAPTER 3
INTERACTION OF SHEAR WALLS AND FRAMES
A.

Concept and Method of Analysis

As has been seen in Chapter 2, the concept of twin

cantilevers reduces the multibay$

multistory shear^walled

structure into the single-bay multistory shear-walled

structure.

Then the analysis is performed in two stages.

In the first stage of analysis of the structure, it is

necessary to determine the deflected shape and the amount of
lateral

load distributed to the walls and frame, respectively,

at each

story.

For this purpose, the structure is separated

into two distinct systems; system W and system F.

1.

System W :

Shear

wall or assembly of shear walls.

This system can have any configuration.

Walls are

extended over the entire height of the structure.

The stiffness of

this shear wall system at any

story equals the

sum of the stiffnesses of all

shear walls regardless of their shape and size.

Shape and size should be considered in computing an
average

the distance from the neutral axis of

the system W to its extreme fiber.

Thus, the

coupled shear walls can be represented in high

multistory buildings as a single wall with an

16
equivalent stiffness equal to the sum of the stiff
nesses of both shear walls.
2.

System F :

This system includes all columns and

beams contributing to the lateral stiffness.

The

link beams, members linking the frames with the

shear walls, are also included in this system.

In

twin cantilevers, the stiffnesses of columns, beams

and link beams are simply the sum of the stiffnesses
of all such members in the structure.

The link

beam span is an average of the link beam spans of

the structure when this spans are within the same
range of magnitude.
Then the analysis of a single-bay shear-walled multistory
frame system is performed by an iterative solution presented
subsequently.
B.

Iterative Procedure to be Used.

Equilibrium conditions:
1.

The horizontal deflection must be the same in both

cantilevers at corresponding levels.

2.

The summation of shears developed in both cantilevers

must be equal to the total external shear (due to
loading) at every story.

3.

Link members connecting two cantilevers must undergo

the same rotations and vertical translations as those
of system W and system F at their point of connection.

17

Link Beams
P

LO
P

Tf"
P

rCto
rC(SJ

7777

LB

777/77777777
-H^q

(a) Idealized Structure

Figure 3.

TTtTJTTTTHT
.2C ,
(b)

Free Deflection of
System W.

Idealized Structure and Free Deflection of

the Wall.

18

A r

-A

"Force-Fitting" System F

Figure 4.

Fixed End Moment From

"Force Fitting"

Fixed End Moments From Deflected Shape

of the Frame.

19
The foregoing three requirements of compatibility and equil
ibrium can be achieved by the following six steps of analysis.

Step 1 :

Free Deflection of Shear Wall (conjugate beam method)

Total computed external loads (wind or seismic) on

the idealized structure (Fig. 3a) are directly applied to

shear wall at each floor level.

The slopes and deflections

of the shear wall at each floor level are determined by the

conjugate beam method shown hereinafter.
Conjugate Beam Method.
In the conjugate beam method (8), the relationship
between the real beam and the conjugate beam are as follows;
(a).

The span of the conjugate beam is equal to the

span of the real beam.

(b)

The load of the conjugate beam is the M/EI diagram

of the real beam.

(c)

The shear at any section of the conjugate beam

is equal to the slope of the corresponding
section of the real beam.

(d)

The moment at any section of the conjugate beam

is equal to the deflection at the corresponding
section of the real beam.

(b) Conjugate Beam

(a) Real Beam

where Iw =moment of intertia of

shear wall.
E Modulus of elasticity
of concrete (shear wall)
Figure 5.

Shear Wall Flexural Equivalency.

The real beam is fixed at A (Fig. 5a)

. .At end A; Rotation

6=0

Deflection =0
. .In conjugate beam; at end A shear =0
and moment0
So end A is free in the conjugate beam as shown in Fig. 5.
Similarly, in the real beam, the slope and deflection are
not zero at free end B, hence the end B is fixed in the
conjugate beam as shown in Fig. 5b.
For example:

The slope at p t . C in the real beam;

8^=shear at pt. C in the conjugate beam

and the deflection at pt. C in the real beam;

A ^mo m e n t at p t . C in the conjugate beam

Thus, the free horizontal deflection and rotation can be

calculated by the conjugate beam method at any point on the
shear wall.

The free horizontal deflection, rotation and

vertical deflection at any point, i , are denoted as A ^ ,

efi and

respectively.

and below are

Step 2 :

The deflections one floor above

and

respectively.

Initial Deflection and Rotation.

For quick convergence, initial deflection and

rotations are assumed or approximated from Figs. 32 through

38 given in Khan's article (1).

In the absence of a good

estimate, however, the deflected shape is assumed as the

free deflected shape of the shear wall, which would mean
that, in the first cycle, initial deflection and rotation
at the ith floor would be
Aii(l)Afi
and
6 ii(l) 8fi

System F is forced to undergo the assumed deflections at

each floor (Fig. 4a).

This also requires that the connecting

members at each floor must have the same rotations and

22
vertical translation as system W at their points of connec
tion with system W.
Step 3 ;

Induced Fixed End Moments.

The moments induced by "force-fitting" can be

determined directly by using moment distribution

The

foreed-fitted frame shown in Fig 4a has known story deflec

tion and rotations at the connecting points; hence, for
uniform columns and beam sections the fixed end moment at
the beginning of moment distribution (Fig. 4b) would be
for columns at ith story
6 EI

FMci=(
i
At the ith floor for "link" beams at their shear wall end,
4EI. .
FMbiw (1 -- ^ V
b

but

6EI, .
( y - ) Avi
Lb

Avi=Zw 8i

2EI,
I
- FMbiw 35C - ) [ 2 ^ 3 ( I^ ) ] 9 i
Lb
b

and at the ith floor for "link" beams at their frame end
2EIb .
FMbif C~f
Lb
But again

6EL.

^0 i+ C~ 7 T
'

bb

)Avi *

Distribution Factors:
As has been seen in Chapter 2, the joint stiffness,
in the twin cantilever, at any nth joint is as follows:

S r 2 Kn* 2 KS*l+6 Kn* 2 Knb Therefore,

Distribution Factors:
2KC
Lower column^ n
Kn

2K<2KC-o-2Kc .1 *6Kb-$-2K^b
n
n+ 1
n
n

2 Kn+l
2 Kn^l
Upper c o l u m n
-= -----5-rx
"
2 Kn* 2 K^ V 6 Kn " 2Kn

Link beam

2Klb
2Klb
- = -- r- 2 ----5---- rg
n
2 K5+ 2 Kn,l+ 6 Kn +2Kn

Knowing the fixed end moments and the distribution factors,

the moment distribution can be run to get final moments in
the members.

When a known, fixed si desway is imposed on a

structure, as in this case, the cumbersome sideway corrections

to the moment distribution are not required, and the solution
will converge rapidly.
Step 4 :

Story Shears in Frame.

After force-fitting system F to system W, the total

shears in each story of system F as well as moments and

24
reactions applied on system W by the connecting links are
computed (Fig.

6 a).

The shears generated by force-fitting

can be used directly in the next step.

horizontal forces P ' are shown in Fig.
tion purposes.

The resulting
only for illustra

These interaction forces may be either

positive or negative at different floors.

Step 5 :

Concentrated Moments and Net Deflections.

All shear forces and moments generated by force-

fitting system F are applied to the isolated free system W

(Fig.

6 b).

At any story i , 1VL and

by moment (Fig.

should be replaced

6 c)

M ' - W i V
The moments and forces shown in Fig.

6b

will cause negative

deflections and rotations of system % A . and

'
ai

. respectively.
ax

The balance of forces and moments (loading and frame) are

applied to the shear wall in order to find the net deflections
and rotations,

and @e respectively,

at

each story.

So at the end of first cycle, the deflections and rotations

equations can be written as follows:

Aei(l)=Afi~Aai(l)
9 ei(l)= 6 fi" 6 ai(l)

or in general at the end of the nth cycle

Aei (n)~Aii (n) "Aai (n)

2.5

VS

4 -V 4 -V5

V4

"2

cr
% cr
I
I

V3

p
-i
V2

CT
M

crM

VI

-V

/777T//7/7777

(a) Forces and Moments in System F

after Moment Distribution.

(b) Forces and Moments

From System F Applied
to System W.

N.A.

yf

Vi

M'=Mi+Rvi(^w )
(c) Total Concentrated Bending
Moments.
Figure

Interacting Forces and Moments of Combined System.

26
and
9 ei(n)

6 ii(n)

9 ai(n)

This is the end of one cycle of iteration.

For the stable

condition to occur, the initial deflections at any floor

"i" at the beginning of nth cycle, A ^ ( n ) must be the same
as the end (net) deflections Agi^)
nth cycle.

the completion of the

However in many cases in the first cycle, A ^

is negative indicating that the iteration is divergent.

The

generalization of this method of solution therefore depends

on the use of a proper "forced - convergence - correction"
to be applied to the initial deformations of the nth cycle
Aii(n) an^ 0ii(n )>

t0

obtain the initial trial deformations

of the (n-s-l)th cycle, Aii(-n^ 1) and 6ii(n -i-l)

In Fig.

6b

it will be noted that the axial effects of

the link beam reactions (R^) on the shear wall are neglected.
This is compatible with the neglect of axial forces in most
frame analysis methods.

The two major contributors to

shear wall behavior (concentrated moment

, and horizontal

loading, P^) are considered.

Step

The Forced Convergence Corrections.

The convergence corrections are derived from the

hypothesis that in each cycle the movement of system W

at each floor with respect to its free deflected shape is
lineally proportional to the movement of system F with

27
respect to the vertical line.

Therefore, it can be shown

that if at the nth cycle the initial trial values at the

ith floor were
Aei(n) and

and

8 ei(n)'

6^

and the end values were

the initial trial values at the (n^l)th

cycle should be as follows:

Aii(n)
and
0

=6

ii(n-M)

JL9 ei(n) ~9ii (n)

iiCn)^ e f i - e e i ( n )
eii(n)

The values A and

obtained by above two equations are used

as initial values for the next cycle, and the procedure ,is
repeated beginning with the second stepoutlined
Thisiterative procedure is
deflection

carried onuntil

previously.

the net

is equal to the initial deflection A ^

At the end of each cycle, A ^

and A ^

should be checked

until the convergence is within a specific acceptable tolerance,

for example 5% to 10%, based on the designer's judgment.
Design Example:
Data:

The dimensions and lateral forces are shown in the

Fig. 7; whereas the elastic properties are listed as follows:

Column Stiffness

k G=800

in^

Beam Stiffness

k^=200

in^

28
k lh-200
Shear Wall

in 3

I -200 ft 4
Area A =30

ft 3

E =3420K/in
As has been seen in Chapter 2, the structure shown
in Fig. 7 can be represented as the single bay shear-walled
frame structure (Fig.

8 ).

Story
1 0 th

12

9th

22

8 th

26

7th

24

6 th

24

5th

24

4th

24

K
K
K

r-4

3rd

24

2 nd

24

1 st

24

Ground

iH
<SU
o

77

25

25

9'

HFiguie 7.

Shear Walled Frame Elevation for Illustrated

Example.

29
Where

Kc=j:kc -800 + 800

=1600 in 3
K lb = 2:klb = 2 0 0 in 3
=200

in 3

Joint stiffness at any joint "n"

Kn" 2 Kn+ 2 K^ i +6Kn +

2K^

12

22
26
24

K
K
K

24

24

lb

K'

24

24
24
24
12

Figure

8.

K
K
K
K

Substitute Cantilevers for Illustrated Example

. . For top joint K 10 = 2 (1600)+2 (0) + 6 (200)+ 2 (200)

=3200+0+1200+400
-4800 in 3

For any intermediate joint

Kn 2(1600)+2(1600)+6(200)+2(200)
*3200+3200+1200+400
*8000 in^

Distribution Factors
Top joint:

link beam =

? %?nn
*0,08
4 OV U

K 10
Column =
K 10

- i 1600
4800

= 0.33

Intermediate joint:

2 Kn b
link beam =---K
n

.2x200

8000
=0.05

Upper or lower col,

2Kn
%n
.2(1600)
8000
=0.4

Free Deformations of Shear Wall.

Neglecting the frame, at the first stage, the
external lateral loads are applied to the shear wall and
thus free deflections and rotations are calculated in

31
Appendix 1(A) at each floor level 0

These deflections and

rotations are tabulated in Table 1.

The third column of

Table 1 shows the factors from Khans (1 ) chart in order

to approximate the deflected shape close to the final
deflected shape of the structure.

The deflected shape of

the force-fitting system is shown in Fig. 4a,

Table 1.

Story

Horizontal Deflection and Rotation for First

Iterative Trial.
Free
Deflection

Free
Rotations
6if

Aif

Reduction
factor
F

Aii(l)

9i i (1 )

0.13

.00158

.006

0.04

.000034

0.46

.00 2 85

.0 22

0.14

.000125

0.96

.00364

.045

0.287

.000255

1.57

.00440

.077

0.49

.000436

2.28

.00493

.110

0.70

.00063

3.05

.00527

.150

0.955

.00087

3.86

.0055

.193

1.23

.00109

4.69

.0056

.2 34

1.49

.00132

5.53

.00565

.280

1.782

.00158

6.37

.00566

.325

2.07

.00184

10

The force-fitting system is shown in Fig. 4a 6

The induced moment in link beam at shear wall end
FMbiw - C Z E K b i ) ( 2* 3^ ) e i

b
2x3420x200 ,lA_4-SVa
' - n 23~~ i
=114x10 (2.54)Bi
=28956x10 9i

32
At 10th story
. . FMbl0w=2 89.56xl03x.00184
=533 K Ft.
Similarly

FMbq*r457K FtFMb8w=384

FMb 7w = 3 1 5
FMb 6 w = 2 5 2
FMbSw = 1 8 2

FMb 4w = 1 2 6
FMb3w = 7 3 " 8
FMb 2 w = 3 6 -2
FMblw"

9 83

Now induced fixed end moment in link beam on frame end,

Ls
FMbif- 2 EKbi( 1 + 3 r > ei
b
,2 x 5 4 2 0 x 2 0 0 ^1+ 34 .5)Q

12
=114x1.54xlO30i

25

53
At the 10th story

FMbl 0 f 1 1 4 x l o 5 4 x l 0 3 * 0 0 1 8 4
=323 KFt
Similarly

FMb9f 2 7 7 K Ft
b 8 f =232

FMb7f191

b 6 f =155
FMb sf110 KFt

FMb4f=76.3

FMb3f ='4 4 -7
FMb2f =22.0

FMblf =5.95

Induced PEM in Columns

At any story i ,
6 EI

i
6 EK

=~h

(i "4 ! - ! 1

6x3420x1600,,
.
.
=----------- (A.-A, i)
12x12x12

1 i

= 19xl03 (Ai -Ai _1)

At

1 0 th

Story

FMclO=19x

1 0 3 (2

=5470 K.Ft
Similarly ;
FMc9=5540 K
FMcg=4940 K '
FM .=5220 K'
C7

FMc6=4840 K !
FMc5=3990 K'
FMc4=3860 K*
FMc3=2790 K'
FMc2=1900 K*
FMc1=760

After running the moment distribution (see Appendix 1(B)

the final forces and moments are shown in Fig 9

The

story shears in the frame and the shear wall, concentrated

bending moment and then final bending moments are tabulated
in the Table 2,

35

695K'
i V - 217%
54.36 %r

=, -217

t / 8564

. 153 K
*
113

54.8

1'
h

939K'
932
I

561

769
40

677
4 6 ' 2 4

143

41.28 d

126

1B 4717
34.96 v_ 3 3 5
45

81
122

58
52

30.04 rx 265
-lt> - 41
24. 88 f
124.9

p
64
16.44 , 104.2
^
6
#
11.65
52.63
if:

27.1

564

6.32

24,9

V;
470
V:
377

199
156.6
81.10

nrrrrrTT
Figure 9.

Forces and Moments After Moment

Distribution.

36
Table 2.

Final Bending Moment on the Wall at the End of

1st Trial.

Story

External
Shears
Kips

Frame
Story Shear Cone.
Story Shears in Wall
Bending
Kips
Kips
Moments
K*

Final
Bending
Moments
K'

1 0 th

12

217

205

939

939

9th

34

153

119

932

4331

8 th

60

113

53

769

6528

7th

84

143

59

677

7841

6 th

108

126

18

564

9113

5th

132

81

51

470

9 893

4th

156

122

34

377

9658

3rd

180

58

122

199

9449

2 nd

204

52

152

156.6

8141

1 st

228

27.1

200 .9

81.10

6398.7

240

212.9

3988

Ground

The final moments will give the net deformations of

the shear wall at the end of the first trial,

and

9ei(i). The calculations for these net deformations are

done by conjugate beam method and tabulated in Table
Appendix 1(C) .

in

37
Deformations for Second Cycle,
The initial trial values for the next cycle is
obtained as follows:
1..,

* 'iciCr.)~Aii(n)
4 ii(n)

Aii(l)
For example at 10th story

4 iioc 2 )"^*7+

2.07
=2.07-1.22
=0.85 in.

Similarly for all the stories the deflections and rotations

are calculated, and the results are shown in Table

(Appendix

1(C) .
This iterative procedure is carried on until the
initial deflections
Aei(n)*

are equal to the final deflections

[The results of intermediate iterations are tabulated

in Appendix C, Table 7 through Table 11.]

The final results are tabulated and compared with
those obtained by Khan's Method in Table 3.

38
Table 3.

Floor

Proposed Method

Khan's Method

Bending Concen Deflec

Moment trated
tions
K'
Bend Mom . in.
K'

Shear Bend
Kips 'Mom
K'

Concen Defle
tions
trated
B.M.
in.
K'

12

6.37

-27.1

173

173

0.89

-27.1

169.8

169.8

0.92

34

-144

5.53

- 9.0

704.2

206.5

0.83

- 7

699.0

204.0

0.86

8
7

60

-552

4.69

39.2

1055.2

. 242.5

0.76

40.2

1012.0

229.0

0.79

84

-1272

3.86

13.0

877.3

292.5

0.69

13

815.6

286.0

0.71

342 .5

0.59

69.7

996.3

336.7

0.61

10

Shear Wall only; Cantilever

Analysis
Bending
Shear
Shear
Deflec
Kips Moments
tion
Kips
K'
in.

Final Results

108

-2

280

3.05

68.6

1063.8

132

-3576

2.28

56.5

624.6

384

0.49

5 7.7

535.3

375.3

0.50

156

-5160

1.57

97.5

359.1

412.5

0.37

98

248.8

406.0

0.38

.3

180

-7032

0.96

104.0

-406.4

404.5

0.25

105

-529.2

398.0

0.25

204

-9192

0.46

'153.5

-1291.9

362.5

0.13

154

-1432.7

356.5

0.13

228

-11640

0.13

192.6

-2898

235.2

. 0.04

192.6- 3056.2

224.5

0.04

240

-14376

204.6

-5209.2

204.6- 5 368.2

Ground

.0

CHAPTER 4
BASE ROTATION
A.

Base Rotation (General).

The engineer is sometimes confronted with the

question of whether the shear wall bases should be fixed

or free to rotate.

At the other times he is compelled to

design the footings for a central load and a moment, and

for a limited amount of rotation

Therefore an understanding

of the rotation characteristic of the shear wall base and

footing is essential
When the lower end of a shear wall is subjected to
a bending moment, the joint between the shear wall and the
footing must be strong enough to transfer the stresses

But

this can be overcome by embedding dowels in the footing,

and then the shear wall can be considered fully fixed to the
footing.

Once the shear wall is fixed to the footing, the

base rotation of the shear wall is caused only by the elastic

deformation due to the greater soil compression at the toe
of the base, which is generally small and insignificant.
Regardless of degree of fixity between the shear wall
base and the footing, the moment from the shear wall will
cause unsymmetrical soil pressure.

The soil pressure is

assumed to have straight line or planar distribution.

Unfortunately the pressure distribution is not likely to be

39

40

planar and cannot be determined quantitatively (10).

There

fore, the rotation of a footing acted n by a moment or an

eccentric loading can only be estimated on the basis of some
simple calculations guided by good engineering judgment.
For example, small and shallow footings on sand are prone
to rotation because the sand readily runs out from under
the toe of the footing.

If the footing is located at greater

depth, the sand is subjected to a confining pressure due

to the weight of the overlying soil.

The relative effect

of the edge condition diminishes as the size of footing

increases.

It becomes apparent that small and shallow

footings on granular soils should not be relied upon for

providing fixity to the shear wall base.
Contrary to the sand, clay and clayey soils resemble
elastic material and are capable of resisting a concentrated
stress at the edge.

Furthermore since a large portion of

the settlement of footings on clay is due to consolidation

resulting from bending moment acting for a long period of
time, so the bending moment due to the wind or seismic load
acting in short duration would not cause significant rotation.
Overturning Moment.
The axial load from earthquake force on vertical
elements and footings in every building or structure may be
modified and the overturning moment

at the base of the

building or structure shall be determined in accordance with

the following formula.

41

M^JEF^hj,

,o . ..Uniform Building Code Sec. 2314,

p. 115

=JxCantilever Moment
,
where,

and

0.5

3M
T* *05H
v r

Fi=Lateral force applied to a level designated as "i"

h^=Height in feet above the base to the level designated
as "i".
D Dimension of the building in feet in a direction parallel
to the applied forces.
H= The height of the main portion of the building in feet
above the base.
The required value of "J" shall not be less than 0.33 nor
more than 1.00. "J" should be 1.00 for elevated tank supported
with four or more cross braced legs.
Base Rotation Formula.
The joint between shear wall and footing is assumed
to be strong enough so that the stresses due to bending
moment at the lower end of the shear wall would be transferred
to the soil.
Mb c
Max stress in soil =

^2
where

c* half length of the footing

mom, of inertia of footing.

Now,
MvC
max, vertical deformation in soil rI
where

k- subgrade soil modulus in lbs, per sq, in, per

inch of deformation.

Base rotation:

eR-settlellient
&
c
Mbc

- ?
c

ifk'

The translation of the shear wall at the ground

floor level is prevented in every step of the computations.
Thus, only the appropriate rotation at the base of the
shear wall will be permitted.

The design loads can be

applied directly to the shear wall, and the iterative analysis

should give the desired results.
Design Example.
So far it has been assumed that full fixity exists

at the base of the shear wall as in the numerical example

presented in the previous chapter.

However, the theory can be

expanded to include the case where the base can rotate due

to elastic support.

This may occur if the supporting soil

is elastic or if the wall is resting on columns which may

have uneven settlements

In either case, a horizontal move

ment at the base is considered prevented.

The base rotation can easily be included in the .
aforementioned iterative solution by increasing the rotation
at all stories by the amount of base rotation and increasing
horizontal deflection at all stories by the product of base
rotation and the distance from the base to each story.
In the previous example,
Cantilever mom.=-14376 K.Ft.
overturning mom. =JF^h^
=Jxcantilever moment.
But J= 9-^L
3\/T2
and T - i
VF

_.0 5 (120) _ 6
V(59)

7.67

= 0.78
j 0.5
3 \/(0 .78) 2

_ 0.5
0 .85

= 0.59
overturning moment 0.59(-14376)

44

M,
Now, base rotation 9^^ K.

Take k average =200 lbs/in /in (k varies between 50 and 500)

use footing size

'x25

=\ I - = ~ x 6 * 2 5 3=7812.5 Ft4
f 12
9

. 8480xl03
B 7812.5(200x1728)
=.0031

radian

Horizontal deflection
at any floor due to base

=Base Rotation^ Distance in

rotation

inches from
base to that
floor.

..Hor. Defl-at 10th floor

due to base rotation

^0.0031*(120x12)
r
4 o^ xn o

In the same way, the horizontal deflections due to

base rotation are found out for all stories and are tabulated
in Table 4.
Once the total deflections and rotations are known,
the rest of the iterative procedure is followed exactly the
same way as presented in Chapter 3.

The final results are

tabulated in Table 5 along with the previous results obtained

without inclusion of base rotation for the comparison purpose.

45
The overall results are very close in both cases , with and
without inclusion of base rotation.
Bo

Omission of Khan's Charts

In this chapter, the numerical example includes the

effect of base rotation of the shear wall, as well as the

effect on rate of convergence if Khan's charts (1) are not
used to obtain approximate deflections for each trial.
Starting with total free deflected shape, seven
iterative trials have been m a d e .

The initial and net deflec

tion versus numbers of trials graphs are plotted for each

story, and these seemingly converging graphs are extrapolated
to a point of intersection

These intersecting values of

deflections are very close to the correct values.

In the

same way, the approximate values of rotations are also obtained.

For the ninth, fifth and second stories these deflection
and rotation graphs (Fig. 10 to Fig. 15) are presented for
illustration purposes.

Beginning with these close values of

deflections and rotations, two more trials were needed and

the subsequent third tfial is the final solution.

The

example in the previous chapter with the exclusion of the

base rotation also needed seven trials to come to the final
solution even when using Khan's charts values.
This demonstrates that the technique of using the
deflected shape obtained from the developed graphs from the
results of the example itself converges as fast as the use.
of Khan's charts.

46
Some A^ and Ag curves cross rather than truly
converging, as shown in Fig. 10 to 15; but this is to be
expected since the deflection at each story is affected by
the deflections of all other stories.

The initial deflec

tion values, as found from the relationship;

=A

ii(n*l)

AAei(n)~Aii(n)
ii(n) ^ Afi-Aei(n)
Aii(n)

do not reflect any effects from the other stories of the

structure.

By using the curve intersection points, known

or extrapolated, as final deflection values, results very

close to the correct values are obtained with a minimum of
successive approximations.

Table 4.

Total Free Horizontal Deflections and Rotations at Each Story,

Hori. Deflections
Free
(2 ).

Total Free

Free

(4)=(2) + (3)

8fi

Base Rotation
(5)

9B

(6 ) -

Total Fr<
(7) = (5) +

5sOO
o

.00566

.0031

,00876

9.58

.00565

,0031

.00875

3.60

8.29

.00560

.0031

.0087

3.86

3.15

7.01

.00550

.0031

.0086

3.05

2.70

5.75

.00527

.0031

.00837

2.28

2.25

4.53

.00493

.0031

.00803

1.57

1.80

3.37

.00440

.0031

.0075

0.96

1.35

2.31

.00364

.0031

.00674

0.46

0.90

1.36

.00284

.0031

.00594

0.13

0.45

OO

Afi

Due to base
rotation ^

Rotations

CD

.00158

.0031

.00468

.0031

.0031

10

6,37

4.50

5,53

4.05

4.69

Ground

Table 5.

Final Results With and Without Base Rotation.

Without Base Rotation

With Base Rotation

Story

Shear
K,

Concen.
B MK.Ft

Bendg
Mom. ^ ,

Deln
inch.

Shear
K.

Concen.
B .M j,

Bendg
Mom. ^ ,

Deflect
inch

10

-39.7

193.2

193.2

0.88

-27.1

173

173

0.89

- 0.3

231.2

900.8

0.81

- 9.0

206.5

704.2

0.83

18.5

253.5

1157.9

0.74

39.2

242.5

1055.2

0.76

57.2

283.5

1219.4

0.67

13.0

292.5

877.3

0.69

47.4

324.0

857.0

0.60

68.6

342.5

1063.8

0.59

61.3

382.2

670.4

0.50

56.5

384.0

624.6

0.49

95.9

409.0

343.8

0.38

97.5

412.5

359.1

0.37

110.7

380.5

-426.5

0.26

104.0

404.5

-406.4

0.25

143.3

399.0

-1357.9

0.13

153.5

362 .5

-1291.9

0.13

199.4

279.0

-2798.5

0.04

192.6

235.2

-2898.0

211.4

-5191.3

204.6

-5209.2

Ground

.04

A ?r >= Net deflection at 2nd floor

at end of nth cycle of
iteration.

0.6

Deflection

in

Inches

0.8

0.4

f n V Deflection at 2 nd floor at
^ ^ beginning of nth cycle of
iteration.

0.2

*e 2 (n)
I________ 1
3

I
4

Number of Trials
Figure 10.

Rate of Convergence of Deflections at Second Floor.

10

50
iv: .

inches

y--

Deflection at
5th floor at end
of nth cycle of
iteration.

in

Deflection

e5 (n)

A.rV \=Deflection at 5th

1 ^ ^ floor at beginning
of nth cycle of
iteration.
=#=8

Figure 11.

Rate of Convergence of Deflections

at 5th Floor.

1,0

in

inches

Ai9(n)

Deflection

A q/- ^Net Deflection at 9th .

^ } floor at end nth cycle
of iteration.
A.Q , ^Deflection at 5th floor
1 \ ' at beginning of nth
cycle of iteration.
e9 (n)
4
5
Number of Trials
Figure 12.

Rate of Convergence of Deflections

at 9th Floor.
. .

51

0006
e 2 (n)
8 f,?fnY~Rotation in shear wall
- at 2 nd floor at the end

,0004

of nth cycle.
'0 *o/tl'iRotation in shear wall
_^ J at 2 nd floor at the
beginning of nth cycle.

.0002
Number of Trials

Rotation

in Radians

000 8

Figure 13.

Rate of Convergence of Rotations at

2nd Floor.

,0010

Rotation

in Radians

,0008

0006

.0004
e5 (n)

rrr^^RDtatiori in shear wall

^ at 5th floor at the end
of nth cycle.

GiSfnl'Rotation in shear wall

: J at 5th floor at beginning
of nth cycle.

0002
2

Figure 14.

4
5
Numbers of Trials

Rate of Convergence of Rotations at

. 5th Floor.

52

.0008

0006
i9(n)

.0004

Radians

0002

Rotation

in

Number of Trials

.0002

-.0004

ei9 (n)

e Qr ^Rotation in shear wall

"I ^ at 9th floor at the cnd=
of nth cycle.
0

.Q r N=Rotation in shear wall

1* ^ ' at 9th floor at the
beginning of nth cycle.

-.0006

Figure 15.

Rate of Convergence of Rotations at 9th

Floor.

53

Wall-column stiffness ratio, ^-=96

Sc

Height

Column-Be am stiffness ratio, ^=4

SB

Deflections in inches
Figure 16.

Deflection vs. Height (with base

rotation).

54

Derivation of Algebraic Equation.

The deflect ions versus story height graph (Fig. 16)
is plotted and the algebraic equation for the graph is
derived as follows:
The general equation for curve is
yAxn+Bx+C
But

x=0
C= 0
y =0
yssAxn+Bx

conditions from graph

xB 0 .6

y* 0

x=0.36

y=0.33

x=0.216

.6

y=0.16

..0.6 -A(0.6)n +0.6B

0.33=A(0.36)n+0.36B
0.33-A(0.6)2n+0.36B
0.36=6A(0.6)n+0.36(B)
2n ,
,,n
-.03 =A(0.6)-6A(0.6)

0.6-A(0.6)n*0.6B
and

..

.03

0.16=A(.216)n *216B
0.16-A(0.6)3n+.216B

0.6(0.6)n -(0.6)2n

.216=.36A(.6)n +.216B
-.056=A[.63n-.36(.6)n ]
.'.A-

.3________
,6 (.6 )n -(.6 )2n

56
.36(.6)n -(.6)3n

.056
.36(.6)n -(.6)3n

55

36(.6)n -C.6)3n
6(.6)n -(.6)2n

.056
.03

1.865

..0.36(.6)n -(.6)3n=1.12(.6)n -1 .86 5(.6) 2n

.'.0.36-0.62n=l.12-1.865(0.6)n
..0.62 n -l. 865(.6)n - .76-0

n ,n

+1.865+
3.48-3.04
______ __________

U .o c

1.865*.632

=1.248 or 0.616
.*.n log.6 = log 1 .248 or log 0.616

n - M 6
T. 778
_+0.096
"

' L

L19
T . 778

__

-0.21

*-0.432

Now

or

or

0.222

0.95

.03
0

.6 (0 .6 )n -(0 .6 )2n

substituting values of "n" in above equation

n e -0.432
and

A - 0 .0 37

5b

n =0 .95

A -3 .00

fl-~A ( 0 .6)n +0 .6
0.6

n = -0.432 and A=-.037

B=1.076

n =0.95 and

B=4.08

A=-3.0

y=-. 0 3 7 x " +

0 7 6 x-^-^x0 "4 3 2

or

y=-3x0 '^^>4.08x=4.08x-3x'9^

From Khans charts (1) (Fig. 32 through Fig. 38),

it is clear that the variation of column-beam stiffness

sc does

ratio,

not radically affect the graph.

s
column stiffness ratio,

But wall-

has seemingly important influence

c
Ss
So for constant value of (i.e. 96), our derived algebraic
Sc
equations give the deflected shape close to the final
Ss
deflected shape regardless of the value of ratio.
SB

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS
A practical method of analysis for the multistory
framed structure with moment- resisting joints that is also
braced with shear walls has been proposed in this thesis.
The method does not require simplifying assumptions that
are not ultimately checked and yet gives the designer some
freedoms as follows:
1.

Variable story heights are permitted.

2.

Constant shear walls are not needed and the

openings in shear walls are allowable.

3.

Variable sections of columns and girders are allowed.

The common design assumptions that all horizontal loads are

carried by the shear walls are not correct over the entire
height of the structure.

Furthermore the distribution of

the lateral shear between the frame and the shear wall depends
not only on their relative stiffnesses but on the number of
stories as well.
The iterative procedure adapted in this thesis is
laborious and requires time and patience.

In spite of that,

the procedure is simple and a problem can be solved on a

sliderule or a small desk calculator in the design offices.

57

58

The concept of the substitute cantilever for the

frame reduces the multibayed structure into the single bay
structure.

A numerical example is presented to illustrate

the design procedure and simplicity of the calculations.

For the final trial of the example, the moment distributions
involved in both the proposed and basic methods are presented
in Appendix

1 (B)

in order to show that a considerable amount

of work is saved by the proposed moment distribution.

The use of Khan's Charts (1) to get the approximated
final deflected shape of the frame is recommended in order
to obtain faster convergence of the iteration.
The method presented is easily applicable to the
design of the shear wall buildings of any height for maximum
economy with adequate control over the required strength
and ductility of all structural elements.
Base rotation is considered in Chapter 4 and results
both, with and without base rotations, are tabulated in
Table 5 for comparison purposes.

The overall difference for

horizontal shear and bending moment is within four percent

for this example building in both cases with and without
base rotation.

The maximum difference in the deflection

is also four percent.

Thus, it seems that the base rotation

has insignificant influence in the iterative analysis for

at least some building proportions.

59
The same numerical example is solved again in
Chapter 4 with inclusion of the base rotation and without
use of Khans charts to obtain an approximate close deflected
shape to start with.

It is seen that the example without

use of charts requires three more trials than that with use
of charts.

Therefore, if the charts are not available,

the graphs can be plotted for first six or seven iterative

trials starting from free deflected shape with or without
base rotation.
correct or quite

Then the intersection values which are

close to correct values can be read

directly if the graphs intersect otherwise extend to let

them intersect.
The algebraic equation that is derived from
deflection versus height graph is restricted to concentrated
loading and to wall-column stiffness ratio of about

100.

APPENDIX

1 (A)

Free Deflections and Rotations; Shear Wall.

Story

External Load
K

10

12

12

22

34

-144

26

60

-552

24

84

-1272

24

108

-2280

24

132

-3576

24

156

-5160

24

180

-7032

24

204

-9192

24

228

-11640

12

240

-14376

Ground

24

Story Shear Bend. Mom.

K
K

24 24

24

24

24

24

26

22

12

i ii i i i i i ii
3

<
U3
\
(N1
in
in

i
w

Real Beam

10

rH

Conj ugate
Beam
12010'=120'
60

61

Area A , - 1 1 3 7 6 . 1 1 6 4 0 *12
2 EIw
/.E I ^ - 1 5 6 , 0 9 6 K.Ft

Similarly,

El
El

A 4=

>
in

it

El

>
w
n

EIA 2 = 124992
97, 344
73, 152
52, 416

El w A 6 35, 136
El w A 7=

2 1 ,312

El

1 0 ,944

El
El

A 8'

w A9*

4,

wA 1 0 =

176
864

x , 11640+2(14376)
1 11640+14376

= H ! 2 i ,4
26016
=6.2 Ft.

Sim ilarly,
X2

X3

=6.23 Ft
= 6.27 Ft

X4 =6.31
x5 =6.37

x12
3

62
X6

x7
x8

x9
x 10

= 6 ,,32
=6 .57
= 6 .,78
= 7.,15
= 8 .,00

Rotations.
156 ,096

= 156,096______
(3420x144)200
= 156,096
9.85x10?
* 0.00158 Radians

6 f 2 Al* A 2

156,096+124,992
=---9.85x10

=0.00285 Rad.

=0.0036

63
Similarly,
0

^ 0.00 44

Rad.

, -0.00493
5

0, =0.00527
6
0

r 0.0055
7

r 0.0056
18

0r =0.00565
9
6

0.00566

Deflections.
Afl=A ixi

, 156,096x6.2

xl 2

(3420x144) 200
, 156,096x6.2
8.208x106

=0.128
-0.13 in.

Af

C1 2 **) *A2x2
, 156,096(18.2)124,992(6.23)
8 .208x106

=0.46 in.

64

Af A1( 2 4 + x ^ ) C 1 2 > x 2)
=0.96 in.
Similarly,
Ar

=1.57
4

Ar

=2.28
5

A , =3.05
6
Ar

=3.86
7
=4.69

A*
8

Ar

=5.53
9

Ar
t 10

=6.37

APPENDIX

1 (B)

Moment Distributions.
1.

Proposed method - First Trial

2.

Proposed Method - Final Trial

3.

Basic Method - Final Trial

.25

.08

.67

-5470
3448
2147
-1498
^_7S4
506
316

533

10th

206
-56

23
12

3
-

CTT~

~TJ~
-5470
4293
1724
-1509
- 749

irir

-or

or
457

1610

9th

268

-72
39
-11

92
47
34
19
_13
-1064
0.4

0.15

0.05

0.4
-4940
4094
1944
-1635
- 815
633
313
- 248
- 124
95
48
- 37
Jt 18
_14

1537

-1003

1062

P.4

trrr

or

-4940
3966
2047
-1631

0
1495
0
235

191
498
0
-204
0
78

IS

_2

- 681

1052

541

- 913

0.05

^
111
625
316
- 249

z
L
97

- 93

- 31

36

1 12
- 37

- 14

-5

0
0

18

0.4
-5220
4063
1994
-1495
- 815
613
313
- 234
- 116
90
48
- 37
- 18
14
- 800

0.15

12

0
1336
0
- 560
0
230
0
- 88
0
34
0
- 13
0
5

153
445
0
-187
0
76
0
- 29
0
11
0
- 4
0
_2

ti.4
-4840
4063
1742
-1494
- 717
613
272
- 234
- 109
90
42
- 36
- 17
14

944

467

- 608

8.05

o.lS

0.4
-4840
3484
2031
1435
747
544
306
- 220
* IV
as
45
- 34
- 18
j3

0
1308
0
- 538
0
204
0
- 82
0
31
0
- 12
0
5

110
436
o
-174
0
68
. .0
- 27
0
10
0
- 4
0
_2

0.4
-3990
3484
1555
1434
- 713
544
243
- 220
- 94
85
39
- 34
- 15
13

- 903

920

416

- 437

P.4

O.lS

0.05

-3990
3110
1742
1226
- 717
486
272
188
- 110
75
42
- 30
:_!!
12

0
1166
0
459
9
182
0
- 70
0
27
0
- 10
_0
4

- 3
0
1

- 535

84#

357

0.4
3860
2642
1554
- 996
- 612
393
242
- 151

C.T5
0
991

76.3
389
0
-153
0
61
0
- 23
0
9

0.05

-373
0
147
0
- 57
0
22
0
- 12
0
3

- 811

721

44.7
330.3
00
-124
0
49
0
- 19
0
7
0
- 3
0
1
286

0.4

- O'.IS

0.05

60
- 21
- 14

.0

-2790
186 8
1321
- 741
- 497
274
197
- 109
- 75
41
29
16
- 11
6

0
700
0
-277
0
102
0
- 40
0
15
0
- 6
0
2

5
0
- 2
0
1

- 503

496

187

8.4

8.15

22
233
0
- 93
0
34
0
- 13

0.05

- IS
-5
-__ 2_

561

315
249
-102

39
- 14

6
2

491

252

222
94
38
- 14
5
- 2
407

182
218
-89
34
-13
5
-2
335

126
194
- 77
30
- 11
4

- 1
"71$

73.8
115.1
- 62
24
- 28
3.5
- 1.5

- 195
0.4
-1900
1867
531
- 741
- 186
273
74
- 109
> 27
41
11
- 16
4

*
36.2
116
-46.5
17
-20
2.5
- 1.0
104.2

- 180
0.4

5.95
133
0
- 46.5
0
18
0
6.8
0
2.7
0
1.0
0
0

- 760
1061
0
- 373.3
0
148
0
- 54.6
0
21.8
0
8
0
3.4

- 442.7

299.1

105.3

38.3

74.0
27.3
10.9
4.0

35

8.4
-2790
2642
934
- 995
- 370
393
137
- 151
- 54
59
20
- 21
8

0
398
0
-139.8
o
55
0
- 20.4
0
8.1
0
- 3.0
0
1.2

760

-102

0.4
3860
3109
1321
1235
- 498
486
196
- 188
- 75
74
30
- 29
- Ill
11
- 659

-1900
1062
933
- 373.3
- 370
149
136.5
- 54.7
- 54.5
21.9
20
8
8
3.4

3
10
186.6

8th

384
256

O
-5220
3988
2031
-1631
- 742
625
306
- 249
- 118
97
_45

- 36
18
14

- 612

685

832

1221

-5540
4094
2146
-1636

5
-1

9.83
66.5
-23.3
9
-10.2
1.3
- 0.5
52.63

Ground

Final Trial Proposed Method

its

270
0
120
0
84
__
- 19
0
7
0

' 701 -

v.vrr

60
86
__
38
0
18

-1140
724
481
- 323

- 11
117

- 296

- 6
0
2
0

17*
0,4

.04

.li

-1140
963
362
- 351
161
154
58
- 58
-_26

361
0
-131
0
57
0
- 21
0

'-111
117
1 11
- 52
0
20
12
8

64
120

0.41
-1330
962

1-121

10th
E
100
43
-19
7
-3
,

1
129

106
60

- 44
0
19
0
- 7
0

351
222
153
85
57
35

9.5

3
0

24
13
9

1.5

9
0
-_4

- 173

271

154

25
10

0.4

_1

TW

TTT

-1330
1031
441
- 444
- 175

129

- 55

21

0.4
-1330
1031
627
- 443
- 250
170
102

- 71
- 40

- 3.5

151.5

- 252

-22

135
64.5
-27.5
10.5
- 4.5

26

16

-n_

1.5
179.5

- 173
.15

0.4
1900
1253
738

-1330
1254
515

- SOI

.15

.05

-1900
1476
626
- 575
- 250
230

-1900
1621
_111
649
- 2*7
251
114
- 99
38
18
:_!i
- 216
0,4
2280
1770
810
- 67*
- 324
265
125
- 99
- 49
38
11
.
- 419
0.4
-2280
1770
_H i
- 664
- 339
245

- 92
- 49
34
11"
= =
- 350

12.5
-5

215.5

-1900

186

810

92

- 574
- 324

-3u

229
_12S

101

78.5
-31.5

0.4

1475

- 91
-_40
36
_16
- 14

0.4

287
203
115
80
45
32
18
13

7th
159

- 90
-_49

14.5
- 5.5

36
_19
- 14

.15

.05
128
203
0
- 81
0
31
__ 2.
- 12
0
5
0
- J

-2280
1620
885
- 649
- 339
250
132
- 98

431

272

- 487

.14

.05

-0*8

37
19
- 15

663
0
-254
0
95
0
- 37
0
14
0
-_5

136
221
0
85
0
32
0
12
0
5
0
-_2

-22*0
1770
886
- 678
- 332
264
122
- 99
- 46
38
17
- 14

476

295

- 352

.05

-_S

132
221
__ 0
- 83
__ 0
31
__ o
- 11
__ 0
4
0
-_2

480

292

664
__ 0
-249
,__ 0
92
__ 0
- 34
__ 0
12

253

0.4

608
0
243
0
94
0
- 37
0
14
0
- 5

.li

211
101.5
-40.5
15.5
6
2.5
29*

I
224
110.5
-42.5
16
*6
2.5
304.5

O.T
2280
1771
774
- 663
- 273
244
96
- *1
- 35
34
13
:__12
- 422

3rd
218
110.5
-41.5
15
- 5.5
2
298.5
f?

0.4

.15

-2280
1549
885
- 546
- 331
193
"2
- 71
- 45
26
_17
- - 10

580
__0
-204
__ 0
73
0
26
__ 0
9
__ 0
- 4

- 491

438

0.4
-1710
958
774
- 310
- 273
109
11
39
-
14
IS
:__ i
- 407
- 760
479
154.5
54.5
- 1*5
7
3*3.5

.15
359
__ 0
-116
0
41
__ 0
14
__ 0
5
__ 0
:_2
273

.05
119
193

__ 0

68
__ 0
24
__ 0
- 9
__
3
__ 0

0.4
-1710
1589

-121

546
- 155
194
54
- 70
- 19
26
17
9

196
96.5
34
12
- 4.5
1.5
267.5

- 200
.65

75
120
__ 0
- 39
__ 0
14
__ 0
5
__ 0
2
__ 0
-__ 1
166

0.4
- 760
958
___ 0
- 309
0
109
0
- 39
__ _0

14
___0
32

4th

js
123
60
-19.5
7
- 2.5
1
169

F l a n Trial * Basic Method

T T

51
*570
456

nil
254

lH*

nil

111

31
t-li
16
2_1
8
_2
:__4

122
68
- 63
:_$$

259
HU
136
-.t 1
66
33

_LJL$

136
_$!
- 64
zH
33
12
- 16

-259
-153
135

i_I$

8
_3
-_4

- 66
iH l
32
18
- 16

137

- 91

46

TTTT

0.445

5
0

-3

88

111

199

8.1

0.1

6.-4J

64
117

-665
469
_256
-197

117
HI
49
z ll
25
16

Z-12.

100
43
- 46
zH l
23

_0
-49
_0
_0

_!

10

i_2

-3

==

-129

133

149

*154

074

TTTT

tTT

28
18
-13
-9

28
_0
-13
_0

-950
846

-30.5
14
- 6.5

151

113

071

-07T

in

152

96
152

-950
607

-70

-70

32

32

-281
-160
130

0
0

21

-IS

-IS

179
104
-80
-so
37
24
-17

3
171

-3

60
- 34
28

-3
199

-287

198
108
- 95
- 51
45
23
- 21

31
14
- 14

8
5
-4

21

11
_4
-_5

-4

31
17
- 14

-137

204

67

-246

195

235

184

0.445

0.11

45
-

-950
930
422
-457
203
217
99
-103
- 47
48
L21

230
-113
54
20
- 26
- 9
12
1_
_$

44

219

o;aas

5.445

48

22

- 175

196

128
196

11$

-361
Liii
162
74
- 74
- 34
35
IS
^ 1$
-165

-90
1 $
40

- 90
40

HI

0.10

219
94
96
39
42
16
19
7

888

IS

- 175
0.445

3
z_L
218

510

274
I ' l l

21

__ 9_
"

112

888

27S
390
112
172
48
- 76
- 21
34
9
:_!!
- 43
0.445

0.11

0
- 855
136
550
444
$0
55
224
- 195 - U il
24
97
9
96
- 10
43
4
- 38

5
19
17
1
- 2

- ISO

ess

10

- 380
549

-1140
750
429
- 308
L-ili
129
_80
- 55
- 35
24
15
:_li
- 307
0.4

- ess

- 42
0
18
o

464
_37S
- 178
- 154
73
64
- 30
- 27
13
11

10

- 250

- 223

96

-93

93

HI

0.4

0.44V

-19

132
215

- 242

O.tl

42

215

- 144

38

-95

11$

246

-1140

21

-1140
859
429
- 372
l !
161
L_ii
- 71

31
17
- 14

38

V4th

o. 16

42
17
- 20

86

- 97
-

278.5

0.4

HI

40
26
17
17
8
* $
-3

243

0.445

136
214

- 9.5

282

214
11$
95
59
42
28
19

251
107
116
46
S3
r_2
24
- a
il
4
-_S

0.445

507
390
235
172
107
76
48
34

6.16

-45
20

234

106

0.16

98

- 273

245

-1140
1014
444
- 471
- 195
214

- 304

211

-4

- 139

5th

259

40
U
-17
0

- 276

o.lo

5.16

119
188

32
0

111

14
9
5
4

14
0

5
0

L-l

210

252

0.10

o.io

116
HI
44
HI
18 .
til

:_$
3
t_l
- 1
133

75
116

-46.5
20
-

8.5

4
294.5

F
196
94

6
i_jr
- 155

-38.5
16
-7
3.0
263.5

0.4

- 380
464
0

- 177

_0

__ 0

18

73
0

- 30
0

13

- 1
159

107.5

750
232
308
89
129
37
55
15
23

218

ess

44
0
6
0

4
m

6.4

-77

_0

- 9.5

28

292

188
109
-77
-48
32

21

-1140
859
375
- 371
- 154
160
L_J51
- 70

236

-47.5

3rd

-3

224
107

6.4

31
12
- 14

4.0

0.4

210

- 8.5

6
-4

-1140
858
392
- 378
- 180
171
11
- 76
- 37
34
17
- 15

-1140
11015
507
- 471
- 240
214
11$
; oS
52
44
24
:__zo
- 104

68

-1140
858
_429
- 378
- 186
170
81
- 76
35
34
t 1$
- IS

1140
1014
507
480
- 235
227
107
- 105
- 49
48
21
- 21

0.11

1^1

- 19

89.5
-40

!_!i

3.5
7T2

-950
715
392
-319
-180
148

6
-4

OvA

-1140
785
429
- 360
- 189
162
85
- 74
- 38
34
17
- 15

-19
-13

251
107
-119
- 47
56
* $i
- 26
- 4
12
4
- 5

0.445

5.7

$12

-1140
1015
465
- 480
228
227
iee
105
- 51
49
23
22

8
0

-950
78$

0 445

0.11

5.1

0.4

-1140
930
_S07
- 457
- 240
217
ill
- 103
- 92

80
_0
37
_0
-17
_0

-7.5

6th

llil

198
87
- 95

-35
16

0.4

- 40
49
18
23
__8

zlZZ

-100

112

179

76

L-li

0.1

159

L21

-950
715
303
80
-140
148
65
68
- 30

407

-950
845
465
320

209
_?

ISO

56

127

o.i

135

_0

0.4

- 5.5

8th

4
-3

.m
0.445

12.5

il
7
S
-3

on

-24.5

-61

58.5

82

0.445

9th
106

112

73
-61

0.1*5

2.5

22
t-li

112

U.1I

- 5.5

L-$$
446
2-ilZ

- 11
0
6
0

11

1122
100

25

11
- 8
6

165

-24.5

86
_50
44
zH *
21
IH l
_9

0
-1 1
0

10 th

43.5

5
4
-3
OS*
570
469
_!ii
-197

6.4)45
-665
549

--------- F
100
k

-570
336
_z$l
-193

22

-1 1

t_li
lH
- 96

0^*t

60
87
_0
49

22
16

so

96

0 S1 V

87
$1
49

~6.I1
-570
550

d.ibi

114
_i$
- 64

123
58
z

-2 2

9
-4
1.5
irr.s

- <42
Ground

380
247
88.5
37

IS

6.5
193

O'

APPENDIX 1(C)
Tabulated results of the deformations of the wall from
1

through

trials.

Table 6.

Deflection and Rotation for First Cycle.

Deflection
Story

Free
Afi
.
ln-

Initial
4 ii(l)
in.

Net
Aei(l)
in.

Rotations
Initial for
"ext ere !4
ii(2 )
in.

Free
Initial
6fi
6 ii(l)
Rad.
Rad

Net
eei(l)
Rad

Initial for
:le
cycle
ii(2)
Rad.

10

6.37

2.07

-7.14

0.85

00566

.00184

- .009

0.00064

5.53

1.782

-5.61

0.76

00565

.00158

- .00866

0.00055

4.69

1.49

-5.21

0.61

0056

.001325

- .00802

0.000495

3.86

1.23

-3.32

0.564

0055

.00109

-.00714

0.00043

3.05

0.955

-2.36

0.46

00527

.00087

-.0061

0.00037

2.28

0.70

-1.57

0.35

00493

.00063

- .00495

0.0003

1.57

0.49

-0.94

0.256

0044

.000436

-.00375

0.000224

0.96

0.287

-0.49

0.16

00364

.000255

-.00259

0.000135

0.46

0.14

-0.195

0.081

00285

.000125

- .00152

0.000078

0.13

0 .04

-0.0425

0.0245

00158

.000034

-.00063

0.000028

Table 7.

Deflection

and Rotation for Second Cycle.

Deflections
Free

Initial

Afi
in.

Aii(2 )
in.

Net
Aei (2 )
in.

Rotations
Initial for
next cycle
6 ii(3)

Free

Initial

efi
Rad.

8 ii(2 )

Rad.

Net
*ei(2 )
Rad.

in.
10

6.37

0.85

1.31

0.92

.00566

.00064

.000414

5.53

0.76

1.26

0.835

.00565

.00055

.000475

4.69

0.61

1.175

0.6937

.0056

.000495

.000675

3.86

0.564

1.06

0.647

.0055

.00043

.000905

3.05

0.46

0.92

0.542

.00527

.00037

.00108

2.28

0.35

0.75

0.4245

.00493

.0003

.00126

1.57

0.256

0.56

0.3175

.0044

.000224

.00135

0.96

0.16

0.367

0.204

.00364

.000135

.00131

0.46

0.081

0.19

0.106

.00284

.000078

.00112

0.13

0.0245 0.054

0.0317

.00158

.000028

.0007

Table 8.

Deflection

and Rotation

Rotations

Deflections
Story

Free
Afi
in.

Initial
4ii (3)
in.

Net
4ei (3)
in.

for Third Cycle.

Initial for
next cycle
A ii(4)
in.

Free
6fi
Rad.

Net

Initial
6 ii(3)

Rad.

ei( 2 )
Rad.

Initial for
next cycle
6 ii(4)

Rad.

10

6.37

0.92

0.99

0.9302

00566

.00064

.0001192 .000656

5.53

0.835

0.97

0.856

00565

.00055

.000185

.000511

4.69

0.6937

0.92

0.729

0056

.000495

.00039

.0005006

3.86

0.647

.86

0 .685

0055

.00043

.000621

.000484

3.05

0.542

0.753

0.581

00527

.00037

.00081

.0004613

2.28

0.4245

0.625

0.4655

00493

.0003

.00099

.0004267

1.57

0.3175

0.471

0.3517

0044

.000224

.00109

.0003665

0.96

0.204

0.314

0.2306

00364

.000135

.0011

0.46

0.106

0.1625

0.1223

00284

.000078

.000955 0.0001737

0.13

0.0317

0.0317

0.0361

00158

.000028

.00061

0.0002653

0.0000568

Table 9.

Deflections and Rotations for Fourth Cycle.

Deflections
Story

Free

Initial

sfi
in.

6 ii(4)

10

6.37

0.9302

0.905

0.92

00566

.000565

.00058

.0003181

5.53

0.856

0.884

0.87

00565

.000511

.000845

.000504

4.69

0.729

0.846

0.79

0056

.0005006

.000977

.0006211

3.86

0.685

0.775

0.73

0055

.000484

.00098

.000673

3.05

0.581

0.678

0.63

00527

.0004613

.000887

.000657

2.28

0.4655

0.57

0.52

00493

.0004267

.00073

.000596

1.57

0.3517

0.428

0.39

0044

.0003665

.000576

.000480

0.96

0.2306

0.297

0.26

00364

.0002653

.000375

.000438

0.46

0.1223

0.154

0.14

00284

.0001737

.000197

.000354

0.13

0.0361

0.045

0.04

00158

.0000568

.000139

.000352

in.

Net

Rotations

Initial for

&ei(4) n=xt ^ c l e
in.
ii(5)
in.

Free

Initial

6fi
Rad.

eii(4)
Rad.

Net
eei(4)
Rad.

Initial for
n=xt c>rcle
ii(S)
Rad.

Table 10.

Deflection

and Rotation for Fifth Cycle.

Deflections
Story

Rotations

Free

Initial

Net

Initial for

Free

Initial

Net

Initial for

afi
in.

\i(S)
in.

6 ei(S)

nef

eii(5)
Rad.

6 ei(S)
Rad.

n=xt cy cle
ii(6 )
Rad.

10

6.37

in.

c>rcle
ii(6 )
in.

efi
Rad.

0.92

1.03

0.939

0.00566

.0003181

.00059

.000367

5.53

0.87

0.956

0.884

0.00565

.000509

.000636

.000364

4.69

0179

0.874

0.804

0.0056

.0006211

.000755

.000464

3.86

0.73

0.78

0.74

0.0055

.000673

.000886

.000518

3.05

0.63

0.665

0.637

0.00527

.000657

.00083

.000617

2.28

0.52

0.538

0.524

0.00493

.000596

.000912

.000693

1.57

0.39

0.403

0.393

0.0044

.000480

.000952

.000718

0.96

0.26

0.267

0.262

0.00364

.000438

.000938

.000680

0.46

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.00284

.000354

.00081

.000629

0.13

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.00158

.000352

.000524

.000366

Table 11.

Story

Free
A fi

Initial
iii(6)

in.

in.

Deflection

Net
Initial for
Aei(6) next cycle
in.

and Rotation

For Sixth Cycle.

Free
8 fi

Initial
e.i(6)

Net

Aii(7)
in.

Rad.

Rad.

Rad.

8 ei(6)

Initial for
next cycle
9 ii(7)
Rad.

10

6.37

0.939

0.87

0.89

.00566

.000367

.000484

.000425

5.53

0.884

0.79

0.83

.00565

.000364

.000732

.000680

4.69

0.804

0.75

0.76

.0056

.000464

.00083

.000755

3.86

0.74

0.65

0.69

.0055

.000518

.00083

.000774

3.05

0.637

0.55

0.59

.00527

.000617

.000765

.000729

2.28

0.52

0.47

0.49

.00493

.000693

.00067

.000643

1.57

0.393

0.35

0.37

<0044

.000718

.000582

.000550

0.96

0.26

0.25

0.25

.00364

.000680

.000473

.000468

0.46

0.14

0.13

0.13

.00284

.000629

.000373

.000368

0.13

0.04

0.04

0.04

.00158

.000366

.000367

.000347

cn

APPENDIX II
NOTATIONS

= The dimension of the building in feet in a direction

parallel to the applied forces.

D
n

= Relative displacement of the two ends of member n.

*

d *7
n

= 2Eef= Deformation at joint n .

n

= Modulus of elasticity

FMci = Fixed end moment of column at ith story.

FMbiwa Fixed end moment of linkbeam at ith

story at its wall

end.
FMbif Fixed end moment of linkbeam at ith story at its
frame end.
F^

Lateral forces applied to a level designated as "i".

hn

= Height of nth story.

= Height in feet above the base to the level designated
as "i".

I^P

= Moment of inertia of wall footing.

Iw

Moment of inertia of shear wall,

= Numerical coefficient for base moment as specified in

Chapter 4.

= Subgrade soil modulus in pounds per square inch per

inch of deformation.
76

77
= zk^= The sum of all column stiffnesses at nth story.
K"^' = I k ^ =The sum of all linkbeam stiffnesses at nth storv.
n
n
y
kc
n

* Stiffness of column between floor n and n-1.

k^
n

= Stiffness of beam at nth floor,

k^
n

= Stiffness of linkbeam at nth floor,

Zw
n

= Half the width of shear wall at nth floor,

M as Resultant end moment at point A of member AB

= Fixed end moment at point A of member AB
= Overturning moment at the base of the shear wall.
i
NT

Concentrated moment on shear wall at floor i .

- Applied moment on shear wall by linkbeam at floor i .
= External load at floor i .

Rv i = Vertical reaction of the link beam at the shear wall

at floor i .
T

= Fundamental period of vibration of the structure in

seconds.

8^

= Joint rotation of framework at nth floor.

8W

= Rotation of shear wall at nth floor.

n
6 f^ 53

Free rotation of wall at floor i.

8 ii(n )^Rotation

in shear wall at ith floor at the beginning

of nth cycle.

78
6ei(n)*Rotatin

shear wall at ith floor at the end of

nth cycle.
A = F r e e

deflection of wall at floor i.

A i i ^ )=Deflection at ith floor at beginning of nth cycle

of iteration.
A . , x=Net deflection at ith floor at end of nth cycle of
ei (nJ
iteration.

REFERENCES
Khan, Fazlur R., John A. Sbarounis, "Interaction of
Shear Walls and Frames." Journal of A.S.C.E.
Vol. 90 STS, p. 285.
Tamhankar, M. G., J. P. Jain, G. S. Ramaswamy, "The
Concept of Twin Cantilevers in the Analysis of
Shear-Walled Multistorey Buildings."
Indian Cone.
Journal p. 488 Dec. 1966.
Gould, Phillip L., "Interaction of Shear Wall-Frame
Systems in Multistory Buildings." Journal of Am.
Cone. Inst. p. 45, Jan. 1965.
Cardan, Bernhard, "Concrete Shear Walls Combined With
Rigid Frames in Multistory Buildings Subject to
Lateral Loads." Journal of Am. Cone. Inst. p. 299
Sept. 1961.
Thadani, B. N ., "Analysis of Shear Wall Structures."
Indian Cone. Journ. p. 97, March 1966.
"Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete,"
Amer. Concrete Inst. Detroit, Mich., ACI 318-63,
1963.
Blume, John A., Nathan M. Newmark and Leo H. Corning,
"Design of Multistory Reinforced Concrete
Buildings for Earthquake Motions," Portland Cement
Assn., Chicago, 111., 1961.
Kinney, J. S., "Indeterminate Structural Analysis,"
Addison - Wesley Publishing Co., Inc. Reading,
Massachusetts, 1957.
Sexton, H. J . , Discussion of "Concrete Shear Walls
Combined with Rigid Frames in Multistory Buildings
Subject to Lateral Loads," by Bernard Cardan,
Journ. of the Amer. Cone. Inst., part 2, Vol. 58,
March, 1962, pp. 825-827.
Teng, Wayne C., "Foundation Design", Prentice-Hall, Inc
New jersey, 1962, pp. 137-145.