About Ebola virus

Ebola, previously known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and deadly disease caused by
infection with one of the Ebola virus species. Ebola can cause disease in humans and nonhuman
primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees).
Ebola is caused by infection with a virus of the family Filoviridae, genus Ebolavirus. There are
five identified Ebola virus species, four of which are known to cause disease in humans:
Ebola viruses are found in several African countries. Ebola was first discovered in 1976 near the
Ebola River in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Since then, outbreaks have
appeared sporadically in Africa.

Signs and Symptoms

Fever

Severe headache

Muscle pain

Weakness

Fatigue

Diarrhea

Vomiting

Abdominal (stomach) pain

Unexplained hemorrhage (bleeding or bruising)

Symptoms may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to Ebola, but the average is 8
to 10 days.

Transmission

When an infection occurs in humans, the virus can be spread to others through direct contact
(through broken skin or mucous membranes in, for example, the eyes, nose, or mouth) with

blood or body fluids (including but not limited to urine, saliva, sweat, feces, vomit, breast milk,
and semen) of a person who is sick with or has died from Ebola,

objects (like needles and syringes) that have been contaminated with body fluids from a
person who is sick with Ebola or the body of a person who has died from Ebola,

infected fruit bats or primates (apes and monkeys), and

possibly from contact with semen from a man who has recovered from Ebola (for example,
by having oral, vaginal, or anal sex)

Risk of Exposure
Healthcare providers caring for Ebola patients and family and friends in close contact with Ebola
patients are at the highest risk of getting sick because they may come in contact with infected
blood or body fluids. Ebola also can be spread through direct contact with objects (like clothes,
bedding, needles, syringes/sharps or medical equipment) that have been contaminated with
infected body fluids. Additionally, people can become sick with Ebola after coming in contact with
infected wildlife. For example, in Africa, Ebola may spread as a result of handling bush meat (wild
animals hunted for food) and contact with infected bats.
It is also possible that Ebola could be spread through sex or other contact with semen from men
who have survived Ebola. Until more information is known, avoid contact with semen from a man
who has had Ebola. It is not known if Ebola can be spread through sex or other contact with
vaginal fluids from a woman who has had Ebola

Epidemiological Triangle

Diagnosis
However, a person should be isolated and public health authorities notified if they have the early
symptoms of Ebola and have had contact with

blood or body fluids from a person sick with or who has died from Ebola,

objects that have been contaminated with the blood or body fluids of a person sick with or
who has died from Ebola,

infected fruit bats and primates (apes and monkeys), or

semen from a man who has recovered from Ebola

Samples from the patient can then be collected and tested to confirm infect

Prevention
f you travel to or are in an area affected by an Ebola outbreak, make sure to do the following:

Practice careful hygiene. For example, wash your hands with soap and water or an alcoholbased hand sanitizer and avoid contact with blood and body fluids (such as urine, feces,
saliva, sweat, urine, vomit, breast milk, semen, and vaginal fluids).

Do not handle items that may have come in contact with an infected persons blood or body
fluids (such as clothes, bedding, needles, and medical equipment).

Avoid funeral or burial rituals that require handling the body of someone who has died from
Ebola.

Avoid contact with bats and nonhuman primates or blood, fluids, and raw meat prepared from
these animals.

Avoid facilities in West Africa where Ebola patients are being treated. The U.S. embassy or
consulate is often able to provide advice on facilities.

Avoid contact with semen from a man who has had Ebola until you know Ebola is gone from
his semen.

After you return, monitor your health for 21 days and seek medical care immediately if you
develop symptoms of Ebola.

Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Disease Prevention

Primary disease prevention is usually aimed at the population as a whole and is considered
the most cost-effective preventative health care available, according to Fitzgerald Health
Education Associates.
Immunizations are probably the best example of primary prevention, while health education
such as promoting the use of condoms to prevent HIV, are also large parts of primary
prevention efforts.

Primary prevention
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the following
preventive measures for people in an area affected by an outbreak:

Practice careful hygiene (e.g., wash hands with soap and water, alcohol-based hand
sanitizer, or chlorine solution)

Avoid contact with body fluids

Do not handle items that have come into contact with an infected person's body fluids
(e.g., clothes, medical equipment, needles)

Avoid funeral or burial rituals that require handling of the body of someone who has
died from confirmed or suspected Ebola virus infection

Avoid contact with nonhuman primates and bats, including body fluids or raw meat
prepared from these animals

Avoid hospitals in West Africa in which infected patients are being treated (unless
going there to work)

Returning travelers (including healthcare workers) should follow local policies for
surveillance and monitor their health for 21 days and seek medical attention if
symptoms develop, especially fever.

Healthcare workers who may be exposed to infected patients should follow these steps:

Wear protective clothing

Practice proper infection control and sterilization measures

Isolate suspected patients from each other if possible, and confirmed patients from
suspected patients

Avoid direct contact with bodies of people who have died from confirmed or
suspected infection. During epidemics, direct contact with any dead body should be
avoided

Secondary

Secondary disease prevention is intended for those who have risk factors for a disease but do
not yet have a diagnosis or symptoms. The goal is to identify, and treat if necessary, those
people and catch the disease as early as possible to possibly avoid advanced disease and
symptoms.

Secondary prevention
Ebola virus infection is a notifiable disease.
If infection is suspected, the patient should be put in isolation and all healthcare workers in
contact with the patient should wear personal protective equipment. The World Health
Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) produce
detailed guidance
Contact tracing (e.g., family, friends, work colleagues) is essential. People who have been
exposed to the Ebola virus within the last 21 days and who are asymptomatic need to be
monitored for the duration of the incubation period in order to ensure rapid recognition of
symptoms followed by immediate isolation. The WHO has produced guidance on contact
Healthcare workers suspected of being infected should be isolated and treated the same as
any other patient until a negative diagnosis is confirmed.If exposure to body fluids from a
patient with suspected infection has occurred, the person should immediately wash affected
skin surfaces with soap and water and irrigate mucous membranes with copious amounts of
water.
The patients home and any personal belongings that could have been contaminated (e.g.,
clothes, linens, eating utensils, medical material) should be appropriately disinfected (e.g.,

sprayed with 0.5% chlorine solution in epidemic areas) or disposed of (usually by

incineration).
Safe burial practices are essential but are not always culturally accepted, and this continues to
be a challenge
terationry

Tertiary prevention is everything else required to care for the patient in fighting the disease,
according to Fitzgerald Health Education Associates. Attempts are made to minimize the
negative impact of the sickness, restore function and prevent complications.
DESIGN:
Retrospective study of the clinical and laboratory data and management of two cases of Ebola
virus infection with key epidemiologic data provided.
SETTING:
Two tertiary care hospitals.
PATIENTS:
Two adult patients, the index case and the source patient, both identified as having Ebola, one
of whom originated in Gabon.
INTERVENTIONS:
One patient was admitted to the intensive care unit. The other was managed in a general
ward.
MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS:
Clinical and laboratory data are reported. One patient, a healthcare worker who contracted
this illness in the course of her work, died of refractory thrombocytopenia and an
intracerebral bleed. The source patient survived. Despite a long period during which the
diagnosis was obscure, none of the other 300 contacts contracted the illness.
CONCLUSIONS:
Identification of high-risk patients and use of universal blood and body fluid precautions will
considerably decrease the risk of nosocomial spread of viral hemorrhagic fevers.

Treatment
No FDA-approved vaccine or medicine (e.g., antiviral drug) is available for Ebola.
Symptoms of Ebola and complications are treated as they appear. The following basic
interventions, when used early, can significantly improve the chances of survival:

Providing intravenous fluids (IV) and balancing electrolytes (body salts).

Maintaining oxygen status and blood pressure.

Treating other infections if they occur.

Experimental vaccines and treatments for Ebola are under development, but they have not yet
been fully tested for safety or effectiveness.

Lifecycle
one of the deadliest known viruses,Ebola can have a fatality rate up to 90%
infection triggerrs severe immune respond that damges cell and causes massive
internal bleeding and organ failure.
1. Dendrities: the viruse first attacks invades the dendrities cell that alert
body to infection by doning this the virus can evademthe immune system
and being replicating itself
2. Infected cells ruputure releasing more virus particles into the body as well
as flood of cytokines ,molecules that cause fever and inflamation.this
cyotkine storm damges blood vessles and causese internal bleeding
3. Neutraplilss:certain white blood cells called neutroplies which would
normally flight an infection,can act as carrier and spread the ebola virus
throught the body

4. after the viruse has spread through the body death is most often
attributed to severe blood loss and massive organ failure.

Essentail Services of public health used in ebola prevention

1.Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems
2.Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the
community1.Monitor health status to
2)identify and solve community health problems 2.Diagnose and investigate
health problems and health hazards in the community

Amoud University
School of public health
Names
Mona Ahmed Muse
Ismahan C/fatax C/Lahi
Asma Mawlid Nour
Asma A/rasaq Muhamed

Khadra Hussien Ahmed

Hafsa Hassan Roble
Deqa Mahamud Hassan
Warda Mahmed Ali
Saredo Mahamed Mahamoud
Umalkhayr Mahdi Barkhad
Rahma Maxamud Jibril