DC Ac Pure Sine Wave Inverter With Minim

DC/AC PURE SINE WAVE INVERTER
WITH MINIMAL HARMONIC
B.E (EE) PROJECT REPORT
Department of Electrical Engineering

N.E.D. University of Engineering & Technology
Karachi -75270
DC/AC PURE SINE WAVE INVERTER

WITH MINIMAL HARMONIC CONTENT
B.E (EE) PROJECT REPORT

Prepared by:
Abdul Basit Minhas
Rana Faraz Khan
Arsalan Ahmed Usmani
EE-174
EE-175
EE-198
Habibullah Khan
Atif Iqbal
EE-210
EE-214
Project Advisors:
Internal advisor:
External Advisor:
Sir.Hassan Ul Haq
Mr Faisal Mairaj
Assistant Manager,
K.E.S.C.
Department of Electrical Engineering,

NED UET.
Department of Electrical Engineering

N.E.D. University of Engineering & Technology
Karachi -75270
ABSTRACT
This project focuses on DC to AC power inverters, which aim to efficiently
transform a DC power source to a high voltage AC source, similar to
power that would be available at an electrical wall outlet. Inverters are
commonly used to convert AC from DC sources which include solar
panels, batteries, etc.
There are different DC-AC inverters available in the market today. They
principally generate two different forms of AC output: modified sine
wave, and pure sine wave.
A modified sine wave can be seen as more of a square wave than a
sine wave; it passes the high DC voltage for specified amounts of time
so that the average power and rms voltage are the same as if it were a
sine wave. These types of inverters are much cheaper than pure sine
wave inverter.
Pure sine wave inverters, produce a sine wave output similar to the
one coming out of an electrical outlet. These devices are able to run
more sensitive devices such as: laser printers, laptop computers, power
tools, digital clocks and medical equipment. This form of AC power also
reduces audible noise in devices such as fluorescent lights and runs
inductive loads, like motors, faster and silently due to the low harmonic
distortion.
Our basic idea is to design an economical pure sine wave inverter, which
not only increases the power quality of the output wave generated but
also protects sensitive equipment from damaging.
Although the basic circuit for an inverter may seem simple, accurately
switching these devices to obtain pure sine wave provides a number of
challenges for the engineers. To overcome these problems the solution
proposed is first to select the best technique for generating
PWM(switching scheme) and the resulting output, that would be done by
comparing different switching methods and choosing the one which has
minimal harmonic content and less complexity.
Technique chosen to achieve this target is 3-level PWM technique, as
it is much more effective than other techniques at low costs. Results
have been taken and proved the mentioned technique as producing less
harmonic compared with others, with the use of control feedback and
filter, although the levels can be increased for more precision but the
system becomes expensive.
To make the project more efficient it is recommended that an active filter
should be used to make it much more reliable with improved form factor
of desired output wave.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER # 01 INTRODUCTION ABOUT INVERTER
1.1 SQUARE WAVE INVERTER 01
1.2 MODIFIED SINE WAVE INVERTER 01
1.3 PURE SINE WAVE INVERTER 02
1.4 GRID TIE INVERTERS 02
1.5 BENEFICIAL FOR 03
CHAPTER # 02 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
2.1 INVERTER
2.2 TYPES OF INVERTER
2.2.1 SQUARE WAVE
2.3.2 MODIFIED SINE WAVE
2.3.3 PURE SINE WAVE
2.3SINE WAVE ON THE BASIS OF SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
2.4PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
2.5TYPES OF PWM
2.5.1 SYNCHRONOUS PWM
2.5.2 ASYNCHRONOUS PWM
2.5.3 PWM (BI-POLAR SWITCHING)
2.5.4 PWM (UNI-POLAR SWITCHING)
2.6 DIFFERENT HARDWARE TOPOLOGIES
2.6.1 PWM (2-LEVEL INVERTER)
2.7 MOSFET H-BRIDGE
2.8 MOSFET GATE DRIVER CIRCUIT

2.9 SNUBBER CIRCUIT
2.10 TRANSFORMER
2.11 LOW PASS FILTER
2.12 FEEDBACK
CHAPTER #03- TWO LEVEL INVERTER
3.1TWO-LEVEL INVERTER
3.2PWM GENERATION BLOCK
3.3 MODEL OF TWO LEVEL INVERTER
3.3.1 PULSE GENERATOR
3.3.2 CONSTANT BLOCK
3.3.3 INTEGRATOR
3.3.4 GAIN
3.3.5 CONSTANT (1) BLOCK
3.3.6 INPORT (SINEWAVE 1 & SINEWAVE 2)
3.3.7 RELATIONAL OPERATOR
3.3.8 LOGICAL OPERATOR (NOT)
3.3.9 OUTPORT
3.3.10 SCOPE
3.4 SUB SYSTEM
3.5 MODULATION AND PULSES
3.6 MAIN BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.6.1 H-BRIDGE
3.6.2 TRANSFORMER
3.6.3 DIODE
3.6.4 WAVEFORM
3.7 HARMONIC ANALYSIS
3.7.1 HARMONIC GRAPH

3.7.2 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
CHAPTER#04 THREE LEVEL INVERTER

4.1 THREE LEVEL INVERTER
4.2 PWM GENERATION BLOCK
4.3 MOCEL OF THREE LEVEL INVERTER
4.3.3 INTERGARTOR
4.3.4 GAIN
4.3.6 INPORT (SINE WAVE 1)
4.3.8 INPUT (SINE WAVE 2)
4.3.10 OUTPORT
4.3.11 SCOPE
4.4 SUBSTSTEM
4.7 OUTPUT WAVE FORM
4.8.1 HARMONIC DIAGRAM
4.9 PASSIVE FILTER
4.10 FEEDBACK
CHAPTER # 5
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION
Electrical power system require good power quality for its proper
function, for the increased demand of power there are many problems to
be solved, one of them is to fulfill the increasing electricity demand by
using alternative (renewable) energy resources like solar system, wind
power etc. Generations from these resources require a storage
medium(Battery). Inverters are required for converting battery power to
Ac. The use of inverter is not limited to renewable energy source storage
conversion but may also be used in different applications such as,
variable frequency drive (VFD), uninterruptible power supply (UPS).
Inverters ensure smooth power supply and equipment safety in case of
power shortages, the fact that makes them popular among the 3 rd world
countries facing power deficit.
Conversion principle of DC to AC is same, but different techniques

provide same output with different harmonic content.
1.1 Square wave inverter:

These types of inverters are very economical but the output is not
an exact sinusoidal wave plus it contains high harmonic content,
therefore it cannot be used in high quality power system.
1.2 Modified sine wave:
The output of this inverter is similar to a square wave output
except that the output goes to zero volts for a time before
switching positive or negative.
Sensitive (AC) equipment will work on this power source at
reduced efficiency of approximately 20% of the maximum
efficiency. If the equipment is a motor, then the harmonics may
produce vibrations and hissing sound while operating. The wasted
energy cause abnormal heat which reduces the reliability and
longevity of equipment, in very sensitive equipment or abnormal
cases the equipment may damage.
1.3
Pure sine wave inverter:

Pure sine wave inverters are the most expensive inverters, which
limits their production. The harmonic content is very low with good
power quality. Such type of inverter are mostly demanded in
sensitive equipment, which cannot width stand fluctuations, in
rush current and any other problems caused by high harmonic
content.
Our focus is to make an economical pure sine wave inverter so
that it may become affordably available for home users, cottage
industries, small-scale business, and etc. For this purpose we will
analyze the inverters on the basis of switching schemes, on the
basis of levels and on the basis of transformer. After the analysis
we would design the best inverter.
1.5BENEFICIAL FOR
1. Home consumers: Having access to reliable dc to ac
convertors at minimum cost. Safety of all household equipment
connected to the inverter. Promotion and motivation of a pure
economical sine wave inverter with respect to local parameters.
2. Industry: The inverter design will lead to better industrial
inverters working optimally under different loads in varying
operating conditions.
3. Researchers: The project will help local researchers and
designers in gauging different options available to them while
designing inverters for specific purposes.
10
CHAPTER 02
DESIGN
SPECIFICATION
11
2.1 INVERTER
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC)
to alternating current (AC)[1]; the converted AC can be generated at any
required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers,
switching and control circuits. Inverters are commonly used to convert
AC from DC sources which include solar panels, batteries, etc. inverters
perform opposite function of rectifier.
2.2 TYPES OF INVERTER
The power invertors that present in the market converts DC to AC
based on methods which are as follows:
SQUARE WAVE:
MODIFIED SINE WAVE:
PURE SINE WAVE:
Two Level PWM

Three Level PWM
Five Level PWM
2.2.1 SQUARE WAVE:

A square wave is a kind of non sinusoidal waveform, most typically
seen in electronics and signal processing. An ideal square wave
alternates regularly and instantaneously between two levels.
12
2.2.2 MODIFIED SINE WAVE:

The
output
of
a modified
sine
wave inverter is similar to a square wave output except that the output
goes to zero volts for a time before switching positive or negative.
It is simple and low cost but most AC
motors will run on this power source
although at reduction in efficiency of
approximately 20%and the motors may
also
produce
hissing
sound
while
operating and will eventually reduce the

life of equipment. It reduces the energy efficiency of motors and
transformers by 10 to 20 percent. The wasted energy causes abnormal
heat which reduces the reliability and longevity of motors and
transformers
and
other
devices,
including
some
appliances
and
computer, thus the life of equipment becomes less than its actual life
and some time it also damages the equipment.
2.2.3 PURE SINE WAVE:
A pure or true sine wave inverter converts the dc supply into a
near perfect or pure sine wave, replicating the supply attained from a
domestic ac power source such as a plug socket. The sine wave has very
little harmonic distortion resulting in a very clean supply and makes it
ideal for running electronic systems such as computers, motors and
microwave ovens and other sensitive equipment without causing
13
problems or noise. Things like mains battery chargers also run better on
pure sine wave converters [4].
There are two methods in which the low voltage DC power is inverted
.The first being the conversion of the low voltage DC power to a high
voltage DC source, and then the conversion of the high DC source to an
AC waveform, using different switching techniques. Another method to
complete the desired outcome would be to first convert the low voltage
DC power to AC using different switching techniques, and then use a
transformer to boost the voltage to 220 volts.
2.3 SINE WAVE ON THE BASIS OF SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
a) Two level PWM
b) Three level PWM
14
c) Multilevel SPWM etc.
Our first task was to study different switching techniques to achieve AC

pure sine wave. The second task was to select the design that has
minimum harmonic content in other words inverter that has minimum
power loss in converting AC to DC, thus being more efficient. The other
consideration in selecting the best switching method would be of its
being economical. The third task was to simulate the selected design on
Simulink and select the best components to achieve the desired design
that may include use of microcontrollers, IRs IBGTs instead of mosfets to
make the circuit more efficient. Fourth and final task will be to design
hardware of the selected inverter.
Inverters can be further divided in two groups on the basis of
transformer
Transformer based:
More reliable
Less complex
High power application
large size and weight
Less efficient
Transformer Less:
More
use
of
fuse
contractor
More complex
Low power application
Small size and weight
More efficient
and
15
2.4 PULSE WIDTH MODULATION [4]

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a technique in which pulses are
generated with variable widths according to the interest of the user to
control the output voltage generated by dc-dc or dc-ac inverter systems
on constant frequency,
Generally speaking PWM compares two signals, one taken as the
repetitive signal and the other as the control signal whenever the power
of control signal increases greater than 50% of the power of repetitive
signal the PWM generates an ON pulse, elsewhere 0 is generated .For a
recursive system having feedback. The control signal may be seen as an
amplified error signal or the difference between the actual voltage signal
and desired output voltage. The ratio of ON time period to that of the
total time period is referred to as switch duty ratio and is expressed as:
D=
ton
Ts
16
[4]
The output of inverter circuits contain harmonics for that reason another
term regarding PWM is defined as amplitude modulation Ma, which is a
decisive factor, choosing an appropriate value for Ma reduces harmonics
in the system. Amplitude modulation is expressed as :Ma=
V > con
V >tri ;
Where<v>con= peak amplitude of control signal ,

<v>tri= amplitude of repetitive signal
The choice of selection of Ma is not independent as it relies heavily on

the frequency of modulation too of the system, which is defined as:-
17
Fs
Mf= F 1 ; where
Fs= carrier frequency/ frequency of repetitive waveform signal
F1= Modulating frequency/ frequency of control signal
2.5 TYPES OF PWM
Synchronous PWM
Asynchronous PWM
2.5.1 SYNCHRONOUS PWM

Is one in which the repetitive form signal is synchronized with
control signal, i.e. the frequency of repetitive form signal varies with the
inverter frequency. The minimum requirement for achieving this type of
PWM is to keep the modulation frequency of the system an integer
value.
2.5.2 ASYNCHRONOUS PWM

Is one in which the frequency of repetitive pattern is kept constant
and the frequency of control signal is varied such that the ratios of their
frequency result in a (non-integer) value. Since in asynchronous PWM
the value of sub harmonics are not negligible they are preferred over
high values of Mf, at high values of Mf the sub harmonics have very less
amplitude. Still these asynchronous PWMs cannot be used to control
delicate devices which cannot width stand inrush starting currents due
to small values of sub harmonics.
PWM switching schemes:-
18
PWM with Bi-polar switching

PWM with Uni-polar switching
2.5.3 PWM (BI-POLAR SWITCHING)

PWM of such types are used in systems in which output voltage
polarity is reversible, for example a full bridge rectifier. The operation
principle is the same as discussed but here there are two switch pairs,
which are turned ON and OFF simultaneously. Since the output voltage
varies between +Vd and Vd, the switching scheme is referred to as bipolar
2.5.4 PWM (UNI-POLAR SWITCHING)
Uni-polar switching is used in systems which have uni-polar output
voltage, for example single switch inverters. In these systems the
switches in inverters legs are controlled individually. There are two
control signals shifted 180 degrees apart , compared with the repetitive
pattern signal to generate the pulses for the inverter legs. For the same
switching frequency a Uni-polar PWM generates a better output voltage
waveform than a BI-polar, since it uses effective switching provided by
doubling the output voltage reducing the ripple.
2.6 DIFFERENT HARDWARE TOPOLOGIES

PWM for 2 level inverters employ the technique explained in Bipolar PWM switching. Since the output of inverter leg B is negative of
the leg A output.
19
[4]
In this PWM technique bipolar voltage wave form is obtained. The

diagonally opposite switches (TA +,TB-) and (TA -,TB+) from two legs in
fig are switched as switch pair 1 and 2, respectively.
The output of inverter leg B is negative of the leg A output.
When TAon and VA out is equal to +1/2VD ,TB is on at the same time
then VB out is equal to -1/2VD therefore VB out =-VA out
So,
Vout (t) =2VA(t)
The wave formis given on the next page
20
[4]
The peak of fundamental component is given

Vout (t) =maVDsuch that [ma 1]
The output wave switches between +VDand -VDthats why it is called
bipolar inverter ot two level.
21

These types of inverter outputs are generated by employing Unipolar
PWM
switching
scheme,
since
the
switches
are
handled
independently and individually, Referring to the above given figure of full

bridge inverter, leg A and B are controlled separately by comparing the
repetitive pattern signal with both the control signals (shifted from each
other by 180) as shown below in the figure.
For controlling Leg A(+veVcontrol is compared with the repetitive
signal):Vcontrol>Vrep: Ta+ on and Van=Vd
Vcontrol<Vrep: Ta- on and Van=0
For controlling Leg B(-veVcontrol is compared with the repetitive signal):(-Vcontrol)>Vrep: Tb+ on and Vbn=Vd
(-Vcontrol)<Vrep: Tb- on and Vbn=0
Uni polar output is due to the fact that it does not take account of the
direction of travel of current in the circuit and that is made possible by
connection of feedback diodes to switches in anti-parallel
22
[4]
23
2.7 MOSFET H-BRIDGE

A full bridge inverter is shown in fig-2. This inverter has two one
leg inverters and is preferred over other arrangements in higher power
ratings. With the same dc input voltage, the maximum output voltage of
the full-bridge inverter is twice that of the half-bridge inverter, and for
the same power the current is reduced by half
[4]
Figure-2
2.8 MOSFET GATE DRIVER CIRCUIT

The difference of voltage levels between the gate and drain
terminals of a MOSFET hampers the normal operation process of
inverter, since the MOSFET do not conduct until unless the gate terminal
is approximately 10V higher than the drain terminal, normally the drain
terminal is connected to the highest voltage in the system(Vd>Vg). To
overcome this problem ICs known as MOSFET drivers are deployed.
24
These ICs increase the gate voltage by charging the input capacitance
of MOSFET before potential difference is reached.
[4]
Figure-3
2.9 SNUBBER CIRCUIT

SNUBBERS are circuits used for protecting semiconductor devices and
to improve performance. The two most common ones are the resistorcapacitor (RC) damping network and the resistor-capacitor-diode (RCD)
turn-off SNUBBER. Some of the applications are:
Reduce or eliminate voltage or current spikes
Limit dI/dt or dV/dt
Shape the load line to keep it within the safe operating area (SOA)
Transfer power dissipation from the switch to a resistor or a useful

load
Reduce total losses due to switching
25
Reduce EMI by damping voltage and current ringing
2.10 TRANSFORMER
Transformer is a simple device that can be used in the operation of
stepping up or stepping down voltages. There are two types of
transformers:
Shell type
Core type.
Both of them have their own advantages and disadvantages. In inverter

circuits transformers are deployed for stepping up voltage levels
2.11 LOW PASS FILTER

LPF (low pass filter) is an active filter formed by connecting L
(inductance) with C (capacitance) in such a manner that all undesired
(High frequency) components are suppressed from the signal.
2.12 FEEDBACK
Feedback is taken to control the output voltage as per desire. As
inverter loads the output voltage wave form becomes distorted and
cannot feed the connected load properly, to combat this problem
feedback is important part.
In feedback output voltage wave is compare with the desire signal and
error signal is generate. After amplifying error signal it is sent to the
comparator which then generates the correct gate pulses for the desired
output.
26
CHAPTER 03
27
TWO LEVEL
INVERTER
SIMULATIONS
3.1 TWO-LEVEL INVERTER

After the study of different topologies of sine wave inverter, we
decided to work on PWM with levels that are (2 or 3 level), for simulation
purpose we have used different blocks from SIMULINK.
Our key object is to propose an economic model for that reason we had
to work on both 2 and 3 level inverter, at the outset we are simulating 2level inverter.
Inverters require MOSFET driving pulses (gate pulses) in order to turn on
and turn off the MOSFETS (switches) at a particular pattern. These
driving pulses can be generated by implementing the algorithm on
SIMULINK, which is discussed below:
28

In PWM model we have performed following steps:
Generation of pulses
Making square wave by providing offset to pulses
Integrating pulses to get triangular wave
Providing sine wave from inport and triangular wave to comparator
Comparator perform modulation
Finally gate pulses for MOSFET obtained from comparator
Invert the pulses (for H-bridge operation)
Pulses are use with the help of outports.
3.3MODEL OF TWO LEVEL INVERTER
29

SYMBOL
[1]
DETAIL
We have used this block in order to get pulses, we have selected the
amplitude equal to one and frequency 39 kHz (this is the switching
frequency of MOSFETS or time interval of switching).
Duty cycle of pulse generator is selected to 50% because we will
integrate these pulses to get triangular wave, and no phase delay is
30
provided to the signals. Finally Interpret vector parameters are selected

as 1-D.

SYMBOL
[1]
DETAIL
We have used this block to provide offset (0.5) so that pulses should lie
at center and represent a square wave. This subtraction takes place by
using addition block.
3.3.3 INTEGRATOR
SYMBOL
[1]
DETAIL
This block is used to integrate a square wave, by integrating square
wave we can get triangular wave.
31
3.3.4 GAIN
SYMBOL
[1]
DETAIL
This block is used to provide gain in triangular wave. After integrating
the amplitude of triangular is different from the amplitude of square
wave.
Therefore to get desired amplitude of triangular wave we have to
multiply triangular wave with some gain.

SYMBOL
[1]
DETAIL
We have used this block to provide offset (10) so that triangular wave
should lie at center and represent a triangular wave. This subtraction
takes place by using addition block.
32
3.3.6 INPORT (SINEWAVE 1 & SINEWAVE 2)

SYMBOL:
[1]
DETAIL
It is used to link the blocks or data from outside into the system. In order
to reduce the size of simulation we have connected two Sine waves with
this input block.

SYMBOL
[1]
DETAIL
It takes two inputs and compares them according to the given
instruction, by using this comparator we comparing sine wave and
triangular wave, which is known as pulse width modulation. The output
of this wave is provided to gate pulses for MOSFETS switching.
33
3.3.8LOGICAL OPERATOR (NOT)

SYMBOL
[1]
DETAIL:
It inverts the pulses, used in MOSFET switching scheme.
3.3.9OUTPORT
SYMBOL
]
[1
DETAIL
It links the system blocks from system to outside the system. It is also
done to reduce the size of simulation.
Modulation view. It shows the modulation in main system block
diagram
Pusle1=pulse2. It represents the pulse in main system so that we
can use that pulse.

Invert pulse1=invert pulse2. It represents the invert pulse in main
system so that we can use that pulse.
34
3.3.10SCOPE
SYMBOL
[1]
DETAIL
It shows the graph of signals.
Scope1 shows the Modulation

Scope2 shows the gate signals
3.4SUB SYSTEM
After the formation of above main block select all the components and
then right click then click on create subsystem. Then make subsystem
and use it on main block.
By performing these steps we got the following subsystem
These in ports and out ports in this diagram are due to use of in port and
out port blocks in PWM generation block diagram.
3.5MODULATION AND PULSES
35
36
Figure-1 shows the modulation in which triangular wave has amplitude

equals to 10 and sine wave has 8. Therefore the modulation index is
0.8(reason of this modulation index is mentioned in the background
chapter)
Figure -2 shows the pulses which are generated as a result of
modulation, these pulses are gate pulses of MOSFET. Frequency of the
wave is 50Hz.
3.6MAIN BLOCK DIAGRAM
37
In above diagram sine wave and sinewave1 are connected with

subsystem, the output of subsystem contain modulation view, pulse1,
invert pulse1, pulse 2, invert pulse2.
38
3.6.1 H-BRIDGE
In H-bridge upper Mosfets drains are connected with +ve terminal of

battery and lower Mosfet sources are connected with ve terminal of
battery. Sources of upper Mosfet and drain of lower Mosfet are
connected with each other and form a link, where AC voltage is obtained
after switching operation. During switching operation
Mosfet and Mosfet3 in on at the same time Mosfet2 and Mosfet1 are off ,
When Mosfet2 and Mosfet1 are on then Mosfetand Mosfet3 are off. If
both combination areON at same time the high short circuit occurs.[]
3.6.2 TRANSFORMER
It is connected across the MOSFET link and step up the 12VAC to 220 V
AC.
39
3.6.3 DIODE:
Diodes are connected with MOSFETS to protect them, they are working
as Snubber.
3.6.4 WAVE FORM
40
This wave form is at no load. It looks like a square wave but actually it is
not because it has different average values at a particular instant.
we have to analyze the harmonics in this wave.
Now
41
3.7 HARMONICS ANALYSIS
3.7.1 HARMONICS GRAPH
42
ORDER OF HARMONICS
MAGNITUDE
181
107
23.3
33.5
46
22.8
10.4
28.5

THD is the ratio of RMS value of the total harmonics of the signal to the
RMS value of the fundamental harmonics.
THD =Vh/Vf
THD = 1.36
43
CHAPTER 04
44
THREE LEVEL INVERTER

SIMULATIONS
4.1 THREE -LEVEL INVERTER

The main part of an inverter is control signal block which
generates the gate signals for MOSFET. It shows a major role in harmonic
content in output wave form.
If the frequency of these gate signals vary then harmonic content is also
vary, about this effect broad detail of switching frequency is available in
power electronics by Mohan.

The PWM generation block we are describing is for 3-levelinverter
switching purpose.
4.3 MODEL OF THREE LEVEL INVERTER
45

SYMBOL
[1]
DETAIL
We have used this block in order to get pulses, we have selected the
amplitude equal to one and frequency 39 kHz (this is the switching
frequency of MOSFETS or time interval of switching).
Duty cycle of pulse generator is selected to 50% because we will
integrate these pulses to get triangular wave, and we dont have
46
provided any phase delay. Finally Interpret vector parameters are

selected as 1-D.

SYMBOL
[1]
DETAIL
We have used this block to provide offset (0.5) so that pulses should lie
at center and represent a square wave. This subtraction takes place by
using addition block.
4.3.3 INTEGRATOR
SYMBOL
[1]
DETAIL
This block is used to integrate a square wave, by integrating square
wave we can get triangular wave.
47
4.3.4 GAIN
SYMBOL
[1]
DETAIL
This block is used to provide gain in triangular wave. After integrating
the amplitude of triangular is different from the amplitude of square
wave. Therefore to get desired amplitude of triangular wave we have to
multiply triangular wave with some gain.

SYMBOL
[1]
DETAIL
We have used this block to provide offset (10) so that triangular wave
should lie at center and represent a triangular wave. This subtraction
takes place by using addition block.
48
4.3.6 INPORT (sine wave1)

SYMBOL
[1]
DETAIL
to reduce the size of simulation we have connected Sine wave with this
input block.

SYMBOL:
[1]
DETAIL
It takes two inputs and compare according to the given instruction, by
using this comparator we are comparing sine wave and triangular wave,
49
which is pulse width modulation. The output of this wave is gate pulses
for MOSFETS switching.
4.3.8 INPORT (SINEWAVE 2)
SYMBOL
[1]
DETAIL
to reduce the size of simulation we have connected Sine wave1 with this
input block. This block is used to make subsystem, will explain later.
Sine wave1 is same as sine wave2. But we have multiplied sine wave2
with -1 by using gain block. After the multiplication sine wave2 is 180
degree out of phase with sine wave1. After this sine wave2 and
triangular wave both are connected with relational operator1, which is
also generating gate pulses for MOSFETS switching purpose. But in these
pulses are 90 degrees out of phase with the pulses generated by
relational operator.

SYMBOL
[1]
DETAIL
50
It inverts the pulses, used in MOSFET switching scheme.
4.3.10 OUTPORT
SYMBOL
[1]
DETAIL
It links the system blocks from system to outside the system. It is also
done to reduce the size of simulation.
Modulation view. It shows the modulation in main system block
diagram
Pusle1. It represents the pulse in main system so that we can use
that pulse
Invert pulse1. It represents the invert pulse in main system so that
we can use that pulse.

Pulse2. It is 90 degree out of phase with pulse1
Invert pulse2. It represent inverted pulse2
4.3.11 SCOPE
SYMBOL
[1]
DETAIL
51
It shows the graph of signals.
Scope1 shows the Modulation

Scope2 shows the gate signals.
4.4 SUB SYSTEM

After the formation of above main block select all the components and
then right click then click on create subsystem. Then make subsystem
and use it on main block.
By performing these steps we got the following subsystem
These in ports and out ports in this diagram are due to use of in port and
out port blocks in PWM generation block diagram.
52
Figure-1 shows the modulation process of 3-level inverter and figure-2

shows the gate pulses, which are generated as a result of modulation for
MOSFETS switching.
53
The main block diagram of 3-level inverter is given below:
4.7 OUTPUT WAVE FORM

AT NO LOAD
AT 50W LOAD
54
AT 100W LOAD
55
Output wave of 3-level inverter at different loads shows that as load

increases voltage of the wave form decreases. In order to avoid this
affect we have to use feedback, so that output voltage remains constant
up to the rated KVA of inverter.
56
4.8.1 HARMONIC GRAPH
57
ORDER OF HARMONICS
MAGNITUDE
213
49.2
53.1
9.82
33.8
11
13
25.1
15
9.11
4.8.2 TOTAL HARMONICS DISTORTION

THD is the ratio of RMS value of the total harmonics of the signal
to the RMS value of the fundamental harmonics.
THD =Vh/Vf
THD = 0.5
4.9 PASSIVE FILTER:

L3=1m Ohm; L4=10 micro Henry; L1=4 micro Farad; L2=10 Ohm
58
OUTPUT:
Without Feedback Output Voltage at no load 220Volt
59
Without Feedback Output Voltage At 1KVA load:

Load=1 KVA
Power factor= 0.8 lagging
Active Power= 800W
Reactive Power= 600Var
Output Voltage= 60Volt
60
4.10 FEEDBACK :
61
AT NO LOAD:
AT FULL LOAD (1 KVA):
62
CHAPTER 05
CONCLUSIONS
63
The major problem of harmonic content in different type of inverter

limits its use. Same limitation is also proposed by cost factor. With the
increasing demand of inverter in various field of electrical engineering
this problem has to be solved, for that reason we had analyzed the
inverter on different basis to get optimal solution of this problem.
Through the analysis of inverter on the basis of levels, we conclude that
inverter with less level, have high harmonic content and higher THD
than inverters with more levels, which have less harmonic content and
less THD. Inverters with greater levels are very costly due to their
complicated controlling.
[2]
Through the analysis of inverter on the basis of transformer, we came to

know that there is isolation and cost problem, fault management in
transformer less inverter. But location flexibility, input wave form
management of transformer less inverter is high and size and weight is
less than inverter with transformer.
[3]
Through the analysis of different switching scheme of inverter we

conclude that 3- level inverters have less harmonic contents and THD
than 2- level inverter. The complexity of hardware is more in 3-level
inverter than 2-level inverter, although in simulation both seem to be
identical but practically they are poles apart, for example their gate
signals generation is different therefore controlling is different.
64
REFERENCES:
[1]
IEEE Industry Applications Magazine January/February 1996
[2]
A thesis submitted to department of computer science and

engineering of BRAC University bay PAUL PURIFICATION. And MODELLING
and SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE INVERTER WITH PWM USING
MATLAB/SIMULINK AZUAN BIN ALIAS Faculty of electrical & electronic
Engineering University Malaysia Pahang NOVEMBER, 2007 &International
Journal of Computer Applications (0975 - 8887) Volume 12-No.11,
January 2011
[3]
Comparing Transformer less to Transformer-based UPS design by

EMERSION network power
[4] [5] [6]
Power electronics by NED MOHAN, TORE M.UNDELAND, and

WILLIAM P.ROBBINS
[7]
International rectifier data sheet No: pd60147
[8]
www.mathworks.comand Introduction to Simulink with Engineering

Application BY Steven T. Karris
[2]
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 - 8887) Volume

12-No.11, January 2011
OTHER SOURCES
PPIB, Ministry of Water and Power
DC-AC/DC Power Inverter Team Not Platypus Matthew Brown Henry
Godman John Martinez Dylan Paiton Matthew Paiz May 12, 2010.
Comparative Analysis of Voltage Control Signal Techniques for Single
Phase Inverter International Journal of Computer and Electrical
Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 6, December 2011 Athar Hanif, Asim Mukhtar,
Umar Farooq, and Abid Javed
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 49, NO. 4,
AUGUST 2002 Multilevel Inverters: A Survey of Topologies, Controls, and
Applications Jos Rodrguez, Senior Member, IEEE, Jih-Sheng Lai, Senior
Member, IEEE, and Fang Zheng Peng, Senior Member, IEEE
65

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