John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes[2] CB FBA (/kenz/ kaynz; 5 June

1883 21 April 1946), was a British economist. His ideas fundamentally

changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic
policies of governments. He built on and greatly refined earlier work on the
causes of business cycles, and is widely considered to be one of the most
influential economists of the 20th century and the founder of modern
macroeconomics.[3][4][5][6] His ideas are the basis for the school of
thought known as Keynesian economics and its various offshoots.
In the 1930s, Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking,
challenging the ideas of neoclassical economics that held that free
markets would, in the short to medium term, automatically provide full
employment, as long as workers were flexible in their wage demands. He
instead argued that aggregate demand determined the overall level of
economic activity and that inadequate aggregate demand could lead to
prolonged periods of high unemployment. According to Keynesian
economics, state intervention was necessary to moderate "boom and
bust" cycles of economic activity.[7] Keynes advocated the use of fiscal
and monetary policies to mitigate the adverse effects of economic
recessions and depressions.
Following the outbreak of World War II, the leading Western economies
adopted Keynes's policy recommendations, and in the two decades
following Keynes's death in 1946, almost all capitalist governments had
done so. Keynes's influence waned in the 1970s, partly as a result of the
severe stagflation that stalled the Anglo-American economies throughout
that decade, and partly because of criticism of Keynesian theories by
Milton Friedman, who had predicted that condition.[8] He and other
economists had disputed the ability of government to regulate the
business cycle favorably with fiscal policy.[9] Although some have said
that Friedman's monetary theory influenced the Federal Reserve's
response to the global financial crisis of 200708,[10] others have raised
concerns about the validity and longevity of Friedman's theories and
characterized government economic policies undertaken during that
period as a worldwide resurgence in Keynesian thought.[11]
When Time magazine included Keynes among its Most Important People of
the Century in 1999, it said that "his radical idea that governments should
spend money they don't have may have saved capitalism."[12] The
Economist has described Keynes as "Britain's most famous 20th-century
economist."[13] In addition to being an economist, Keynes was also a civil
servant, a director of the Bank of England, and a part of the Bloomsbury
Group of intellectuals.[14]