IO 7.1 7.

4
Chapter 7: Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence and Language
System 1: making quick decision, using cognitive shortcuts, is
guided by our innate (t nhin) abilities and personal experience
[instinctual- bn nng]
System 2: relatively slow, analytical, and rule-based, is dependent
more on our formal educational experiences. [deliberate- c ch ]
Cognition
7.1) How people think :Mental Imagery and Concepts
Thinking = cognition (means to know ) mental activity that goes
on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to
understand information and communicating information to others.
Thinking includes memory
Thinking ch thng tin, ra quyt nh, so snh,.. solve
Mental Imagery
Mental representations that stands for objects or events and have a
picture-like quality
Use - Ex: kiu nh cng nhanh cng tt bao nhiu ca s ca nh >> t
ca s , nhanh hn >> lm dc th phi nh li nh mnh m
Or To tell how many television they have >> use this
Or cho coi map vi nhu a im th khong cch cng xa trong
map th cng lu
Longer >> view sth larger, bigger.

People are even able to mentally rotate or turn image. >> we tend to
engage mental images in our mind much like interact with physical
objects. >> khi m tng tng rotate hay g th s tn time hn.
Ex : coi tng tng con fog c g th h tng tng, xoay rotate
, zoom
Creating a mental image >> almost opposite of seeing an actual
image ( v thc th nhn thng tin >> so snh >> cn mental
th t knowledge >> visual cortex)
PET scan >>> visual cortex >> active when forming image
fMRI >> see overlap occurs in brain >> compared to actual and
visual mental >> khc nhau ( ex: visual cortex stronger in during
perception than imagery >> sensory input activates this area
stronger than memory input
frontal area, temporal lobe, parietal lobe and occipital lobe >>
activated during visual imagery >>> a subset of those activated
during visual perception ( the greatest similar in frontal and parietal
> temporal and occipital lobe) >>> common between visual
perception and visual imagery , but not complete overlap ( greatest
in visual nature of the task)
Concepts and Prototypes
Concepts >> ideas that represent a class or category of object,
events or activities >> use it to do not have think about all specific
thing ( ex : tri cy >> fruit >> khi ngh every kind of fruit ) >>
allow to communicate : ni v bird th s bit ni v g mc d
nhu khi 0 cng 1 con ) ,, allow to identify new objects, events fit
the concepts : ch c nhu dng tn >> nn gi chung l dog

Formal concept >> concept defined by specific rule >> ex : hnh

ch nht, conditional stimuli ,..
Natural concept >> form not as a result of strict rule but rather
result of experience with these concept in the world ( ex : vehicle >>
car, truck , tc l khi nim n hi m nht ) >> help understand
with less stucture manner
Prototype >> an example of concept that closely matches the
defining characteristic of a concept ( Ex : ni fruit ngh n apple
v c im ging)
Culture, ni sng cng nh hng n xu hng prototype ( Ex khi
ni fruit thng ngh v da > apple khi 1 vng no )
People tend to look at potential ex of a concept and compare them to
the prototype >> see how well they match ( nh tn time khi think
about tomato v n 0 sweet , 1 nhn t chnh khi ni n fruit )
Form of schemas (mental generalization about object, place, event,
and people ex : library >> book, bookshelve,..) or script (
involve familiar sequence of activities ex: going to movie >>
traveling there, buy ticket , snack , find seat ,..)
7.2 Problem-solving and decision-making strategies
Image, concept >> mental tools >> solve problem , make decision
Problem solving >>Process of cognition that occurs when a goal
must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways. ( ex :
decide major in college)
Decision making >> process of cognition that involves identifying,
evaluating and choosing among several alternatives

Solve problem : way to think

1) Trial and error (mechanical solutions ) problem-solving
methods in which one possible solution after another is tried
until a successful one is found ( ex : 0 nh m m thng c 1
s tp hp hay dng >> th t t )
Involve solving by rote a learned set of rule ( s hc thuc
lng ) ex word problems in school .
One type of rote is algorithm a very specific, step-by-step
procedures for solving certain types of problems >> always
result in a correct solution if there is correct solution and have
time to do
Ex : math formula --- or --- xp sch theo alphabet
0 thc dng lm ( v d: m m pin thc t bng tp hp 0 n
9 khng dc ) >> thng dng cho computer
2) Heuristics rule of thumb - an educated guess based on
prior experience that helps narrow down the possible solution
of problem ( ex : mun format page thay v c c cun sch
hng dn bit th dng google hay help toolbar )
0 hon ton ti correct answer
Representativeness heuistic ( assumption that any object
sharing characteristic with the member of a particular category
is also a member of that category)
Thng 0 applied to people, can cause error due to ignoring
base rates, the actual probability of a given event. Ex: are all
black people come from afica
Can be used or misused to create and sustain- duy tr
stereotypes
Avalability heuristic ( estimating the frequency or likelihood of
an event based on how easy is it to recall relevant information
from memory or how easy it is for us to think of related
example) ( v d : hi trong cun sch th ch K bt u th t

u v third bao nhiu th tm place c th nht, ngh coi ratio

ntn )
Working backward (also heuristic)from the goal ( ex: tm
ng ngn nht ti shop >> maybe dng GPS ri compare
different route by way of going : walk , drive )
Subgoals break a goal down into smaller ( ex : writing term
paper break to step : choose topic, research it, organize then
do each part ---- or ---Another example of heuristic include making diagram to help
organize the info or test possible solution one by one and
eliminate what dont work.
3) Insight (when solution to a problem seems to come suddenly
to mind ) ( in human >> form of aha! the solution seems to
come in a flash ) ( may realize ging nhau , hay bit hay
vt >> purpose )
Maybe no simply nhn ra, c th trong lc ang ngh g #)
7.3 three common barriers to succesful problem solving
Funtional Fixedness
A block to problem solving that come from thinking about object in
terms of only their typical functions >>> sometime ignore less
obvious possible uses
Ex: search for a screwdriver to fix sth when there maybe other
things to tightten a screw : knife , key or a dime ---- or--- lm rt
note di xe >> look for flashligth when he just can use his phone to
do
Functional fixedness >> kind of mental sets
Mental Sets

The tendency for people to persist- c chp in using problemsolving pattern that have worked for them in the past ( thng ngh
cch lm c m do d or even unable to ngh cch # )
Confirmation bias
The tendency to search for evidence that fits ones belief while
ignoring any evidence that does not fit those belief.
Similar to mental set but now is a belief
Ex : people belive they can do multipletask >> va li xe va nghe
phone >> v tend to remember their own personal experience which
may not include any vehicle accident or near-miss
7.4 Creativity
The process of solving problem by combining ideas or behavior in
new ways
Convergent thinking ( problem >> seen as having only one answer,
all other will eventually lead to single answer, using previous
knowledege and logic)
Ex: pencil v pen ging nhau sao >> listting common feature : ..
Work well >> routine problem but maybe harder when more
creative.
Divergent thinking ( o ngc of convergent thinking ) ( start with
one point >> many ideas or possibility then )
Ex : what pencil used for >> to write but how many different uses
can it >> write ,poking hole , weapon ,... --- or --- list of ways one
could use a knife
Creative thinker >> most productive when task that more or less
automatic like walk , swim v n take up attention process ( they

often make link and connection at level of consciousness just below

alert awarenss >> ideas flow freely without kim duyt