FINAL REPORT OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the

bachelor of b.tech in civil engineering

At
CONSTRUCTION OF CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY
OF BOYS HOSTEL, GHARUAN (MOHALI).
SUBMITTED BY -:
RAJAN PUWAR
1408151 Civil Engg. (2014-2017)
Phone no 7340884674

Email: Rajanpuwar587@gmail.com

SUBMITTED TO -:
Department of CIVIL ENGG.
CT GROUP OF INSTITUTION AND TECHNOLOGY,
SHAHPUR, JALANDHAR CITY.
1

AKNOWLEDGEMENT
It was a great experience undergoing my 6 months training at
Chandigarh University. I got a chance to learn to and experience
ethos and environment of this company.
I wish to express my deep sence of gratitude to ER. Ravi Sharma who
through their benevolent guidance has enabled me to accomplish this
project. They have been great source of inspiration to me all the way.
Without their keen interest, incessant encouragement and invaluable
suggestions, this report could not have retained its present shape with
zeal and enthusiasm. I would like to extend my thanks to all the staff
member who have been very helpful throughout my training in
supplying with all the necessary information.

I would also express my thanks to this Construction Company

for accepting me as a training such an esteemed organisation.
I am also thankful to ER. VISHESH MALHOTRA of Civil
Engineering Department and Teachers of my Department for
providing important information regarding the training and for
their valuable help during the training. Last but not the least, I
wish to thanks my parents, all my friends and other persons who
have helped me directly or indirectly during the training period.

CERTIFICATE

INDEX
S.NO

PERTICULAR

PAGE NO.

Chapter - 1

6-7

Chapter - 2

Chapter - 3

9-11

Chapter - 4

12-15

Chapter - 5

16-24

Chapter - 6

25-27

Chapter - 7

28-29

Chapter - 8

30-31

Chapter - 9

32-34

10

Chapter - 10

35-36

11

Chapter - 11

37-38

12

Chapter - 12

39-47

13

Chapter - 13

48-69

14

Chapter - 14

70

15

Chapter - 15

71

16

Chapter - 16

72

17

Chapter 17

73

TABLE NO.

PAGE NO.

TABLE NO. 1
TABLE NO. 2
TABLE NO. 3
TABLE NO. 4

7
33
52
55
4

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12
13
14
15
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18
20
22
23
24
26
26
27
27
28
31
34
34
35
37
41
41
43
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58
59
63
64
67

CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE COMPANY

For nearly two decades, Consort has created and cared for the
vital assets that enable societies and economies to live, thrive
and grow. Every day, at Consort, we work hard to build a more
sustainable world. Our primary business is to develop
industrial, commercial, institutional and group housing
properties. The company has a reputation of developing a
number of hi-tech infrastructure projects. We have a broad
footprint in the northern region, including Punjab, Haryana,
Himachal Pradesh and Delhi-NCR. We are now expanding to
various geographical regions and key market sectors of PAN
India that will enable us to prosper today and grow sustainably
for years to come

WHAT WE DELIVER
At Consort, business is a long-term endeavour that's reflected
in our values, our vision and our client relationships. We
believe in creating opportunities to achieve the extraordinary.
As a full-fledged infra company, we offer diverse services,
including construction, consultancy and project management.
The services provided are world-class as we apply an
unmatched combination of knowledge, skill, experience and
customer commitment to every job. Sustainability touches
every aspect of our business. It not only helps in creating new
business opportunities, sharpen our competitive edge, but also
adds to our valued customers' longterm profitability.

1.2 -- KEY PERSONNEL INFORMATION

S.D.O

ER. RAKESH KUMAR

J.E

ER. SANTOSH SHARMA

PROJECT MANAGER

ER. RAVI SHARMA

BILLING MANNAGER

ER. NAVEEN KUMAR

DIRECTOR

ER. KARNAL SINGH

FOREMEN

ER. BHUPINDER SINGH

TABLE - 1

CHAPTER 2
OVERVIEW OF PROJECT
CONSTRUCTION OF CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY OF BOYS
HOSTEL
CONSTRUCTION OF CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY OF BOYS HOSTEL. It is of
development comprising of boys hostel. A total area is 1,35,400 square feet.
AND the cost of the project 1.08e9 . It is one of the key commercial
offerings within Industrial Area, with a boys and girls hostel. It is the
perfect location for guys options available in selection of your space
requirements.
Acropolis is richly landscaped with terracotta paving and special water features. There is a
covered arcade for residential area and seating areas for the students . Pedestrain Plaza is
designed with street furniture and food kiosks. And there is a dedicated drop-off zone for
all plaza units. Our advanced services will include power back- up, CCTV, intercom facility,
treated water supply, fire detection/sprinkler system.

Covered arcade for all buildings for boys hostel and girls hostel with
seating areas. Pedestrian plaza designed with street furniture, seating
areas and food kiosks. Ground plus 10 floor units with elevators and
staircase. Large storefronts and glazing areas at all levels.

CHAPTER 3
GERNAL INFORMATION
3.1 -- Standard Unit Features:
Ground plus 2 floors units with elevators and staircase.
Large storefronts and glazing areas at all levels.

Covered arcade along retail storefronts and terraces at upper levels in some select units.

Rear service access for all ground floor retail with loading unloading facility
through service lane. Dedicated Signage areas for all units.
On-grade and basement Stack parking for 200 vehicals

3.2 -- Common Facilities:

High quality electrical
wiring. 100% power backup.
Treated water supply system.
Fire detection/sprinkle system.

Pre-wired for telephone and data lines in all offices.

3.3 -- Security & Technology:

Perimeter security.
CCTV in basement.
Optical fiber network.

Individual entries for offices suites at all levels.

3.4 -- Central Plaza:

Richly landscape central plaza with terracotta paving and special water features.
Pedestrian plaza designed with street furniture, seating areas and food kiosks.

Dedicated drop- off zone foe all plaza units.

Covered arcade for all buildings for boys hostel and girls hostel
with seating areas.

3.5 -- SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK

Site clearance
Demarcation of site
Positioning of central coordinate is (0 ,0,0) as per
grid plan Surveying and layout
Excavation
Laying of PCC
Bar binding and placement of foundation
steel Shuttering and Scaffolding

Concreting
Electrical and Plumping
DE shuttering

Brick work
Doors and windows frames along with
lintels Wiring for electrical purposes
Plastering
Flooring and tilting
work Painting
Final completion and handling over the project

10

3.6 -- SITE VEIW

FIGURE NO. 1

11

CHAPTER 4
MACHINERY EMPLOYED AT SITE
The various types of equipment set up at the site by the contractor are: 4.1 CONCRETE PUMP
4.2 CONCRETE VIBRATOR
4.3 J.C.B
4.4 TRUCK MIXER

4.1 CONCRETE PUMP -:

Concrete pump is used to transport concrete mix at desired location. Generally such
a methodology for casting is used in congested sites and where mass concrete works
are in operation. The height of slump for pumpable concrete works is between 90 to
100. Diameter of the pump pipe is about 4 to 5 inches. Concrete pump is provided
along with 4 or more than 4 truck mixers. Concrete pump consists of a powerful
engine fitted with a long pipe whose end portion is of rubber & rest length is of steel.

FIGURE NO. 2
12

4.2 CONCRETE VIBRATOR -:

For proper compaction of concrete vibrators are set up at the site. These
vibrators are run with the help of electricity. Some can even run on fuel (diesel).
These vibrators are small round equipment made of iron. These produce very
strong vibrations which are transferred to concrete through a nozzle is of different
sizes as per its diameter i.e. 1.5, 2, 2.5 inches. These vibrations helps in proper
compaction of concrete as the air voids are expelled out completely.

FIGURE NO. 3
13

4.3 J.C.B -:
Actually JCB is the name of the company which deals in major machines
(diggers, excavators & loaders) used everywhere in the world.Full form of JCB is
Joseph Cyril Bamford. JCB Backhoe Loader(commonly called as JCB in India) a
most commonly used machine in all civil works in India.It consists of a powerful
engine along with a loader in front & a excavator at back.It runs on wheels.It is
used for excavation & loading at every site.JCB 3DX is used at site.

FIGURE NO. 4
14

4.4 TRUCK MIXER -:

Truck Mixer is used for providing R.M.C(Ready Mix Concrete) at far away
sites. Truck Mixer consists of a large hollow tilted circular drum fitted with
a water tank. Diffrent constituents of concrete are mixed in the truck mixer
drum at batching plant & transported to required site.ThE drum keeps on
revolving during the journey which doesnt allow concrete to get
stabilized .One Truck Mixer contains 7 cubic meter of concrete.

FIGURE NO. 5
15

CHAPTER 5
MATERIALS USED AT SITE
Following materials are used at site:
5.1 Cement
5.2 Bricks
5.3 Water
5.4 Aggregates
5.5 Scaffolding
5.6 Steel & Concrete
5.7 Shuttering or Formwork

5.1 CEMENT
When gypsum is added to the clinker, it forms a lump. This lump is then
pulverised into very fine powder. This fine powder is known as Cement.

5.1.1 Cement used at site has following details :Cement ACC Cement Source (P.P.C - 53 grades) Transportation source Truck
(containing 230 bags of cement) Weight of 1 cement bag 50 kg Setting time 30 min

5.1.2 Storage of cement :The cement is stored in storage shed, which is kept waterproof. The bags are
stacked in piles. The piles are kept little away from the walls of shed. The moisture
is kept away from the cement. For the removal of bags, first in first out principle is
followed. A chart is maintained outside the shed for the removal of bags, which
indicates the opening balance, bags taken out, consumption and closing balance.

5.1.3 Following precaution is to be taken care for the storage of cement.

Moisture:

If moisture is kept away from cement, it is found that cement will

maintain its quality for indefinite period. Absorption of one to two percent of
moisture has no appreciable effect on quality of cement. But if moisture absorption
exceeds 5%, the cement becomes totally useless. Hence, when cement is to be
stored for longer period, it should be stored in airtight container.

16

Period of storage:

The loose cement may be stored indefinitely in

airtight container. But it is advisable to avoid storing of cement in jute
bags for a period longer than 3 months. If it is unavoidable, the cement
should be tested to ascertain its properties.

Piles: The cement bags are too stacked in piles. It is economical to form piles of

10

bags of cement. A distance of about 300 mm should be kept between the piles of
cement bags and exterior walls of building. The passages of width about 900 mm
should be provided between the piles. For long storage, the top and bottom of
piles should be covered with tarpaulins or water proof paper.

Quality of cement:

The cement, which is finely ground, is more active and

consequently, it absorbs moisture rapidly from the atmosphere. Hence
extraordinary precautions should be taken to store finely ground cement.

Removal of cement:

When cement bags are too removed from piles

of sufficient height, the steps should be formed by taking out two or three
bags from the piles. It is also advisable to remove cement in order of its
storage period i.e. cement which is stored previously should be taken out
first, in other words, the rule first in first out should be followed.

FIGURE NO. 6
17

5.2 BRICKS
The common brick is one of the oldest building material and it is extensively used
at present as a leading material of construction because of its durability, strength,
reliability, low cost, easy availiability etc. Bricks are obtained by moulding clay in
rectangular blocks of uniform size and then by drying and burning these blocks.

5.2.1 Bricks at site have following details :Bricks uesd = Traditional bricks
Size = 9 x 4.5 x 3
Type = Grade A
Used in = Rampwork, Foundations & Floor Levelling

5.2.2 TESTS FOR BRICKS :5.2.2.1 Hardness: - The surface of the bricks should not produce any
scratch when scratched with finger nails.

5.2.2.2 Shape and size: - the bricks used should be of uniform shape and size. A row
and column in the stack of bricks should be checked for uniformity in shape and size.

5.2.2.3 Soundness: - The bricks when strike against each other should
produce ringing sound

FIGURE NO. 7
18

5.3 WATER
For the manufacture of cement concrete, water is one of the most important constituents.
The increase or decrease in water cement ratio both have adverse affect on the strength of
concrete with the increase in water cement ratio lead to decrease in compressive strength
of concrete while decrease in ratio reduces the workability of the concrete. Therefore
water cement ratio should be adequate and correct as per specifications.

The properties of water have also been found to influence the properties of
concrete to great extend. In concrete water is used for the following purposes

i.
ii.
iii.

Water for preparing concrete.

Water for washing aggregates.
Water for curing concrete.

5.4 AGGREGATES :Aggregates are inert or chemically inactive materials which form the bulk of cement
concrete. Aggregates should have high crushing strength & should be highly durable.

5.4.1 TYPES OF AGGREGATE :5.4.1.1Fine aggregates

5.4.1.2Coarse aggregates

5.4.1.1 Fine Aggregate :Fine aggregates shall be natural sand or sand derived by crushing material like
gravel or stone and shall be free from coagulated lumps. Sand derived from stone
unsuitable for coarse aggregates shall not be used as fine aggregates.
The caustic soda test for organic impurities shall show a color not deeper than that of the
Standard solution. The amount of fine particles as ascertained by the Laboratory
Sedimentation test shall not exceed 10% for crushed stones. The settling test for natural
sand or crushed stone shall be made, and after being allowed to set in for 3 hours the
thickness of the layer of silt deposited on the coarser material shall not exceed 10%.The
grading of a natural sand or crushed stone i.e. fine aggregates shall be such that not more
than 5 (five) percent shall exceed 5 mm in size, not more than 10% shall pass IS sieve No.
150 not less than 45% or more than 85% shall pass IS sieve No. 1.18 mm and not less than
25% or more than 60% shall pass IS Sieve No. 600 micron.

19

FIGURE NO. 8
20

5.4.1.2 Coarse Aggregate :Coarse Aggregates shall be crushed stone. The pieces shall be angular, rounded
in shape and shall have granular or crystalline or smooth (but not glossy) non
-powdery surface. Fragile, flaky and laminated pieces and mica shall not be
present. The "Aggregates Crushing Value" shall not exceed 45%. The amount of
fine particles occurring in a free state or as a loose adherent shall not exceed 1%.
When determined by the laboratory sedimentation test, after twenty four hours
immersion in water. A previously dried sample of the coarse aggregates shall not
have gained in weight more than 5%.Size of coarse aggregate shall be maintained
within tolerance limit of 2.5%.The grading of coarse aggregate shall be such that
not more than 5% shall be larger than 20 mm and not more 10% shall be smaller
than 5 mm and not less than 25% or more than 55% shall be smaller than 10 mm.
Maximum size of coarse aggregate shall be of 20 mm unless otherwise noted.

5.5 SCAFFOLDING :Scaffolding is a temporary rigid structure which is built by connecting steel
rods or wooden logs having platform raised up as the building increase in the
height. Scaffolding enables the mason to work at different stages of a building
and to hoist the materials for the immediate use at various heights.

5.5.1 Steel & Timber Scaffolding :The construction of steel scaffold is essentially similar to that of timber
scaffold. In this case, 38 mm to 64 mm diameter steel tubes and special types
of steel couplets or fitting are used for connecting the steel members. The
steel tubes used for scaffolding for normal building construction work are of
heavy class and of diameter varying form 40 to 60 mm.
In this type of scaffold the vertical tubes called uprights or standards are spaced
2.5 to 3 m apart. Each standard is welded to a base plate, square or circular in
plan. The base plate has the holes so that they can be sipped to a timber or
concrete base, thus forming rigid foundation for the scaffolding. Ledgers or the
longitude in all tubes connecting the standard and are spaced at 1.8 m vertically
apart. Short tubes or putlogs are normally 1.2 to 1.8 m in length.

21

FIGURE NO. 9
The putlogs have special ends to fit into the joints in wall and thus no big
holes are required to be left in the wall for their bearing. Tabular scaffolding
has several advantages over the timber scaffolding such as rapid erection and
dismantling, greater strength and durability and higher fire resistance qualities
and salvage value. Although it work out to be costlier initially, but considering
its several advantages and increased number of reuses, it proves to be
economical in the long run and hence it is extensively used these days.
22

5.6 STEEL & CONCRETE :5.6.1 Steel is material which contains no free graphite in its composition.In
steel,the carbon content varies from anything below 0.25% to 1.50%
maximum.Steel acts as reinforcing material in RCC works.

Steel used at site is TOR STEEL = Fe-500

5.6.2 Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregates & water.This
mixture has high compressive strength, high durability & is the most
preferable material in the field of Civil Engg.

Concrete used at site is M40 & M30 grade Concrete

FIGURE NO. 10

23

5.7 SHUTTERING OR FORM WORK :The Shuttering or Formwork is temporary ancillary construction used as a mould
for the structure, in which concrete is placed and in which it hardens and mature. The
cost of form work may be up to 20 to 25% of the cost of structure in building work.

5.7.1 Shuttering or Formwork details at site :Material: - Steel and Plywood.

Transportation source: - Truck
Weight (per plate): - 2.7 2.9 kg
Size: - 2 4 & 1 X 4 (per plate)

FIGURE NO. 11

24

CHAPTER 6
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS USED

Following tools & equipments are used at site :6.1 BRICK HAMMER :- It is used for cutting bricks, also for pushing the
bricks in courses.

6.2 DYE ROD :- It is uesd for bending steel bars where required. It is also
uesd for straightening of steel bars.

6.3 WELDING SET :- It is used of welding of steel bars & shutter plates at
narrow corners.

6.4 TROWEL :- It is used for lifting and spreading mortar, also for cutting bricks.

6.5 PLUMB BOB :- It is used for checking verticality of brick walls and
columns. This is done by suspending the plumb bob from a top point on one
face of form work of column and if the edges of the plumb bob if in accordance
with the center line of the column then it is ok other wise the difference in the
distance is adjusted with the help of wooden ballies.

6.6 TAPES :- These are used for making various measurements. Small 3 m or 5m steel
tapes can be seen with the site engineer, foreman, supervisor and certain masons. Even
30m long linen cloth tape or steel tape is also provided to measure long spans.

6.7 MECHANICAL DRILL :- This equipment is used for De-Concreting of

any structural elements .It means it is used for removing concrete after it has
attained its strength. It consists of a long & sharp rod fitted to power source

25

FIGURE NO. 12

FIGURE NO. 13
26

FIGURE NO. 14

FIGURE NO. 15
27

CHAPTER -7
FOUNDATION
Foundations are structural elements that transfer load from the building or
individual columns to ground. The foundations are designed to prevent
excessive settlement or rotation, to minimize differential settlement and to
provide adequate safety sliding and overturning.

7.1 TYPES OF FOUNDATION

7.1.1 Shallow foundations
7.1.2 Deep foundations

7.2 TYPE OF FOUNDATION USED AT SITE :7.2.1 ISOLATED FOUNDATION :Isolated foundation is a type of shallow foundation.This type of footing is
used under individual column. These may be square, rectangular or circular in
plan.Sometimes,it is stepped or haunched to spread the load over a large area.

FIGURE NO. 16
28

7.2.1.1 Isolated footing at site has following details :-

Footing sizes = Varying from 12-9 TO 10-9

(smallest) Upto

18-9 TO 11-3 (biggest)

Footing depth = Road level to 5 FEET

below Concrete used = RMC of grade M40
(1:1.5:3) Steel used = Tor Steel: Fe 500

Dia of bars used = 12 mm @ 7 c/c

7.2.1.2 Minimum Cover to steel reinforcement :In Columns = 25 mm

In Footings = 40 mm

29

CHAPTER 8
SLAB
Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs of buildings and carrying
distributed loads primarily by flexure.Inlined slabs may be used as ramps for
multistorey car parks or as a staircase.A slab may be supported by beams or
walls and may be used as the flange of a T- or L- Beam. Moreover, a slab may
be simply supported supported,or continous over one or more supports.

8.1 Slabs are classified according to the manner of support :8.1.1One way slabs spanning in one direction.
8.1.2Two way slabs spanning in both dierctions.
8.1.3Circular slabs.
8.1.4Flat slabs resting directly on columns with no beams.
8.1.5Grid floor and ribbed slabs.

8.2 TYPE OF SLAB USED AT SITE :Two types of slabs are used at site :8.2.1One way slab, for which length to breadth ratio is more than 2.
8.2.2Two way slab, for which length to breadth ratio is less than 2.
8.3 Slab at site has following details :8.3.1 Ground Level Slab details:
Thickness= 200 mm
Concrete used = M30
Steel used = FE 500

8.3.2 1st Floor Slab details:

Thickness= 200 mm
Concrete used = M30
Steel used = FE 500
30

8.3.3 2nd Floor Slab details:

Thickness= 200 mm
Concrete used = M30
Steel used = FE 500

FIGURE NO. 17
31

CHAPTER 9
COLUMN
A Column may be defined as an element used primarily to support axial compressive
loads and with a height of at least three times its least lateral dimension.Column is a
compression member subjected to pure axial load rarely occurs in practical. All
columns are subjected to some moments, which may be due to accidental
eccentricity, or due to end restraint imposed by monolithically placed bead. A column
may be rectangular, square, circular or polygon in cross-section.

9.1 Columns are classified as:

9.1.1 Depending upon effective slenderness ratio
(a) Long column
(b) Short column

9.1.2 Depending upon loading

(a) Axially loaded column
(b) uni-axially loaded column
(c) bi- axially loaded column

9.1.3 Depending upon position of longitudinal bars

(a) Tied column
(b) Spiral column

32

9.2 Column details :Concrete used = M20

Steel used = FE 500

COLUMN TYPE

COLUMN SIZE

C1

27 X 12

C2

18 X 12

C3

18 X 12

C4

27 X 12

C5

27 X 12

C6

12 X 36

C7

12 X 12

TABLE NO. 2

33

FIGURE NO. 18

FIGURE NO. 19
34

CHAPTER 10
BEAM
Beam is a horizontal member which support the slab & further transfers the
load to the columns.Also the overcoming load on slab and self weight of
slab is distributed by beams.

10.1 Beams may be classified

as :-10.1.1 According to shape :T beam & L beam
Rectangular beam
Square beam

Beams curved in plane

10.1.2 According to steel :Singly Reinforced beam

Doubly Reinforced beam

According to the reinforcement details of the beams as given in the

drawing, the steel bending and laying team is instructed. The bars to be
used for the beam are cut and bend accordingly.
The skeleton of reinforcement is prepared and the same is placed in the shuttering
provided for the beams. The instructions given to the teams should be in explicit and
any doubt whatever should be clear before the bars are cut and bent.

FIGURE NO. 20
35

10.2 Details of beams at site:

10.2.1 Slab beams:
Width = 2 FEET
Depth = 1.5 FEET to 1 FEET
Dia of bars used = 10mm, 16mm , 20mm , 25mm &
32 mm Concrete used = RMC of grade M25
Steel used = Tor steel: Fe 500

10.2.2 Minimum cover to steel reinforcement:

For beam = 25

36

CHAPTER 11
PCC FLOOR
PCC stands for Plain Cement Concrete.The floor made up of PCC layers are known
as PCC floor. Basically it used in footing & in basements to attain hard strata.

11.1 Procedure adopted for laying of PCC floor:

11.1.1 Leveling of earth.
11.1.2 Compaction of soil
11.1.3 Application of concrete

FIGURE NO. 21
37

11.1.1 Leveling of earth- Leveling of earth is done by two methods

A. by using level pipe
B. by using auto level.
After completion of leveling, they give final shape to soil.

11.1.2 Compaction of soil- Compaction of soil is done by :

A. Mechanical Compactor
B. Manaully
Mechanical compactor is used on site to compact the soil. This requires less effort to
compact the soil as compared to manually compaction and efficiency is also more.

11.1.3 Application of concrete-Concrete is applied by:

A. Using concrete pump.
B. Using titled drum mixer.
Both the ways are used at our site and then it is leveled by workers.

11.2 Details of PCC floor at site:

Thickness of PCC below column footing = 6 inches
Thickness of PCC below retaining wall = 6 inches
Thickness of PCC floor in basement = 4 inches
Ratio of materials used in PCC = 1: 4: 8
Cement used in PCC = Binani Cement

38

CHAPTER - 12
JOINTS IN BUILDING
12.1 DEFINITION :- The word joint is used in building parlance to cover elements
which have to perform quite different functions, eg beam-column joints and isolation
joints. In the former the joint has to provide continuity of structural action between the
members meeting at the joint. In the latter the joint has to ensure separation between
the adjacent members to allow one member to move independently of the other.

This Technical Note deals primarily with isolation joints and tends to use
joints in this sense. However, a discussion of construction joints is included
because they are frequently referred to in insitu concrete construction.

There are a number of ways in which joints can be classified apart from the
broad division stated above. In this Technical Note a limited number of
specific joints defined by their situation are considered.
WHY JOINTS ARE NEEDED ??
The four basic reasons for requiring joints are because
The member or structure cannot be constructed as a monolithic unit
in one placement of concrete;
The member has to be of limited size so it can be handled by cranes, etc;
The structure or member on one side of the joint needs to be able to
move relative to that on the other;
The design assumptions for the structure or building need the joint
at that point so the analysis is simplified.
There is a major difference in the objectives and requirements for joints constructed for
the first reason (construction joints) compared to the third (isolation joints) as already
noted. This Technical Note does not address joints required for design reasons.

39

12.2 CONSTRUCTION JOINTS :- A construction joint is defined by the ACI1

as the surface where two successive placements of concrete meet, across which
it may be desirable to achieve bond and through which reinforcement may be
continuous. Generally, because continuity of structural action will be required
across the joint, bond will be desirable and the reinforcement will be continuous.

Construction joints may be either in

two types 12.2.1 planned
12.2.2 unplanned.

12.1.1 Planned construction joints :- The location and detailing of

planned construction joints can be considered and prepared. The location
should be determined in conjunction with the contractor. The contractor will
be able to define the maximum size of concrete placement possible on the
particular project taking into account the anticipated rate of placement and the
constraints imposed by finishing requirements. Where possible, the days
placement should terminate to coincide with other joints in the structure.
Construction joints should be on a single plane and preferably located at right angles
to the main reinforcement. They should preferably be vertical or horizontal to the
member. Keys are sometimes included but these can lead to difficulties in stripping. If
possible, they should be positioned away from regions of high shear or high moment.

AS 36002 requires that in columns and walls a construction joint be formed

logically at the soffit of the beams and slabs they support Figure 1. During
placement the concrete adjacent to the joint should be well compacted and
special attention should be paid to vibration. The joint should be stripped when
the concrete has set and hosed down to expose the coarse aggregate. Any
problems in stripping of the joint will be eased if it is located away from regions of
high moment and reinforcement congestion. Immediately prior to placing concrete
in the next section, the surface should be coated with a cement slurry.

Typical details for a construction joint in a concrete pavement or industrial

floor on grade are shown in Figure 2. The slab reinforcement is carried
through the joint and extra tie bars are inserted to hold the two sides together.

40

FIGURE NO. 22

FIGURE NO. 23
41

12.2.2 Unplanned construction joints :- These are joints that are forced upon the
concrete-placing crew because of an interruption in supply of a duration long enough for
the concrete to take its initial set. There is no opportunity to plan their location. Principles
to follow can be only indicated. As with planned joints, the concrete should be cut back to
broadly approximately a single plane and the face made vertical. Top ends should be used
where possible and the concrete vibrated against these. After forming and clearing the
excess concrete away, the joint should be treated as for planned construction joints.

12.3 JOINT REQUIREMENTS :- Designers and specifiers of joints should

have a clear understanding of the specific requirements for any joint on a
specific project. These will range from weathertightness to ease of
maintenance and repair, and will be discussed under each specific joint type.

However, there are a few aspects which warrant discussion before looking
at the specific joint types:

12.3.1 Buildability and minimum size Designers should be confident that the
chosen detail can be easily fabricated and will permit easy and safe construction.
Proven details should be reused where appropriate; reinvention of the wheel should
be avoided. Joints must be wide enough to accommodate the tolerances of
fabrication, construction and erection. This usually means a minimum width of 20 mm.

12.3.2 Maintenance and repair As noted earlier, joints are the focal point for
wear and deterioration; aspects of maintenance and repair should be considered at
the design stage. The choice of a suitable sealant is important as is the appropriate
sealant cross-section. Although todays sealants are long-lasting, they eventually will
need replacement or repair; the process and ease of this should be part -and-parcel of
joint design. There should be provision for inspection and maintenance of face
sealants. Locating downpipes in front of a face-sealed joint, whilst protecting the
sealant from UV light, impedes both inspection and repair.

12.3.3 Sealants These are proprietary products and the advice on particular
products should be obtained from the particular manufacturer/supplier, eg on
cross-section dimensions for the sealant and precautions to be taken during
installation. However, the ACI Guide to Sealing Joints in Concrete Structures 3
provides sound advice regarding the various types of sealant, how they
function, joint details, installation and performance, repair and maintenance.

42

FIGURE NO. 24

It suggests that the required properties of a joint sealant are that it:
be impermeable material;
deform to accommodate the movement and rate of movement occurring at the joint

sufficiently retain its original properties and shape if subjected to

cyclical deformations;
adhere to concrete.
In general, field-moulded sealants suitable for face sealing joints between precast
wall cladding panels will be either polysulphides, polyurethanes or silicone.
To minimise the strain on the sealant as the joint opens or closes, a rectangular
cross section with a larger width than depth across the joint is preferred. The use
of backup materials to control the depth of sealant is therefore recommended.

43

12.4 PAVEMENT-ABUTTING STRUCTURE ISOLATION JOINT

12.4.1 Description A joint occurring where a pavement, (ground-supported
floor) abutts a structure; it allows the pavement and adjacent structure to
move relative to each other Figure 3.

12.4.2 Requirements The joint should not impede any relative movement. This
may be horizontal, vertical or both and may include rotation. Concrete drying
shrinkage in the pavement will mean the joint will usually open with time. However,
temperature changes and prestressing forces may give rise to joint closing
movements. The joints should be sealed to prevent ingress of detritus which may
inhibit this movement. Ability to resist positive water pressure is not usually required;
if it is required, reference should be made to joints for waterretaining structures.

12.4.3 Construction The filler material and sealant should be capable of

accepting the required expansion and offer little resistance to any
compression. The faces should be well compacted during construction to give
a smooth finish which offers little resistance to vertical movement.

12.4.4 Location Usually determined by the location of the adjacent structure.

Where possible, other joints should be aligned in the same plane Figure 5. Avoid the
creation of re-entrant angles in the floor panels as these function as crack initiators.

12.5 GROUND-SUPPORTED FLOOR FLOOR CONTRACTION

JOINT
12.5.1 Description A joint between one section of a ground-supported floor
or pavement and the adjacent section to allow the shrinkage of the concrete to
occur at defined locations.

12.5.2 Requirements The Joint should allow the shrinkage of the adjacent sections to
take place across the joint, preferably at right angles to the plane of the joint. Any relative
vertical displacement across the joint should be prevented. Although movement will open
the joint, it should nevertheless be sealed to prevent ingress of detritus which could
inhibit any partial closing of the joint due to temperature changes.

Ability to resist positive water pressure is not usually required.

12.5.3 Construction The joints are usually constructed by sawing a groove to at least a
quarter of the depth of the slab. Reinforcement should be terminated at least 50 mm,
preferably 75 mm, from the joint location. Dowels should be placed through the joint
parallel to the direction of shrinkage, ie perpendicular to the plane of the joint Figure 4.

44

The timing of the saw cuts is critical and generally will be between 624 hours after
placing. If the cut is made too early the edges of groove will ravel; if too late, the slab
will randomly crack, defeating the object of the joint. The advice of specialist sawcutting contractors should be obtained for each project as the timing for saw cutting
is affected by concrete mix design, ambient temperatures, and concrete placing
temperature. Other control joint details can be found elsewhere4.

12.5.4 Location The plan shape of the particular pavement will have a
marked influence on the joint layout and location as will the anticipated
construction technique. Generally, for reinforced floor slabs strip placement is
preferred; the width of the strip is limited by the span of the beam vibrators to
be used. A typical rectangular layout is shown in Figure 5.

The proportion of rectangular bays will depend on the reinforcement ratio

in both directions. For unreinforced slabs the proportions should not
exceed 1.5:1 as shown in Figure 5. Where the slab is heavily reinforced eg
0.8% then the joints can be spaced further apart.
Rectangular bays are preferred. Acute angles between joints should be
avoided as it is difficult to compact concrete in narrow spaces. Re-entrant
corners should also be avoided as these function as crack initiators.

45

FIGURE NO. 25

FIGURE NO. 26
46

12.6 JOINT IN CONSTRUCTION SITE

FIGURE NO. 27

47

CHAPTER 13
CASTING OF ELEMENTS

13.1 LAYOUT
13.2 SHUTTERING
13.3 LEVELLING
13.4 REINFORCEMENT
13.5 CONCRETING
13.6 BRICKWORK
13.7 CURING
13.8 FINISHING
13.9 PLASTERNG

48

13.1 LAYOUT
The layout of the building is the first stage before the execution of the project. The layout
is carried on every floor which is important for the casting of various units of the floor.
Layout should be carried out by an experienced mason in presence of site engineer.

Layout is the fixing of center line for columns and beams and other structure i.e. lit
etc. Generally two reference points are given on site according to which the outlines
of the building are fixed. One reference point is used to make the horizontal grid and
one reference point is used for vertical grid. From the given reference points several
reference points are fixed at different spaces according to the drawings in front of
every grid. Form these reference, every grid is marked by placing theodolite at the
reference point station . After the complete marking of horizontal and vertical grids,
the reinforcement, for the foundation is carried out. On the reinforcement the sizes of
columns is marked by color and additional reinforcement is carried out for columns.
After the casting of the columns, the bench mark is fixed at plinth level of the building
on the ground floor. For fixing shuttering of the plinth beam, a plumb bob is
suspended from the centre of the bottom and it should touch the centre line marked
on the floor. The height of the column is taken as per drawings.
Layout of the other floors is carried according to the ground floor. Here it is supposed
that the layout of the ground floor is absolutely correct and on level. A plumb bob is
suspended from the first floor to the ground floor and distance measured between
plumb line and face of wall and column or any other structure. The measured distance
should be same on 1st floor. A line is marked on the first floor which is considered to
be correct one. Further layout of different units on the floor is carried out according to
the mark line. For making cement mortar of ratio 1:4 or 1:5 are used and after placed
wet mortar, dry cement is sprinkled to dry quickly and to have clear marking. The
markings are carried out with the help of a thread . Each marking is checked by the
site engineer before the casting of starter for the column.

49

13.2 SHUTTERING
The shuttering is of one of most important step for the progress of work. It should
have smooth even surface and its joints should not permit the leakage of any
concrete slurry. Steel shuttering is used at site for columns, beams and slabs.
Wooden ballies and steel pipes are used for propping purpose. The steel shutters
should be free from any defects i.e. holes in the shutters, distorted shapes of the
shutter or other defects that may disturb the concrete surface. The timber should
be well seasoned free from loose knots, projecting nail splits or
other defects. Form work should be of rigid construction as per the shape and dimension
mentioned in the drawing it should be strong enough to withstand the dead and live loads
and forces caused by vibration in concrete while compaction and that during ramming and
other incidental loads imposed on it during and after casting of concrete. It should be
made sufficiently rigid by using adequate number of braces and ties.

FIGURE NO. 28
50

13.2.1 MATERIAL FOR SHUTTERING

Steel, Timber, Plywood or any other approved material.

13.2.2 ADVANTAGES OF STEEL FORM WORK

It provides ease of stripping.
It ensures an even and smooth concrete
surface. It posses greater rigidity.
It is not liable to shrinkage or distortion.

13.2.3 ADVANTAGES OF PLYWOOD FORM WORK

It ensures even smoother concrete surface as compared to
steel form work. It provides ease of stripping.
It can be made of desired shape and size.

13.2.4 PROPPING AND CENTERING

Props are used for centering and transferring the load of a floor being casted to
the ground. It should be remembered that in a building having more than two
floors, the load of the upper floor being casted should be suitably supported on a
floor below the topmost floor already casted. Formwork and concrete should not
be done unless concrete of lower floor has set at least for 14 days.

13.2.5 SURFACE TREATEMENT OF SHUTTERING

The surface of shutter coming in contact with the concrete should be well wetted
with either raw linseed oil or some other oily solution so that concrete doesnt
adheres to the surface. At site oiling of steel shutters is done before concreting.

13.2.6 TIME FOR REMOVAL OF FORMWORK

The formwork should not be removed before specific time period for various R.C.C.
structures so as to prevent any damage to various R.C.C. structure is as follows:

51

S. NO.

PARTS OF STRUCTURE

PERIOD OF REMOVAL

1)

Column , Beam & Wall

48 Hrs

2)

Underside of slab up to 4.5m span

7 Days

3)

Underside of slab up to 4.5m span &

14 Days

Underside of beam up to 6m
4)

Underside of beam over 9m span

28 Days

5)

Underside of beam over 6m & up to 9m

21 Days

TABLE NO. 3
13.2.7 Different types of shuttering used in various steps on one
floor are as follows: a) Shuttering for columns
b) Shuttering for beams
c) Shuttering for slabs
First of all on a floor shuttering for columns is fixed and these are casted after complete
checking. In 2nd step shuttering for beams is prepared. In this first of all channels are
fixed by props and then sides of the beams are fixed. After fixing of sides spans for slab
shuttering are placed. On these spans, plates for slab shuttering are fixed.

13.2.8 CHECKING OF SHUTTERING WORK

13.2.8.1 CHECK FOR COLUMN SHUTTERING: Size of column should be checked as per drawing.
Corner should be checked with the help of a tray square i.e. it should be 90
otherwise it must be corrected by loosening and tightening of screws.
It should be vertical. It can be checked with the help of a plumb bob suspended
from the top of the framework touching its face and if there is any difference in
the distance at top, bottom or any intermediate point, it should be corrected
with the help of props. The 2nd face checked in the same way.

The shuttering should be done in such a manner that the r/f is not
touching the sides of the shuttering.
Oiling of the form work for columns should be properly done.

52

13.2.8.2 CHECK FOR BEAM AND SLAB SHUTTERING: Size of the beam as per drawing.
Oiling of slab should be proper.

The open space between two consecutive plates should not be more
than 1.5 mm and if it is than it should be fitted with either sand or
some steel strip (Patti) should be fixed here.
Centering and propping should be proper and tight.
The complete supervision of shuttering is required during casting of
different R.C.C. units on a floor as shuttering can sometimes fail due
to repeated use. Stability and strength is main check for shuttering.

13.3LEVELLING
Leveling is very indispensable for whole building and before the casting of any
unit i.e. slabs, landing of stairs etc. The following steps for leveling are followed.
A bench mark is already fixed at site. It is transferred from one floor to another.
After setting the levels of the floor, levels are marked with the help of a water

level because there will be no fluctuation in the water level due to

undulation in the slab.

13.4 REINFORCEMENT
Steel for bar and fabric reinforcement shall conform to mild steel of tested quality
as specified in the drawings. The steel shall be kept clean and free from pitting,
loose rust, mill scale, oil, grease, earth, paint or any material which may impair the
bond between the concrete and the reinforcement or which may cause corrosion
of the reinforcement or deterioration of the concrete.

13.4.1 Storage of Reinforcement

Before and after bending, reinforcement shall be stored on raised racks in separate
lots by size and type and protected from damage, contamination and the effects of the
weather. For the purposes of identification each lot shall be marked plainly and
securely by approved methods. All reinforcement should be free from loose scales,
rust, dust, oil or other coatings which may reduce the bond. It should be stored in
such a way so as to avoid any distortion and to prevent corrosion and deterioration.

53

FIGURE NO. 29

13.4.3 REINFORCEMENT FOR BEAMS AND SLABS

The following are various steps for providing reinforcement for beams and slabs: -

The beams are prepared by binding bars according to design with

the projected bars of the columns.
The whole beam is than lowered into the prepared shuttering after
placing the cover blocks.
In the slab reinforcement the main bars placed in the slab reinforcement.
Finally cover blocks and conducting s carried out and slab is ready
for concreting after cleaning the reinforcement.

13.4.4 CHECKING OF REINFORCEMENT

Reinforcement should be as per drawings. The following are the various
points to be checked before laying of concrete:
Number of bars
Spacing of bars.
Diameter of bars.

Length of bars and length of overlaps if there are any should not be
less that 47 as beams are tension members.
Extra bars should be checked carefully.
54

The binding of bars in the slab reinforcement should

be proper. Proper cover blocks should be put.
than one bars.
13.4.5

LAPS IN REINFORCEMENT :- Laps shall not be

provided Within a joint
Within a distance of 2 x effective
depth at mid span for bottom bars .

0.3 x effective depth for top bars

The minimum lap length should be 50 x dia of smaller bar. Not more than
50 % bars shall be lapped at any section.

13.4.6 Dia used at the site:

6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 32 mm.

13.4.7 Unit weight of steel:

DIA. OF BARS

UNIT WEIGHT OF STEEL

0.223

0.396

10

0.620

12

0.892

14

1.580

16

2.470

18

3.850
TABLE NO. 4

No lapping is done more than 33% of bar length

Length of embedment of beam bars within into the column
is given by Ld + 10*(diameter of reinforcement)

55

13.4.8 CLEAR COVER TO REINFORCEMENT IS AS FOLLOWING

Slabs = 20mm or diameter of bar , whichever is greater
Beams ( longitudinal bars ) = 25mm or diameter of bars , whichever is greater
Walls (earth retaining) = 25mm, for face of the wall in contact with earth .

Footings = 50mm , from all sides

Column vertical bars = 40mm + diameter of link
End of bar = 50 or 2*diameter, where diameter is of larger bar in case of more

13.5 CONCRETING
Mix required for the CLOSE NORTH was transported from a batching plant
set up nearby by the civil contractor, UNIBIILD. For columns up to
basement level and first four floors of towers, M35 grade was and for
columns beyond M30 grade was used. For beams and slabs M25 grade was
used. The procedure of preparation of concrete is explained below: The material used for preparation of concrete are: Cement
Fine aggregate
Coarse
aggregate Water

The operation involved in the production and execution of the item of

concrete can be broadly divided in following stages:

13.5.1 Batching of materials

In order to ensure uniformity in the quality of concrete it is necessary that all
materials that go into its production are measured accurately within permissible
tolerances. Batching of material can be done manually or by using batching plant.
The choice of system to be adopted for batching depends upon the magnitude
work involved and the rate at which concrete is required to be produced.
While batching cement is always measured by weight, the weight of one bag of cement
is taken as 50 Kg. fine and coarse aggregate are measured by volume in case of manual
batching and by weight in case of mechanical batching i.e. by batching plant.
In case of manual batching the quantity of coarse and fine aggregates are so adjusted
as to require one bag of cement for one batch. In this case wooden frames are normally
used for gauging aggregates by volume. Use of batching plant is carried out for all
important works involving large amount of concreting work and requiring controlled

56

condition for production. Depending upon the size of work the batching
equipment can vary from a small wheel barrow scale, feeding a portable
mixer to a complicated automatic or semiautomatic.
The correct measurement of the various materials used in the concrete mix is
called batching. It has been observed that batching errors are partly responsible for
the variation in the quality of the concrete. This operation can be properly and better
controlled than other factors responsible for the variation in the quality of concrete. It
has been observed that poor batching is responsible for more variation to an
insignificant amount. Thus batching operation is a very important operation.

13.5.1.1TYPES OF BATCHING: Batching can be done in two ways as follows: Volume batching
Weight batching

Volume batching: - In this system of batching, the material are measured by

volume. The gauging of cement is most inadvisable as it is difficult to secure
accuracy in its measurement as the actual volume of a given weight of cement
depends upon how it is filled into a gauge box and whether it is shaken down.
The density of cement may vary from 1.12 g/cum if it is lightly poured into container to
1.6 g/cucm if tamped down sufficiently hard. Therefore it is convenient to use
complete bag of cement is required, then it should be weighed into a bucket
suspended from an ordinary spring balance. Aggregate can be gauged by volume and
for this purpose wooden batch boxes are used. The size of these boxes should be
such as to measure the corrected quantity of aggregate to be used with bag of cement
for the required mix. They should not be made so large as to be unwieldy.
Each cement bag as delivered by factories is packed to contain a net weight of 50kg.
As one liters of cement weighs 1.44kg, the volume of 50kg will be 50/1.44 =34.72 liters, but
for sake it is taken as 35 liters. The wooden batch boxes should be of convenient size, to
measures in multiples of 35 liters. Tall and narrow wooden batch boxes should be
preferred than shallow and wide ones. In India the dimensions of wooden batch boxes is
40 35 25 cm. The wooden batch boxes should be made of 3cm thick prepared timber,
so that it may be strong enough. Water is usually measured by volume, provided the
equipment is reliable. The water contained in coarse and wet sand is difficult to measure.

Weight batching: - Now a day for the production of good concrete all materials are
measured by weight. The mixes are incorporated with weight batching devices, such that
the weight of any material placed in the loading skip is clearly shown on the dial gauge

57

fitted in it. There are several forms of weight batching equipment available
covering a wide range of capacities to suit jobs of different sizes.

13.5.1.2 Mixing of concrete

Mixing of concrete is an important process. Method of mixing should be
decided properly and following points should be adopted. The volume of
the unmixed ingredients can be 50% greater than compacted volume.
The object of mixing of concrete is to coat the surface of all aggregate
particles with cement past and to blend all ingredients of concrete into a
uniform area. During the process of mixing great care is taken to ensure
that the materials are in maintained condition.

FIGURE NO. 30

58

13.5.1.3 Transportation of concrete

FIGURE NO. 31

fic

materials tend to rise.

59

should it produce segregation or excessive drying or stiffening etc. to avoid

segregation, when concrete is to be transferred from one conveyance to another.
This belief is not correct that segregation produced during conveyance can be
rectified by compaction. At our site the concrete was transported by pump
through pipes from the mixer trucks to the site where it is to be placed.
Transportation of concrete by pumps has been found useful in following circumstances:

At congested sites where mixing plant cannot be taken close to the

point of placing concrete.
At sites where storing of aggregates is not possible due to
nonavailability of the working space.
When mass concreting is to be done. (At site 300 Cumic concreting
is done in a single day during slab casting).
Concrete by this method can be delivered to points over a wide area
otherwise not easily accessible.
This mode of transportation has been found very useful for tunnel large mass
concrete structure, densely reinforced concrete structures, etc. This method is
more economical where large quantities of concretes are required at the site.
Pumped concrete is free from segregation. Pumping delivers the concrete directly from
the truck mixer to the site and thus avoids double handling. Placing can be proceed at the
rate of the output of the mixer and is not held back by the limitation of transporting and
placing equipment. The selection of the mode of transportation of concrete is made
keeping in view the size of the work as well as the rate at which concrete is required.
Transportation by mode of pumping is restored to when concrete work is to carried out on
the large areas or at height. The pipeline is made up of steel tube of 3 m in length and 100
to 125 mm in diameter. It is very fast and efficient method.

13.5.1.4 Placing of concrete

Concrete should be placed and compacted immediately after mixing. Placing and
compaction are the most critical field activities. Unless care is exercised in these
operation, a very poor job may result even through concrete is prepared best. To avoid
segregation is the most important, if it occurs. When concrete is placed in deep forms, it is
usually allowed to drop regardless of the height. This result in segregation, damage to
form and embedded fixtures. Reinforcement and forms above the level of placement
become coated with mortar which may dry before the concrete comes to that level. This
condition should be avoided by dropping the concrete into an outside pocket and allowing
it to flow over into form without segregation. In case of horizontal layers, it should be
deposited close to its final location. In case of placing concrete in a slab, it

60

should be dumped into face of previously placed concrete. When concrete

is to be placed on a slight slope vibration tends to shift it down the slope.
The arrangement for placing should be planned so that mixed mass is used
within 30 min. this is necessary to prevent initial set. Before laying concrete
shuttering should be cleaned of the dust. Concrete should be laid in layer and
compacted properly. Precaution to be taken while placing concrete: -

In case of reinforced concrete, thickness of the concrete may vary

from 15 to 30 cm; it should be laid in horizontal and uniform layers.
Concrete should not be thrown from a height of more than 1 m to
prevent segregation.
No person should be allowed to walk on freshly prepared concrete.
Placement of concrete should be stopped during rainfall.

In order to prevent formation of irregular surface, concrete should be

laid continuously.
The alignment of reinforcement and concrete should not be disturbed.
In R.C.C slabs concreting should start from widthwise from the end.

In order to prevent better bond between concrete and reinforcement,

grease, oil, dry cement should be removed.

13.5.1.5 Compaction of concrete:

Compaction of concrete should proceed immediately after placing. The function of
compaction of concrete is to expel the air bubbles in the mass and make it
impermeable enough to attain desired strength. Thus the object of compacting is to
obtain a dense mass of concrete without voids, to get the concrete to surround all
reinforcement and to fill all the corners. Compaction of concrete affects the strength,
durability, impermeability of concrete to great extend. Each one percent less
compaction reduces the strength of concrete by about 5 % on an average. During the
process of manufacture of concrete a considerable amount of air is entrapped forming
voids in it. The concrete mass should be consolidation or compaction till the cream of
the cement starts appearing on the surface. Over compaction may lead to segregation
of concrete while under compaction may leave air-voids in concrete. Consolidation
may be done by hand or by mechanical devices. Voids present in concrete in the form
of small pores reduce the strength and density of the concrete.

61

13.5.1.5.1 Various types of voids are :1. Water voids: - These voids are present due to the water in excess of that
needed for hydration.

2. Air voids: - These are either due to insufficient compaction or due to

deliberate entrainment of the air in the mix. Concrete containing air voids left
due to insufficient compaction of freshly prepared placed concrete lowers the
strength very much. Experimental results have shown that about 10 % air
voids left in concrete reduce its strength by 50 %.

Thus freshly laid concrete should be compacted sufficiently so that air

voids are completely removed. Voids due to poor compaction can be seen
readily when they are at the surface.

13.5.1.5.2 METHOD OF COMPACTION :- The method of compaction

depends upon its workability, so that it can be fully compacted. In the
words the required workability of the concrete depends on how much it is
to be compacted and by which method. It will also depend on the job
condition. Usually following methods are adopted for compaction.

1. Hand compaction :- Hand compaction may be done by rodding, tamping or

hammering. Tamping is usually adopted for compacting concrete for slabs or other
such surfaces, rodding is done for thin vertical members while hammering is done for
massive plain concrete works. This method is adopted for members having
reinforcement, pavements, narrow and deep member etc. rammers and iron rods are
used for this purpose. Mass concrete should be compacted in layers not less than 30
cm in the thickness with templates or light rammers. For compacting reinforced
concrete work iron rods are used. In case the thickness of concrete layers should be
more than 15 cm. the most satisfactory method for compacting concrete properly is to
consolidate each layer separately so that its top surface becomes level and fairy
smooth before the next layer is placed. While tamping is carried out, care should be
taken that the rod should penetrate the full depth of the last layer placed and to some
extend into the lying to ensure proper bond between them. Secondly the
reinforcement and form work should not be disturbed from their positions.

2. Mechanical compaction :- Mechanical compaction is done by the use of vibrators.

Compaction of concrete by vibration is considered essential for all important works
especially in situations where reinforcements are congested or the member is required is
to have exposed to concrete surface finish. When vibrators are used leaner but stiff,
concrete mix should be used to obtain greater durability and higher strength. Mixes

62

which are too stiff to consolidate by hand compaction can be easily compacted by
mechanical compaction. In case the concrete is compacted by vibration, during which the
vibrator communicates rapid vibrations to the particles, increases the fluidity of the
concrete. Due to vibrations the particles occupy a more stable position and the concrete
fills all the space and present is forced out to the surface, resulting in dense and durable
concrete. Vibrated concrete has many advantages over the unvibrated concrete.

13.5.1.5 TYPE OF VIBRATORS :- Following are the type of vibrators

usually used

to compact concrete.
1)
2)
3)
4)

Internal vibrators.
External vibrators
Surface vibrators.
Vibrating table.

Internal vibrators are commonly used on large works for flat surface compaction.
The internal vibrator consists of metal rod like vibrating head which is immersed in
the full depth of concrete layer. It is also known as poker or needle vibrator and is
considered to be most effective type of vibrator as it comes into intimate contact with
concrete. External vibrators are placed against the concrete form-work and vibrating
force for compaction is conveyed to the concrete through the formwork. These
vibrators are also called form vibrator. Surface vibrators are mounted on platform or
concrete screeds and are generally used to compact and finish bridge, road slab etc.
these are also external vibrators and are suitable for pre-cast concrete work.

FIGURE NO. 32
63

Concrete to be compacted by vibration, should be designed properly. The

consistency of the concrete depends upon the conditions of placing, type
of mix, and the efficiency of the vibrator. The slump of such concrete
should not be more than 5 cm in any case; otherwise segregation of
concrete will take place, which should never be allowed to occur.

13.6 BRICKWORK :On site however bricks were used only for the construction of partition walls,
supporting walls in the foundation and the boundary walls. First class bricks are used
for the construction of all the walls. Cement mortar of ratio 1:4 and 1:6 is used for
making brick walls of 4 and 9 thickness respectively. Brickwork in staircase steps
is also done with first class bricks in cement mortar of 1:4 (1cement, 4 coarse sand).
Construction of brick units bounded together with mortar is termed as brick
masonry. The strength of the brickwork primarily depends upon quality and strength
of the brick, the type of mortar and the method of bonding adopted in construction. In
addition, the strength of a brick wall is also depends upon its slenderness ratio, lateral
pressure due to wind and the degree of soundness in construction.

FIGURE NO. 33
Mortar not only acts as a cementing material but also imparts strength to the work
by holding the individual bricks together or act as a homogenous mass. Mortar is
usually mixture of cement and sand or lime and sand, or mixture of three. Cement
mortar is used for works of permanent character, where strength of work is of vital
importance. Lime mortar is used for all types of construction.
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13.6.1 TYPES OF BRICKS :Bricks can be divided into two types: -

13.6.1.1 Traditional bricks :- The dimensions of traditional bricks vary from 21 cm

to 25 cm in length, 10 to 13 cm in width and 7.5 cm in height in different parts of the
country. The commonly adopted nominal size of a traditional brick is 23 11.5 7.5
cm with a view to achieve manufacture of uniform size of bricks all over the country.

13.6.1.2 Modular bricks :- Indian standard institution has established a

standard size for the brick. Such a brick is known as modular brick. The
nominal size of modular brick is taken as 20 10 10 cm whereas its actual
dimension are 19 9 9 cm masonry with modular bricks work out to be
cheaper since there is saving in the consumption of bricks, mortar and labour
as compared with masonry with traditional bricks

13.6.2 STRENGTH OF BRICK MASONRY

The permissible compressive stress in brick masonry depends upon the
following factors:
Type and strength of
brick. Mix of mortar
Size and shape of masonry construction.
The strength of brick masonry depends upon the strength of bricks used in the
masonry construction. The strength of bricks depends upon the nature of soil used
for making and the method adopted for mouldings and burning of bricks. Since the
nature of soil varies from region to region, the average strength of bricks varies from
as low as 30 kg/sq cm to 150 kg/sq cm the basic compressive stress are different for
different crushing strengths. To increase the strength of brick masonry two 6 mm
diameter bars in full length were embedded in mortar every third layer of brick.

13.6.3 BONDS IN BRICK MASONARY :Bonding is a process of arranging of the bricks and mortar to tie them together in a
mass of brickwork. It is a weak portion of brickwork therefore should not be
continuous in two successive courses. A wall having continuous vertical joints will
act as independent column. Hence in such a case load on wall will not be uniformly
distributed and therefore there are chance of appearance of cracks between the two
surfaces, later resulting in the separation of masonry on two sides of the continuous
joint . bonds help in distributing the concentrated loads over a larger area . an
unbounded wall with its continuous vertical joints has little strength and stability.

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13.6.4 CLASSIFICATION OF BONDS :- The bonds are classified as follows:

1) Stretcher bond
2) Header bond
3) English bond
4) Single Flemish bond
5) Double Flemish bond
6) Facing bond
7) Brick on edge bond
8) Dutch bond
9) Raking bond
10)Zigzag bond
11) Garden wall bond
12)American bond

13.6.4.1 ENGLISH BOND USED IN BRICKWORK

POINTS TO BE OBSERVED WHILE SUPERVISING THE BRICK WORK
1. The brick should be saturated with water so as to prevent absorption
to moisture from the mortar. This is efficiently done by providing a
tank at the site of work and by immersing the brick for a period at
least two hours before the brick actually placed in position.
2. The brick to be used should on firm with the requirement of the
specification of work.
3. The brick should be properly laid on their beds. The mortar should
completely cover the bed as well as sides of the brick.
4. The brick should be carried out in a proper bond.
5. The work should compile the requirement of the specification for the work.

6. The mortar to be used for the work should be of quality and

proportion as specified.
7. In the brick-work, the brickbats should not be used expect as close.
All the brick bats of size less than half brick should be rejected and
not to be allowed to be used in the construction.
8. The single scaffolding should be adopted to carry out to the brick-work at a
higher level. The required header taken out to create support for
scaffolding and they should be inserted when the scaffolding is removed.

9. After construction, the brick-work should be well water for a period

about 2 or 3 weeks.

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13.7 CURING
Curing of concrete is one of the essential requirements of the process of concreting.
Curing is the process of keeping the set concrete continuously damp for some days in
order to enable the concrete gain more strength. It has been established that the strength
of concrete increases with the age provided it is kept damp. During the process of curing
the concrete absorbs the water necessary for its complete chemical action to reach its
required strength. The strength of concrete increases more rapidly in the first few days
after setting and afterwards the rate of increase in strength go on retarding. The period for
which curing should be continued depends upon the atmosphere conditions. In general
the process of curing should be there for at least 7 days.

FIGURE NO. 34

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Correct curing also increases resistance of concrete to abrasion and reduces

shrinkage. Curing is the name given to procedures used for promoting the
hydration of cement, and consists of a control of temperature and of the moisture
movement from and into the concrete. As the hydration of cement takes place
only in the presence of moisture and at favorable temperatures, these conditions
must be maintained for a suitable time interval called the curing period.

13.7.1 OBJECTS OF CURING :- Following are the object of curing.

1. The main object of curing is to keep the concrete saturated or as nearly
saturated possible, until the originally water filled space in the fresh cement paste
has been filled to the desired extent by the product of hydration of cement.

2. To prevent the loss of water by evaporation and to maintain the process

of hydration. In case of site concrete the active curing stops long before
the maximum possible hydration has taken place.
3. To reduce the shrinkage of concrete.
4. To prevent the properties of concrete.

13.7.2 NECESSITY OF CURING :- The necessity of curing arises from the fact
that hydration of cement can take place only in water filled capillaries. For this reason,
loss of water by evaporation from the capillaries must be prevented. Further water lost
internally by self desiccation has to be replaced by water from outside.

Water required for chemical reaction with cement i.e. for hydration is about 25
to 30 % of the water added to the cement or less than 50 % of weight of
cement, rest of the water is used for providing workability and help to continue
hydration. Thus hydration of sealed specimens can proceed only if the amount
of water present in the pastes is at least twice that of the water already
combined. Self desiccation is thus of importance in mixes with water/cement
ratio less than 0.5 for higher water/cement ratios the rate of curing of sealed specimens is
same as that of saturated specimen. It has been observed that only half the water present
in the paste can be used for chemical combination, even if the total amount of water
present is less than the water required for combination. This statement is important in
view of the fact that formerly it was believed that a concrete mix containing water in
excess of that required for the chemical action with cement, a small loss of water during
hardening and the gain in strength. Now it is known that hydration can take place only
when the vapour pressure in the capillaries is sufficiently high, about80 % of saturated
pressure. For satisfactory development of the strength it is not necessary that all cement
should hydrate, the quality of concrete depends on gel/space ratio of the paste.

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13.7.3 METHODS OF CURING :- As the common object of all methods of

curing is to prevent the loss of moisture from the exposed surface of concrete
and to keep the surface continually damp, following methods may be adopted
for this objective of curing. Actually the method of curing depends upon the
nature of work and atmospheric. Usually following methods may be adopted.

1. Shading of concrete works.

2. Covering concrete surface with gunny bags.
3. Sprinkling water on the concrete surface.
4. Ponding of concrete.
5. Membrane curing.

13.8 FINISHING :Concrete is independently capable of giving architectural effect and finish. But
during the shuttering some defects occur in the concrete surface i.e. small air
voids, shuttering gaps etc. these defects are removed at the site by adding
same proportion of cement and lime/plaster of Paris with suitable quantity of
water and make a paste of normal consistency. This paste is directly applied
over the defected surface and thus the defected surface is finished.

13.9 PLASTERING :Cement sand mortar of ratio 1:5 is prescribed for use at site.

13.9.1 PURPOSE OF PLASTERING :1. To provide an even, smooth, regular, clean and durable finished surface.
2. To protect the surface from the effect of weathering agencies.
3. To conceal the defective workmanship.
4. To cover the inferior quality of material used in the masonry.
5. To provide the smooth base for decorative surface finishes.
6. To protect the surface against dust, dirt and vermin nuisance in case of
internal plastering.

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CHAPTER 14
ROLE & WORK AT SITE TILL DATE
14.1 ROLE :- During the 6 months period of the industrial training, it is the duty of every
trainee to take as much as possible field knowledge at the site. A trainee has got training
about the constructional techniques, surveying methods & estimation of costs.

14.2 As a trainee on the site our role at the site is as follows :1. To learn & perform cost estimation of the constructional materials & labor rates.

2. To learn & perform the layout operation of the different structural

components with the help of drawings.

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CHAPTER 15
CONCLUSION
Completing training in an industry like CONSORT BUILDERS Construction Company has
been an extraordinary experience. The guidance they provided was great and would be
very helpful in future career. The atmosphere that they have incorporated in the industry
was very friendly and encouraging. The guidance provided by the site engineer had stirred
a new interest in the field of construction. Plus working for few months in an industry like
CONSORT BUILDERS Construction Company has given us a glimpse of what our future
could be like. The training has boosted my confidence and increased my hopes as a
professional. I am sure that working in company will help me endlessly in the long run as
an employee in construction industry. Even if that may not be the case the industrial
experience of this training will help me in any large industry I may join in future.

(RAJAN PUWAR)

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CHAPTER 16
PROBLEMS FACED
Due to loads of work on the department they could not devote much
time on us explaining our doubts.
Sometimes concreting was done in the late night hours which
caused a great inconvenience to us.
Sometimes material used on site did not reach on correct time which
delayed work.

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CHAPTER 17

CT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SHAHPUR JALANDHAR
CANDIDATES DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the
report of 6 months industrial training by RAJAN PUWAR in
partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree of B.
Tech. (Civil) submitted to CT Institute of Technology, Shahpur,
Department of Civil Engineering is an authentic record of my
own work carried out during a period from 1th june 2016 to 30th
august 2016 under the supervision of Mr.Ravi Sharma.

(RAJAN PUWAR)
This is to certify that the above statement made by me is
correct to the best of my knowledge.

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