SCHOOL NAME

PROJECT REPORT ON
OR GATE
SESSION:2016-2017

Index

i)Certificate
ii)Acknowledgment
iii)Index

1) Logic Gate
2) Electronic Gate
3) OR Gate
4) Symbol
5) Alternative
6) Application Of OR Gate
7) Symbols

Logic Gate
A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical
relationship between the input and output voltages. It is a digital
circuit which either allows a signal to pass through as stop, it is called a
gate.
The Logic Gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are
used in digital electronics to change on voltage level (input voltage)
into another (output voltage) according to some logical statement
relating them.
A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has only one output.
The relationship between the possible values of input and output
voltage is expressed in the form of a table called truth table or table of
combinations.
Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the input and
output possibilities for the logic gate.
George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of algebra based on
binary nature at the logic, this algebra of logic called BOOLEAN
ALGEBRA. A logical statement can have only two values, such as
HIGH/LOW, ON/OFF, CLOSED/OPEN, YES/NO, TRUE/FALSE,
CONDUCTING/NON-CONDUCTING etc. The two values of logic
statements one denoted by the binary number 1 and 0. The binary
number 1 is used to denote the HIGH value. The logical statements
that logic gates follow are called Boolean expressions.

TYPES OF GATES
There are three types of basic logic gates which follows Boolean
expression.

i)

OR gate

ii)

iii)

AND gate

NOT gate

Electronic gates
Main article: Logic family
To build a functionally complete logic system, relays, valves (vacuum tubes), or transistors
can be used. The simplest family of logic gates using bipolar transistors is called resistortransistor logic (RTL). Unlike simple diode logic gates (which do not have a gain element), RTL
gates can be cascaded indefinitely to produce more complex logic functions. RTL gates were
used in early integrated circuits. For higher speed and better density, the resistors used in
RTL were replaced by diodes resulting in diode-transistor logic (DTL). Transistor-transistor
logic (TTL) then supplanted DTL. As integrated circuits became more complex, bipolar
transistors were replaced with smaller field-effect transistors (MOSFETs); see PMOS and
NMOS. To reduce power consumption still further, most contemporary chip implementations of
digital systems now use CMOS logic. CMOS uses complementary (both n-channel and pchannel) MOSFET devices to achieve a high speed with low power dissipation.

For small-scale logic, designers now use prefabricated logic gates from families of devices
such as the TTL 7400 series by Texas Instruments, the CMOS 4000 series by RCA, and their
more recent descendants. Increasingly, these fixed-function logic gates are being replaced by
programmable logic devices, which allow designers to pack a large number of mixed logic
gates into a single integrated circuit. The field-programmable nature of programmable logic
devices such as FPGAs has reduced the 'hard' property of hardware; it is now possible to
change the logic design of a hardware system by reprogramming some of its components,
thus allowing the features or function of a hardware implementation of a logic system to be
changed.
The following interference can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit is :

a)

If switch A & B are open lamp do not glow (A=0, B=0)

b)

If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp glow.

c)

If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp glow.

d)

If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp glow.

THE OR GATE
The OR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical disjunction - it behaves
according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1) results if one or both the
inputs to the gate are HIGH (1). If neither input is high, a LOW output (0) results. In
another sense, the function of OR effectively finds the maximum between two binary
digits, just as the complementary AND function finds the minimum

The OR gate is a two inputs and one output logic gate. It combing the input A and B
with the output Y following the Boolean expression.
Y=A+B
The Boolean algebra, the addition symbol (+) is called OR (i.e. OR operation OR
operator).
The various possible combinations of the input and output of the OR gate can be
easily understand with the help of the electrical circuit. In this electric circuit, a
parallel combination of two switches A and B is connected to a battery and a lump L.

Alternatives

If no specific OR gates are available, one can be made from NAND or NOR gates in
the configuration shown in the image below. Any logic gate can be made from a
combination of NAND or NOR gates.Application of OR gate
Wherever the occurrence of any one or more than one event is needed to be
detected or some actions are to be taken after their occurrence, in all those cases
OR gates can be used. It can be explained with an example. Suppose in an industrial
plant if one or more than one parameter exceeds the safe value, some protective
measure is needed to be done. In that case OR gate is used. We are going to show
this with the help of a diagram.

Symbol of OR Gate