Experiment No.

AIM: Expulsion of Bio Diesel from Jatropha seeds.

APPARATUS:
NEED:
Easy To Use
No vehicle modifications or special fueling equipment just pump and go.
Power, Performance and Economy
Proven performance and economy make biodiesel a renewable winner.
Emissions & Greenhouse Gas Reduction
With lower exhaust emissions biodiesel is helping to reduce pollution and
improve health. Lower CO2 emissions help reduce the impacts of global
warming.
Energy Balance & Security
Biodiesel production and use at home, biodiesel helps reduce the need for
foreign oil.
Toxicity, Biodegradability, Safety & Recycling
Less toxic than table salt, biodiesel has minimal environmental impact. With a
high flash point, biodiesel is safer to handle and store than petroleum diesel.
When made from used oils and fats, biodiesel helps ensure proper recycling of
former waste products.
Economic Development
Biodiesel helps communities by keeping energy dollars at home.
THEORY:
The term biofuel is used to define fuels that are obtainable from plants or
animals. Being a renewable source, it is gaining attention all over the world
today. Biofuel is defined as fuel comprising of mono-alkyl esters of long fatty
acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats . These fuels could be either in
the form of vegetable oils or animal fats that have been transformed by
chemical or natural processes for use in powering various engines. Biofuels are
obtained from renewable energy sources such as biological materials from
living organisms and can also be obtained from biodegrade waste. Hence, the
term biomass is used to describe the sources of biofuels. These are wastes from

plants and animals that are capable of being used as fuels in their original
form or with little modification. These wastes can also be used in production of
fibres and chemicals that are essential to our daily lives. The term biofuel is not
the same with fuels from fossils, the major difference between biofuels and
fossil fuel is in their carbon content and the amount of emission they give off
when burnt.
Biodiesel: Physical Characteristics
Properties
Specific gravity

Values
0.87 to 0.89

Kinematic viscosity@ 40C

3.7 to 5.8

Cetane number

46 to 70

Higher heating value (Btu/lb)

16,928 - 17,996

Lower heating value (Btu/lb)

15,700 - 16,735

Sulphur wt %

0.00 - 0.0024

Cloud point C

-11 to 16

Pour point C

-15 to 13

Iodine number

60 - 135

PROCEDURE:
The process of extracting Bio Diesel from seed consist of two processes.
1. Expulsion

Expulsion can give up to 300ml/kg but the oil needs to be further filtered. The
CRDI can take particle size up to 20 micron and FFA (Free Fatty Acid) less than
2% to comply with emission norms.
The filtration is done in two steps:
Firstly with the help of filter paper giving the accuracy of 40 microns and then
with the help of Gravity bag leading to filtration accuracy of up to 4 microns.

2. Transesterification
Why transesterification is needed?
Vegetable oils when used as diesel fuel have the following limitations:

High viscosity, Poor atomization, Poor volatility, Thermal cracking in diesel

engines, Poor oxidation stability, Polymerization in combustion chamber
leading to deposits, Injection fouling by deposits, Fuel line and filter clogging,
Polymerization of triglycerides in lube oil.
Hence, modification of vegetable oils is necessary for efficient and trouble-free
engine operation. One way to modify vegetable oils to produce diesel is to
transesterify them.
Transesterification, also called alcoholysis, is the displacement of alcohol
from an ester by another alcohol in a process similar to hydrolysis. Methanol is
most commonly used for the purpose since it is the cheapest alcohol available.
Ethanol and higher alcohols such as isopropanol, butanol etc. can also be used
for the esterification. Using higher molecular weight alcohols improves the cold
flow properties of biodiesel but reduces the efficiency of transesterification
process. The reaction is as follows:

As per the transesterification reaction, 3 moles of methanol were required to

react with 1 mole of vegetable oil. The reaction also requires catalyst NaOH,
KOH but KOH being cheap and easily available is generally used. The oil is
heated up to a temperature of 60C with the help of the steam.

CONCLUSION:
It was observed that the kernel and seeds need to be mixed in the ratio of 70%
and 30% respectively for motorized equipment, 60% and 40% respectively for
manual equipment.

The quantity of oil extracted from these ratios were 287ml/kg.