MAGNETICALLY IMPELLED ARC BUTT WELDING OF HOLLOW AND SOLID PARTS

49

MAGNETICALLY IMPELLED ARC BUTT WELDING

OF HOLLOW AND SOLID PARTS
V.S. Kachinskiy, V.G. Krivenko, V.Yu. Ignatenko
E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute (Ukraine)

ABSTRACT
Magnetically Impelled Arc Butt (MIAB) welding is mainly used in the automotive industry for butt welding of tubes
and tubular parts 8-100 mm in diameter and 0.8-6 mm wall thickness. To extend the range of MIAB welding applications research work was conducted on different hollow and solid parts, special attention being given to welding of
parts, the cross section of which is commensurable with of the active spot diameter of the rotating arc.

IIW-Thesaurus keywords: MIAB welding; Sections; Induction; Electromagnetic fields; Rotating arcs; Heating;
Influencing factors; Dimensions; Welded joints; Microstructure; Arc physics.

1 INTRODUCTION
The magnetically impelled arc butt (MIAB) welding
process found a wide range of application in different
industries (hollow parts of different shapes) in the 80s
and the 90s [1, 2, 3, 4]. However, during the last years
there has been a trend to reduce the range of MIAB
welding applications. One of the reasons is the difficulty
of welding parts with wall thicknesses exceeding 6 mm.
In order to assure a good weld quality in conventional
MIAB welding, the following conditions must be met:
the wall thickness of hollow parts should be commensurable with the sizes of the active spots of the
rotating arc;
the non-uniformity of a gap between the faying surfaces of the parts to be welded should not exceed
0.7 mm.
To assure steady arcing between the faying surfaces of
thick-walled hollow parts or solid rods it is necessary to
provide the specific allocation of magnetic field induction
by controlling the correlation between axial and radial
induction vector values in the gap between the parts to
be welded. For conventional MIAB welding, the value of
the axial magnetic field induction vector usually constitutes 5-10% of the radial vector value. After the initial arc
is charged, under the action of the radial magnetic field
induction vector, the welding arc is displaced toward the
central axial line of the hollow or solid parts. In the case
of tube welding, the arc is displaced toward the internal
edge of the tube. As a result, the overheating of localized areas (internal edge of tube wall, central area of
solid rod, etc.) is observed and at the same time inadequate heating of other areas of welded parts takes
place. During this research work the arc motion pattern
(rotation) along and across the faying surfaces of the
Doc. IIW-1564-02 (ex-doc. III-1208-02) recommended
for publication by Commission III Resistance and solid
state welding and allied processes
Welding in the World, Vol. 46, n 7/8, 2002

parts to be welded has been defined, and methods for

arc movement control have been established. Based on
the results obtained, adequate heating of thick-walled
hollow parts and of solid parts can be assured and good
quality welds obtained. This permits to extend the range
of MIAB welding applications welding of thick walled
pipes and tubes, solid rods of different types.
MIAB welding has the reputation of being a high reliable, high-speed, high-efficient welding process.
This paper presents the results of the research and
development in the field of MIAB welding of different
hollow and solid parts, during the last years.

2 FEATURES OF MIAB WELDING

OF HOLLOW PARTS
The principle of the MIAB welding process is characterized by the fact that, under the action of the externally
controlled magnetic field generated by the magnetic systems, the arc is moved in the gap between the edges
of the hollow parts of different shapes being welded.
For welding hollow parts the following scheme is used
for creating the controlled magnetic field for the arc
movement (Fig. 1). Two tubes to be welded are set
coaxially.

Fig. 1. Scheme of MIAB welding of tubes.

50

The magnetic systems are installed on the tubes and

form magnetic fluxes of the required induction in the arc
gap and directed contrary to each other. This magnetic
field consists of two magnetic induction vector compo

nents of B : radial B r and axial B a.

The welding arc is excited by the short circuit. The tubes
to be welded are brought apart to a definite arc gap (1.5
2.5 mm). The interaction (Fig. 2) of the axial compo
nent of the welding arc current I a with a radial compo
nent B r of the controlled magnetic field induction,
directed perpendicular to the direction of the welding

arc current, leads to the creation of force F Br , (1) which

moves the welding arc along the faying surfaces of the
tubes being welded. Coefficient k depends on the value
of the arc gap between the faying surfaces of the tubes,
surface preparation and other factors.

F Br = k I a * B r
(1)
In MIAB welding a pre-programmed arc current control
is used. The control of the welding current is one of the
main technological parameters making it possible to
obtain a uniform heating of the faying surfaces of the
tubes, and to reach the required weld quality.
The linear speed of the arc movement reaches 200 m/s
under definite conditions. This results in a relatively uniform heating of the tube faying surfaces. The welded
joint is formed by upset and simultaneous plastic deformation of the tubes. MIAB welding is performed in air,
without using shielding gases.
In conventional MIAB welding the quality of the preparation of the tube ends is of great importance. The values of the gap between the faying surfaces of the tubes
is usually from 1.5 to 2.8 mm and refer to the setting
parameters, which define the arc length, arc voltage,
energy consumption, mobility of the moving arc. The
wedge-like gap creates different arc lengths. This could
cause an arc interruption during welding. The important
technological parameters for MIAB welding are as fol-

Fig. 2. Scheme of forces, influencing the

displacement of the arc during MIAB welding,

B - induction of the magnetic field;

B r - radial component; B a - axial component;

I - the arc current; I a - axial component;

I r - radial component; F Ba - force affecting radial

displacement of the arc; F Br - force affecting

displacement of the arc.

MAGNETICALLY IMPELLED ARC BUTT WELDING OF HOLLOW AND SOLID PARTS

lows: arc voltage and welding current. The use of conventional MIAB welding for tubes with a wall thickness
exceeding 6 mm and for solid parts cannot provide the
required weld quality. This is due to different factors.
The main factor is that the anode and cathode spots of
the welding arc should be commensurable with the wall
thickness of the faying surfaces of the hollow and of the
solid parts to be welded.
The research and experimental work on welding thickwalled tubes and solid parts became one of the new
trends in the development of MIAB welding.
The main aim of the investigations was to find control
methods making it possible to move the arc over the
entire cross section area of different shapes.
The initial stage of the investigations addressed the
movement of the welding arc at the external edges of
the thick-walled tube faying surfaces to the area of
maximum magnetic field induction and make it move
there by creating the optimum magnetic field induction
distribution in the arc gap. With such a movement the
uniform distribution of the heat energy of welding arc at
the edges occurs at a lower welding current density over
the larger area of the section welded, than that occupied
by the active spots of the arc column. The dispersal
emission of the heat energy provides a uniform heating
of the faying surfaces as compared with that in movement of the welding arc on the internal tube edges.
This is not suitable for welding thick-walled tubes, as
one of the conditions for uniform and stable heating of
faying surfaces in conventional MIAB welding is the commensurability of the tube wall thickness with the sizes
of the arc column active spots. Figure 3 shows the traces
of the arc column active spots, which remained on the
internal edges of the faying surfaces after heating in
conventional MIAB welding.
The traces of the arc column active spots are smaller
than the cross section of the faying surfaces. The welding process is unstable, with short-circuiting. Under the
action of the natural magnetic field of the welding arc
and the existence of a high external magnetic field induction gradient the arc is forced out from the arc gap at the
initial moment and moves along the internal edges of the
faying surfaces. The arc column is bent to the side of a
geometric axis of the tubes. During heating of the inside
edges of the faying surfaces, the distribution gradient
of the magnetic field induction in the arc gap is

Fig. 3. Traces made by welding arc in moving on

the internal edges of the thick-walled tubes,
= 8 mm.

MAGNETICALLY IMPELLED ARC BUTT WELDING OF HOLLOW AND SOLID PARTS

a) 180

51

b) 180

Fig. 4. Microstructure of HAZ at arc movement on the internal edges of tubes:

a) area of external edges recrystallized structure;
b) area of internal edges overheated area with coarse-dispersed structure.
decreased and the welding arc shifts to the outside
edges. The large wall thickness of the tube ( = 8 mm)
prevents the stable movement of the arc to the area of
a higher value of the controlled magnetic field induction.
The unstable movement of the welding arc in the area
of low magnetic field induction leads to a non-uniform
heating of the faying surfaces.
The examples given in Figures 3 and 5 were cut off
along the axial line, and subjected to metallographic
examination.
In conventional MIAB welding, the heat-affected zone
(HAZ) in the area of the external faying surface edges
is a ferritic-pearlitic mixture with pearlite prevailing in the
structure (Fig. 4a). This is the structure of the recrystallization zone. The HAZ in the area of the internal edges
has an overheated area with a coarse-dispersed structure. Pearlite is prevailing. There are bainitic areas.
Ferrite is mainly in the form of a grid and, partially, in the
form of Widmansttten structure needles (Fig. 4b).
The structures of the molten layer at the external and
internal edges of the faying surfaces are different. That
of the internal edges is a ferritic-pearlitic mixture with
pearlite prevailing. The ferrite is in the form of hypoeutectic precipitations along the boundaries of crystallites
and in the form of Widmansttten-oriented ferrite. The
structure of the outside edges differs by a ratio of ferrite and pearlite. The amount of ferrite is higher than
that of pearlite, and the amount of pearlite is negligible.

The HAZ in the area of the internal edges (Fig. 6b)

begins with a recrystallization zone of finely dispersed
ferritic-pearlitic structure and random coarse grains.
The structure of the molten layer on the internal edges
is a ferritic-pearlitic mixture, in which ferrite is in the form
of hypoeutectoid-type precipitations and of Widmansttten
structure needles.
On the external edges the structure of the molten layer
is different and represents a ferritic pearlitic mixture
with ferrite significantly prevailing in the structure. The
large amount of ferrite is precipitated along the boundaries of crystallites in the hypoeutectoid area.
During conventional MIAB welding the overheated area,
covering up to 70% of the section of the tube faying surfaces and having the Widmansttten-oriented ferrite, is
formed in the area of the internal edges after heating.
This structure possesses a low deformability. After upset
the overheated area remains in the central part of the
welded joint, thus influencing negatively the properties
of the welded joint.
Conventional MIAB welding does not provide the required
quality of thick-walled welded joints since the active arc
spot size is smaller than the cross sectional area of the
tube being welded. Using the new MIAB welding process,
a similar structure is formed on the external edges. The
overheated area covers up to 30% of the section in the
external edge area. After upset the overheated area is
pressed out into a flash and a reinforcement.

Figure 5 shows active arc spots traces, which remained

on the external edges of thick-walled tubes after heating using the new MIAB welding process.
The welding arc, controlled by the magnetic field, is
shifted to the outside edges of the thick-walled tube faying surfaces, at the area of maximum magnetic field
induction. The movement of the welding arc on the outside edges of the tubes can produce a uniform heating.
When the welding arc is moving on the external edges
of the tubes the HAZ has an overheated area (Fig. 6a).
The structure is a ferritic grid at the boundaries of former austenite grains, Widmansttten ferrite and pearlite,
the amount of bainite is negligible.

Fig. 5. Traces made by the welding arc in moving

along the external edges of thick-walled tubes,
= 8 mm.

52

MAGNETICALLY IMPELLED ARC BUTT WELDING OF HOLLOW AND SOLID PARTS

b) 180
a) 180
Fig. 6. Microstructure of HAZ when the arc moves on the external edge of the tube faying surfaces:
a) outside edges clearly defined overheated region;
b) inside edges recrystallization zone with random coarse grains.
The principle of the new MIAB tube welding process is
as follows (Fig. 2). Interaction of the radial component

of the electric current I r with the axial component B a

of the magnetic field induction induces force F Ba

that causes a displacement of the arc to the external
edges (2).

F Ba = k I r * B a
(2)
Heating of the faying surfaces occurs during the welding arc movement along the external edges. When the

required heating is reached, the forces, F Ba, F Br and the
value of the welding current are changed, thus leading
to the scanning of the welding arc along the faying surfaces. Then the upset is performed.
As a result of the investigations, the arc control method
that makes it possible to displace the welding arc over
the entire area of the thick-walled tube cross section
was found.

3 FEATURES OF THE TECHNOLOGY

OF MIAB WELDING OF SOLID PARTS
The high efficiency of MIAB welding of tubes stimulated
the expansion of its applications. Research and experimental work of solid part welding made up a new area
in the advancement of MIAB welding. The use of conventional MIAB welding for joining solid parts leads to
a chaotic movement of the arc on the faying surfaces of
the solid parts, which does not allow the required heating and weld quality to be achieved.

induction in the arc gap. The welding arc moving along

the edges of the faying surfaces produces a rather uniform heating.
The large influence on the character of offset of the
active welding arc spots renders the value and direction of induction of a controlling magnetic field. At the
defined induction allocation of a controlling magnetic
field it is possible to make scanning of welding arc to be
displaced to the rod edges.
Under the action of the external magnetic field the displacement of the cathode plasma flow occurs. Having
reached the anode, the cathode plasma flow forms a
new anode spot; the cathode spot is displaced by the
trace (Fig. 7).
After striking, the welding arc, under the influence of

force F Ba, is displaced in the area of the rod edges

(Fig. 8a). Heating of the faying surfaces occurs when
the welding arc moves near the edges of the rods
(Fig. 8b), short-term scanning of the welding arc at the
centre of the rod faying surfaces (Fig. 8c), and then
upset of the welded rods.
The conducted investigations resulted in finding a
method for controlling the arc, which makes it possible
to move the arc over the entire cross section area of
the solid parts, thus providing a uniform heating.

Measurements of magnetic induction allocation in the

arc gap have shown that during the creation of magnetic fluxes defining the influence on the scanning of
the welding arc in the area of an axial line of rod end
renders the force FBr.
The initial part of research on MIAB welding of rods was
related with the movement of the welding arc to the
edges of the faying surfaces, to the area of a high magnetic field induction gradient, and make it to move there
by creating the optimum distribution of the magnetic field

cathode
anode
Fig. 7. Traces made by the anode and cathode
spots of the arc column on the rod faying surfaces.

MAGNETICALLY IMPELLED ARC BUTT WELDING OF HOLLOW AND SOLID PARTS

53

The metallographic examinations were made in different

areas of the welded joint. The scheme of measurements
is shown in Figure 9.

a)
b)
c)
Fig. 8. Traces made by the welding arc
on the faying surfaces of rods:
a) traces of motion of an arc to the rod edges
just after striking;
b) traces of arc motion along rod edges;
c) traces of arc scanning at the centre of rods.

4 FORMATION OF JOINTS
IN MIAB WELDING
Formation of welded joints in thick wall tubes and solid
parts during MIAB welding occurs during forging resulting in deformation of surfaces of hollow and solid parts
being heated to the plastic state. The uniform heating of
faying surfaces is a basic but not sufficient condition for
the formation of a quality joint. During MIAB welding
shielded gases are not used, leading to the oxidation of
faying surfaces and to the formation of oxides. The main
specific feature is the conditions for the removal of the
oxides existing on the faying surfaces of the workpieces.
It is possible to prevent oxidation in two ways:
1. To protect the heating surfaces from oxidation (solidphase welding).
2. To transform the oxidized metal into the liquid state
and press it out.

The structure of the welded joint on the external edges

(Fig. 9) has a ferritic-pearlitic mixture with a ferrite constituent prevailing, a small part of the ferrite being
Widmansttten-oriented. The width of the weld line in the
given area is 0.126 mm, hardness is P100 151-165.
The HAZ represents a clearly expressed 3.906 mm wide
overheated area, a 2.268 mm wide complete recrystallization area and a 1.638 mm wide partial recrystallization area.
The structure of the overheated area has a ferriticpearlitic mixture with a pearlitic constituent prevailing.
Pearlite is precipitated in the form of grains being fringed
by ferrite precipitations at the edges. Most of the ferrite
is Widmansttten-oriented. The area has a structure of
hardness P100 181-199, the grain size corresponds to
6 and more seldom to 5 in scale.
The complete recrystallization area is the finely dispersed ferritic-pearlitic structure (10 in scale), hardness
P100 170. The partial recrystallization area has a structure with a grain size 7 in scale.
On the internal edges (Fig. 9) the structure of the weld line
is ferritic, its width is 0.01 mm, its hardness P10 201-205.
The HAZ consists of a complete and a partial recrystallization area; there is no overheated area. The width of
the complete recrystallization area is 1.008 mm. The width
of the partial recrystallization area is 2.394 mm (Fig. 10).

In principle, both procedures can be used for the formation of MIAB welded joints.
The quality of MIAB welding of hollow and solid parts is
achieved without any gas shielding provided that the
arc rotation frequency at the moment of upset is such
that the melted metal at any point of the surface is not
solidified.

Fig. 9. Macrosection of welded joint of tube,

16-mm wall thickness.

It was experimentally established that the required arc

rotating frequency is feasible to weld tubes of wall thickness up to 16 mm and solid rods up to 25 mm. Here,
the shielding is created in the gap space between the
parts as a result of intensive metal evaporation, thus
preventing the oxidation of melted metal areas. Figure
9 shows the macrosection of the welded joint of a tube
with a 16-mm wall thickness.
Metallographic examinations of the welded joint of a
76 mm diameter, 16 mm thick tube were carried out after
etching in a 4% solution of HNO3 in alcohol. The structure of the welded joint was photographed using an optical microscope at 100.
The hardness was measured in a hardness meter at
loads of 10,100 and 1000 g.

Fig. 10. Structure of the complete and partial

recrystallization area 2, 100.

54

MAGNETICALLY IMPELLED ARC BUTT WELDING OF HOLLOW AND SOLID PARTS

Fig. 11. Structure of the weld joint in area 3, 100.

Fig. 12. Structure of the base metal, 100.

The structure of the complete recrystallization area

(Fig. 10) is a finely dispersed ferritic-pearlitic mixture
(grain size 10-9 in scale), hardness P100 199-220. The
structure of the partial recrystallization area is ferrite +
pearlite, grain size 7-8 in scale, hardness P100 181-196.

ture (Fig. 13b) and represents a mixture of ferrite,

pearlitic and bainite.

The microstructure in the centre (Fig. 9) is transition.

The width of the weld line is 0.0252 mm; its structure is
ferritic, hardness P 192-202 (Fig. 11). The HAZ consists of overheated, complete and partial recrystallization areas. The structure in the overheated area is finer,
grain size is 8 in scale, area width is 1.386 mm. The
structure is ferritic-pearlitic, most of the ferrite is
Widmansttten-oriented, hardness P100 182-199.
The structure of the base metal is ferritic-pearlitic, grain
size is 7-8 in scale, hardness P100 192 (Fig. 12).
During heating the overheated area is formed in the
spots of arcing. During upset a coarse-grain area is
pressed out into reinforcement and flash (Fig. 13a). The
welded joint is formed at the expense of the fine grain
area. The width of the weld line varies from 0.1 up to
0.02 mm, thus the overheated area is practically absent.
The structure of the metal is a finely dispersed one. The
area of the metal pressed out (Fig. 13a) has a cast struc-

Most of the ferrite is Widmansttten-oriented and is

selected by the way edging on boundaries of crystallites. Near the edges of the welded joint, the structure
is a coarse-grained, pearlitic matrix with thin ferrite by
a grid on the boundaries of former austenite grains.
There are areas of bainite (Fig. 13c).

5 MIAB WELDING PROCESS

APPLICATION
The process for MIAB welding of tubes and pipes developed at PWI has found a wide application in different
branches of industry for joining pipes and tubular parts
of different shapes and diameters up to 219 mm, with
wall thickness ranging from 1 to 8 mm. This comprises
different-purpose pipes (Fig. 14), boiler heat exchangers,
sanitary engineering, automobile industry parts (shock
absorbers and cardan shafts (Fig. 15), pneumatic
springs (Fig. 16), brake amplifiers, reaction rods etc).

Fig. 13. Welded joint of reinforcement rods: a) macrosection of welded joint; b) microstructure
of reinforcement 150; c) microstructure of metal at edges of welded joint 150.

MAGNETICALLY IMPELLED ARC BUTT WELDING OF HOLLOW AND SOLID PARTS

Fig. 14. Section of a welded joint of tube,

OD 219 8 mm; welding time: t = 38s.
The elongation and impact tests of the welded joints
have shown that the mechanical properties are at the
level of those of the parent metal.
Mechanical properties of welded joints of tubes are given
in Table 2.

55

Fig. 15. Cardan shaft (Welded section:

75.2 2.1 mm. Productivity: 120 faying
surfaces/hour Welding time: t = 3.8s.).
Shock absorber (Welded section: 53 1.8 mm.
Productivity: 170 faying surfaces/hour Welding
time: t = 2.9s.).

The investigations conducted resulted in the development of a technology for MIAB welding of rods from 8
to 25 mm in diameter.
Mechanical properties of the faying surfaces of welded
rods and re-bars joints are given in Table 3.

6 CONCLUSIONS
The new MIAB welding process has several engineering advantages, such as:
no strict requirements regarding tube and rod end
(faying surfaces) preparation;
short welding time (from ten to hundred seconds);
uniform and concentrated heating around the faying
surface perimeter;
minimum allowances for flashing and upset;
absence of pores, inclusions, volume defects typical
for fusion welds;
small external and internal flash and upset metal reinforcement;
high efficiency for industrial mass production;
control and real-time recording of main welding parameters during the welding process;
automation of the welding process.
The equipment for welding of different hollow shapes
with wall thicknesses over 10 mm and solid parts has
been developed and used in pipeline construction, in
automobile and other industries.

Fig. 16. Pneumatic spring. Welded section:

19 1.7 mm.
Productivity: 180-200 faying surfaces/hour.

Table 1. Chemical composition of steels, %.

Steel grade

Si

Mn

Cu

Ni

Cr

Mo

20
35
12Kh1MF
C75
35GS
25G2S
St3
35KhGF

0,23
0,39
0,09
0,463
0,34
0,23
0,18
0,32

0,35
0,35
0,36
0,35
0,7
0,76
0,25
0,15

0,64
0,75
0,54
1,75
1,1
1,32
0,5
1,07

0,035
0,035
0,030
0,013
0,04
0,04
0,04
0,02

0,04
0,04
0,025
0,013
0,045
0,045
0,05
0,007

0,25
0,25
0,20
0,05
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,15

0,25
0,25
0,30
0,05
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,13

0,25
0,25
1,1
0,1
0,3
0,3
0,3
1,22

0,3
-

0,03

56

MAGNETICALLY IMPELLED ARC BUTT WELDING OF HOLLOW AND SOLID PARTS

Table 2. Mechanical properties of welded joints of pipes.

Steel
Grade

Pipe
Dimensions,
mm

Ultimate Tensile Strength,

MPa
Base metal
Welded joint

Impact Toughness
KCV, J/cm2
Base metal
Welded joint

20

D=32
=5

488...509
502

488...509
502

94...100
98

88...94
90

20

D=89
=12

488...509
502

488...509
502

92...100
97

78...86
82

20

D=108
=8

488...509
502

486...506
500

90...100
95

76...92
84

20

D=219
=8

488...509
502

488...509
502

92...100
97

79...94
85

35

D=48
=4

538...565
551

538...565
551

56...64
60

47...68
56

35

D=76
=16

538...565
551

538...565
551

56...64
60

37...54
44

12Kh1MF

D=32
=5

536...566
550

536...566
550

133...144
138

56...116
86

C75

D=48
=5

826...870
852

822...862
838

58...66
61

33...80
57

Table 3. Mechanical properties of welded joints of solid parts.

Steel
Grade

Rods
Dimensions,
mm

Ultimate Tensile Strength,

MPa
Base metal
Welded joint

Impact Toughness
KCV, J/cm2
Base metal
Welded joint

35GS

D=10

498...610
604

498...610
604

St3

D=25

380...398
388

375...408
390

37...43
40

34...43
39

20

D=22

487...510
504

480...520
500

91...100
96

84...94
88

35GS

D=20

498...610
604

588...618
603

25G2S

D=18

603...616
607

592...628
610

20

D=14

487...510
504

477...519
495

90...102
96

86...97
89
KCU, J/cm2

35KhGF

D=20

7 REFERENCES
1. Ganovski F.J., The Magnetarc welding process. Welding
and Metal Fabrication, June, 1974.
2. Edson D.A., Magnetically Impelled Arc Faying surfaces
Welding of Thick Wall Tubes. International Institute of
Welding, III-726-82, July 1982.
3. Takagi K., Aracida F., Magnetically Impelled Arc Faying
surfaces Welding of gas pipeline. Metal Construction, 1982,
No. 10, p. 542-548.

115...127
121

100...118
109

4. Kachinskiy V.S., Ignatenko V.Yu., Pressure welding of

tubular parts heated by the magnetically impelled arc
(equipment and technology). Avtomaticheskaya Svarka,
1997, No. 7, p. 39-41.
5. Kachinskiy V.S., Ignatenko V.Yu., Koval M.P.,
Magnetically Impelled Arc Faying surfaces Welding of hollow and solid state. International Conference Exploiting
solid state joining, TWI, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK,
13-14 September 1999.

COMPOGRAVURE, IMPRESSION, BROCHAGE

IMPRIMERIE CHIRAT, 42540 ST-JUST-LA-PENDUE
DCEMBRE 2002, DPT LGAL 2002 N 6725
NUMRO DINSCRIPTION LA COMMISSION PARITAIRE : EN COURS.