BOUNDARY LAYER

Boundary layer: The layer at which

velocity gradient & shear stress are
maximum is called as boundary layer.
or
A Boundary layer is that layer of fluid in
the immediate vicinity of a bounding
surface.
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VIEW OF BOUNDARY LAYER

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For Laminar flow :

Boundary layer profile is PARABOLIC.

For Turbulent flow :

Boundary layer profile is LOGARITHMIC.

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BOUNDARY LAYER THICKNESS ()

Boundary layer thickness defined as thickness
of layer where velocity of fluid becomes 99%
of average velocity.

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 is the thickness of the boundary layer at a

distance x along the plate. Here we use to
indicate the thickness of the boundary layer,
usually defined as the distance from the
boundary to the point where the velocity u =
0.99U.
In this analysis, however, we will assume
that
u = U at the edge of the boundary layer.
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 For laminar flow:

x.5

For turbulent flow:

x.8
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DISPLACEMENT THICKNESS (*)

The displacement thickness is the distance
a streamline just outside the boundary layer
is displaced away from the wall compared
to the inviscid solution.

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Displacement thickness

For laminar flow :

*= /3

For turbulent flow :

*= /8

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MOMENTUM THICKNESS (**)

Loss of boundary layer due to loss of
momentum profile in boundary layer is called
as momentum thickness.

For laminar flow :

** = /8

For turbulent flow :

** = 7/12

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BOUNDARY-LAYER SEPARATION
CAUSE OF BOUNDARY LAYER SEPARATION

Boundary layer separation is when the thin

layer of viscous fluid leaves the surface of
the body that it is flowing over.
The viscosity of the fluid causes the
boundary layer separation.
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BOUNDARY-LAYER SEPARATION

Growth and separation of boundary layer owing to increasing

pressure gradient. Note that U has its maximum value at B
and then gets smaller.
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The motion of a thin stratum of fluid lying wholly inside the

boundary layer is determined by three forces:
1. The forward pull of the outer free-moving fluid transmitted
through the laminar boundary layer by viscous shear and
through the turbulent boundary layer by momentum transfer.
2. The viscous retarding effect of the solid boundary which
must, by definition, hold the fluid stratum immediately
adjacent to it at rest.

3. The pressure gradient along the boundary. The

stratum is accelerated by a pressure gradient
whose pressure decreases in the direction of
flow and is retarded by an adverse gradient.
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BOUNDARY-LAYER SEPARATION
At Convergence section :
Pressure energy is converting to kinetic energy &
pressure energy decreases & kinetic energy increases.
At Throat section :
dp/dx value is either 0 or ve .

At Divergent section :
At divergent section as area increases ,velocity will
be decreases and Dp/dx value becomes +ve.
Reverse flow occurs at some distance after this
boundary layer separation phenomenon occurs.
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CAUSES OF BOUNDARY LAYER SEPERATION

Due to +ve pressure gradient.

Due to surface roughness.

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CONTROLING OF BOUNDARY LAYER SEPERATION

Introducing rotating cylinder into divergent

section to increase velocity.
Injecting a maximum fliud into divergent
section.
In aerofoil blades boundary layer is controlled
by providing slotes.

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