Chapter 2 The Structure of the Atom

List of PEKA experiments:

1.

Diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid

2.

Rate of diffusion depends on the temperature

3.

Rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles

4.

Melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8

Number

Activity 2.1

Pg.

Title

Diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid

Aim

To investigate the diffusion of particles in a gas,

liquid and solid

Problem

How diffusion does occur through solid, a liquid and

Statement

gas?

Hypothesis

Particles can diffuse through the spaces between the

particles of a solid, a liquid and the gas.

Apparatus

A. Diffusion in a gas

Gas jars

Gas jar covers

B. Diffusion in a liquid

Droppers / Teat pipette

Thistle funnel

Spatula

C. Diffusion in a solid

Material

Stoppers

Test tubes

Test tube rack

Retort stand and clamp

A. Diffusion in a gas

Liquid bromine, Br2

B. Diffusion in a liquid

1 mol dm-3 potassium manganate (VII),

KMnO4solution
Water

C. Diffusion in a solid

Variables

Potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 crystal /

Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 crystal
Hot liquid gel

Manipulated variable: Type of medium

Responding variable: Motion of the particles

Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and

pressure

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Number

Activity 2.2

Pg.

Title

Rate of diffusion depends on the temperature

Aim

To show that the rate of diffusion depends on the

temperature

Problem

How does rate of diffusion depends on the

Statement

temperature?

Hypothesis

Higher temperature can increase the rate of diffusion

Apparatus

Beakers

Droppers

Food colouring

Water

Ice water

Hot water

Manipulated variable: Temperature of water

Responding variable: Rate of diffusion

Controlled / Fixed variable: Concentration

Material

Variables

and volume of food colouring and pressure

Operational

Higher temperature in water increases the particles

Definition

to move faster and increases the rate of diffusion. /

Higher temperature in water increases the kinetics
energy than lower temperature in water.

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Number

Activity 2.3

Pg.

Title

Rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas

particles

Aim

To show that the rate of diffusion depends on the

mass of the gas particles

Problem

How does rate of diffusion depends on the mass of

Statement

the gas particles?

Hypothesis

Low molecular masses diffuse faster than those with

high molecular masses

Apparatus

Material

Variables

Glass tube

Stoppers

Retort stand and clamp

Beakers

Droppers

Glass wool

Concentrated ammonia, NH3 solution

Concentrated hydrochloric acid, HCl

Manipulated variable: Mass of the gas

particles
Responding variable: Rate of diffusion
Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and

pressure
Operational

Gas with low molecular masses diffuse faster than

Definition

those with high molecular masses.

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Number

Activity 2.4

Pg.

Title

Melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8

Aim

To determine the melting and freezing points of

naphthalene, C10H8

Problem

How does rate of diffusion depends on the mass of

Statement

the gas particles?

Hypothesis

The temperature of naphthalene, C10H8 increase

during heating except at its melting and solidification
points

Apparatus

Boiling tube

250 cm3 beaker

Thermometer (0 100C)

Tripod stand

Retort stand and clamp

Bunsen burner

Stopwatch

Material
Variables

Conical flask

Wire gauze

Naphthalene, C10H8

Water

Manipulated variable: Heat supplied

Responding variable: Temperature

Controlled / Fixed variable: Naphthalene,

C10H8