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Article history:
Received 8 March 2007
Received in revised form 22 October 2007
Accepted 25 June 2008
Available online 8 August 2008
CE database subject headings:
Bending
Columns
Compression
Connement
Design
Ductility
FRP
Interaction diagram
Reinforced concrete
Strengthening
a b s t r a c t
This paper presents a procedure that allows the construction of a simplied axial load bending moment
interaction diagram for FRP-wrapped Reinforced Concrete (RC) columns of circular and non-circular
cross-sections for practical design applications. In the proposed methodology, the analysis of FRP-conned columns is carried out based on principles of equilibrium and strain compatibility equivalent to that
of conventional RC columns, the primary difference being the use of the stressstrain model for FRP-conned concrete developed by Lam and Teng. Based on the consideration that the strength enhancement is
of signicance in members where compression is the controlling failure mode, only the portion of the
interaction diagram corresponding to this type of failure is the focus of the methodology. Experimental
evidence from RC specimens with a minimum side dimension of 300 mm (12 in.) and subjected to combined axial compression and exure was collected and compared to the theoretical interaction diagrams.
Even though limited experimentation has been conducted in the compression-controlled region for such
type of members, data points appear to be consistent with the analytical predictions. A design method for
RC members is therefore proposed following the principles of the ACI building code.
2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Columns are structural members subjected to combinations of
axial compression and bending moment, rather than pure axial
loading. The exural effect may be induced by different factors,
such as unbalanced moments at connecting beams, vertical misalignment, or lateral forces resulting from wind or seismic
activity.
Connement of reinforced concrete (RC) columns by means of
ber reinforced polymers (FRP) jackets is a technique being frequently used to seek the increment of load carrying capacity
and/or ductility of such compression members. The need for improved strength results from higher load capacity demands because of design/construction errors, change in the facility use, or
revisions of code requirements. Improving ductility stems from
the need for energy dissipation, which allows the plastic behavior
of the element and, ultimately, of the structure. Ductility enhancement is typically required in existing columns that are subjected to
a combination of axial load and bending moment because of reasons similar to those listed for strengthening. Among these rea* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: silvia.rocca@gmail.com (S. Rocca).
0950-0618/$ - see front matter 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.06.010
1509
Nomenclature
Ac
Ae
Ag
As
Asi
b
CE
dsi
D
e
E2
Ec
Ef
fc0
0
fcc
ffu
ffu
fl
fsi
fy
H
h
Mmax
Mn
n
Pa
Pmax
Pn
r
tf
a1
b1
e0c
eccu
ecu
efe
efu
efu
esy
e0t
ja
jb
je
qf
qg
wf
considers an appropriate stressstrain model for FRP-conned concrete in the compression zone.
3. Experimental behavior of FRP-conned RC columns
2. Research signicance
1510
4. PM interaction diagram
The analysis of the FRP-conned specimens is equivalent to that
of customary RC columns [20,21] with the primary difference
being the use of a selected stressstrain model for FRP-conned
concrete in the compression zone. The following assumptions are
considered for the analysis: (a) plane sections remain plane, (b)
the tensile strength of concrete is neglected, and (c) complete composite action is assumed between both steel reinforcement-concrete and FRP-concrete.
For ease of calculation, rather than a continuous curve, a conservative PM diagram was constructed as a series of straight lines
joining the axial load and moment values corresponding to ve
characteristic points (Fig. 1) [20]:
Table 1 presents a total of 13 RC columns of circular cross-section (including control and strengthened units) divided into 3 sets
of experiments [11,13,16]. The information presented in the table
is organized as follows: the rst and second columns in the table
show the reference to each experimental set and the specimen
codes, respectively. The type of FRP jacket, when applicable, is given in the third column. Geometrical and material properties are
shown in the columns (4) to (14) in this order: diameter of the
cross-section (D), height of the specimen (H), ratio of the area of
longitudinal steel reinforcement to the cross-sectional area of the
member (qg), volumetric ratio of transverse steel reinforcement
to concrete core (qt), volumetric ratio of FRP reinforcement (qf),
unconned concrete compressive strength fc0 , yield strength of
longitudinal steel reinforcement (fy), tensile modulus of elasticity
of FRP (Ef), ultimate tensile strength of FRP (ffu), ultimate tensile
strain of the FRP (efu), and FRP nominal ply thickness (tf). The last
two columns in the table ((15) and (16)) report the maximum axial
load (Pa or Pmax) and maximum moment (Mmax), respectively. The
specimens included in this table have unconned concrete compressive strength varying from 36.5 MPa (5.29 ksi) to 44.8 MPa
(6.5 ksi), and the level of constantly applied axial load in terms of
Pa =Ag fc0 varies from 0.12 to 0.65.
Table 2 presents a total of 48 RC columns of non-circular crosssection including control and strengthened units featuring side-aspect ratios (h/b) of 1.0, 1.75, and 2.0. These experiments are divided
into eight sets [4,10,12,1418]. The information corresponding to
each set of experiments is presented as in Table 1, with the only
difference being on the cross-section dimension parameters. Specically, Table 2 shows the short side dimension (b), long side
dimension (h), and the side-aspect ratio (h/b) of the non-circular
cross-section instead of diameter (D) from Table 1. In the cases
of specimens from three sets [1517], the radius of the chamfered
corner of the strengthened specimens was not reported in the
source publications. Therefore, a minimum corner radius of
13 mm (0.5 in.) as recommended by the current ACI440.2R-02
[19] was assumed in these columns for the purpose of this study.
The specimens included in this table have unconned concrete
compressive strength varying from 17.9 MPa (2.6 ksi) to 44.2 MPa
(6.41 ksi), and the level of applied axial load in terms of P a =Ag fc0
varies from 0.12 to 0.65.
Table 1
RC columns of circular cross-section
Specimen
code
Fiber
type
D
(mm)
H
(m)
qg
qt
qf
(%)
(%)
fc0
(MPa)
fy
(MPa)
Ef
(MPa)
ffu
(MPa)
efu
(%)
(%)
tf
(mm)
Pa or Pmax
(kN)
Mmax
(kN m)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
SA1
SA2
SA3
SA4
None
GFRP
None
GFRP
305
305
305
305
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.62
2.47
2.47
2.47
2.47
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.00
6.30
0.00
6.30
36.5
38.3
36.6
36.5
358
358
358
358
NA
18,600
NA
18,600
NA
532
NA
532
NA
2.86
NA
2.86
NA
0.80
NA
0.80
445
445
445
445
83
116
102
124
SY1-a
SY2-a
SY3-a
SY4-a
SY1-b
SY2-b
SY3-b
None
GFRP
GFRP
CFRP
None
CFRP
GFRP
356
356
356
356
356
356
356
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
3.01
3.01
3.01
3.01
3.01
3.01
3.01
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.00
1.40
1.40
1.12
0.00
0.56
1.40
39.2
40.4
40.4
40.4
39.2
44.8
40.8
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
NA
20,800
20,800
152,000
NA
152,000
20,800
NA
416
416
1900
NA
1900
416
NA
2.00
2.00
1.25
NA
1.25
2.00
NA
1.25
1.25
0.50
NA
0.50
1.25
2547
2600
2600
2600
1273
1398
1309
220
180
300
290
225
280
280
Elnabelsy and
Saatcioglu [16]
ES1-C
ES2-C
CFRP
CFRP
508
508
1.73
1.73
1.78
1.78
0.33
0.33
1.42
2.83
38.0
38.0
400
400
60,000
60,000
700
700
1.17
1.17
0.90
0.90
944
944
710
500
Reference
Note: 1 mm = 0.04 in.; 1 MPa = 0.145 ksi; 1 kN = 0.225 kip; 1 kN m = 0.738 kip ft; NA = Not applicable.
Table 2
RC columns of non-circular cross-section
Reference
Specimen
code
Fiber type
b (mm)
h (mm)
h/b
H (m)
r (mm)
qg (%)
qt (%)
qf (%)
fc0 (MPa)
fy (MPa)
Ef (MPa)
ffu (MPa)
efu (%)
tf (mm)
Pa or Pmax (kN)
Mmax
(kN m)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
Nosho [10]
NO1
NO2
NO3
NO4
None
CFRP
CFRP
CFRP
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
280
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.36
13
13
13
13
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.00
0.94
0.16
0.08
40.6
41.6
41.6
42.7
407
407
407
407
NA
261,484
267,358
267,358
NA
4165
4206
4206
NA
1.60
1.57
1.57
NA
0.17
0.11
0.11
1062
1087
1088
1116
140
147
137
140
Walkup [12]
WA1
WA2
WA3
WA4
None
CFRP
CFRP
CFRP
458
458
458
458
458
458
458
458
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
3.05
3.05
3.05
3.05
51
51
51
51
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.00
0.86
0.58
0.29
24.6
22.7
24.7
24.1
460
460
460
460
NA
230,303
230,303
230,303
NA
3515
3515
3515
NA
1.50
1.50
1.50
NA
0.17
0.17
0.17
1299
1399
1352
1334
559
581
537
556
CS1-a
CS2-a
CS1-b
CS2-b
CS1-c
CS2-c
CS1-d
CS2-d
CS1-e
CS2-e
CS1-f
CS2-f
None
CFRP
None
CFRP
None
CFRP
None
CFRP
None
CFRP
None
CFRP
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.57
0.00
1.57
0.00
1.57
0.00
1.57
0.00
1.57
0.00
1.57
0.00
1.57
25.5
25.5
25.5
25.5
25.5
25.5
25.5
25.5
25.5
25.5
25.5
25.5
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
414
NA
45,000
NA
45,000
NA
45,000
NA
45,000
NA
45,000
NA
45,000
NA
540
NA
540
NA
540
NA
540
NA
540
NA
540
NA
1.20
NA
1.20
NA
1.20
NA
1.20
NA
1.20
NA
1.20
NA
0.50
NA
0.50
NA
0.50
NA
0.50
NA
0.50
NA
0.50
1878
2412
1228
1335
712
828
310
441
240
356
0
0
1
1
105
145
139
159
114
158
119
179
94
145
IA1-a
IA2-a
IA3-a
IA4-a
IA5-a
IA6-a
None
CFRP
CFRP
CFRP
CFRP
CFRP
305
305
305
305
305
305
305
305
305
305
305
305
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
16
16
16
16
16
16
2.58
2.58
2.58
2.58
2.58
2.58
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.00
1.31
2.62
1.31
3.93
2.62
31.4
36.5
36.9
36.9
37.0
37.0
465
465
465
465
465
465
NA
76,350
76,350
76,350
76,350
76,350
NA
962
962
962
962
962
NA
1.26
1.26
1.26
1.26
1.26
NA
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1168
1290
2231
2231
2237
1308
180
229
233
218
260
246
BO1-a
BO2-a
BO3-a
BO4-a
BO1-b
BO2-b
BO3-b
BO4-b
None
CFRP
CFRP
GFRP
None
CFRP
CFRP
GFRP
250
250
250
250
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
250
250
250
250
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.00
0.31
0.78
1.02
0.00
0.31
0.78
1.02
18.3
18.1
17.9
18.7
17.9
18.1
17.9
18.7
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
NA
230,000
230,000
70,000
NA
230,000
230,000
70,000
NA
3450
3450
2170
NA
3450
3450
2170
NA
1.50
1.50
3.10
NA
1.50
1.50
3.10
NA
0.13
0.13
0.17
NA
0.13
0.13
0.17
862
830
865
858
843
830
865
858
304
358
379
326
110
112
122
120
ES1-S
ES2-S
CFRP
CFRP
500
500
500
500
1.00
1.00
1.73
1.73
13
13
1.44
1.44
0.33
0.33
2.16
3.60
33.0
38.0
400
400
60,000
60,000
700
700
1.17
1.17
0.90
0.90
1002
1128
640
640
HR1-a
HR2-a
HR3-a
HR1-b
HR2-b
HR3-b
None
CFRP
CFRP
None
CFRP
CFRP
150
150
150
150
150
150
300
300
300
300
300
300
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
13
13
13
13
13
13
1.50
1.50
1.50
3.00
3.00
3.00
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.00
0.26
0.39
0.00
0.26
0.39
20.3
21.1
21.7
20.3
21.1
21.7
534
534
534
565
565
565
NA
230,000
230,000
NA
230,000
230,000
NA
3500
3500
NA
3500
3500
NA
1.50
1.50
NA
1.50
1.50
NA
0.13
0.13
NA
0.13
0.13
196
196
196
231
231
231
59
65
70
88
94
94
MS1
MS2
MS3
MS4
MS5
MS6
None
GFRP
GFRP
GFRP
GFRP
GFRP
305
305
305
305
305
305
305
305
305
305
305
305
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
16
16
16
16
16
16
2.58
2.58
2.58
2.58
2.58
2.58
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.00
3.28
6.56
3.28
1.64
4.92
42.4
42.5
42.7
43.3
43.7
44.2
465
465
465
465
465
465
NA
19,754
19,754
19,754
19,754
19,754
NA
450
450
450
450
450
NA
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.28
NA
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
2454
1449
2467
2493
1479
2532
195
250
252
232
235
286
1511
Note: 1 mm = 0.04 in.; 1 MPa = 0.145 ksi; 1 kN = 0.225 kip; 1 kN m = 0.738 kip ft.
a
Specimens axially loaded at various eccentricities.
(1)
1512
PnB;C;D
0 s1
2
2
X
D
D
0
@2
Afc ydy
y
Asi fsi
d
2
2
2a
M nB;C;D
0 s1
2
2
D
D
0
@2
A D c y fc ydy
y
d
2
2
2
0
X
2b
PnB;C;D
Asi fsi
3a
X
h
c y fc ydy
b
Asi fsi dsi
2
3b
bfc ydy
by Lam and Teng [23,24]. This model was selected based on the
evaluation of FRP-conned models with a database composed of
solely RC columns of a minimum side dimension of 300 mm
(12 in.) and subjected to pure axial compressive loading [25]. The
model by Lam and Teng as shown in Fig. 2 proved to be the most
suitable for predicting the maximum conned compressive
strength and strain for RC columns of circular and non-circular
cross-sections.
The stressstrain curve of this model is composed of a parabolic
rst portion followed by a linear second portion (Fig. 2). The curve
and the line meet smoothly at a transition strain e0t . The linear
second portion ends at a point where both the maximum compressive
strength fcc0 and the ultimate axial strain of conned concrete eccu are
reached. Based on experimental observations of small-plain concrete specimens with sufcient amounts of FRP connement, Lam
and Teng suggested a minimum ratio of FRP connement pressure
to unconned concrete compressive strength fl =fc0 of approximately
0.08 to ensure an ascending second branch in the stressstrain
curve. This limitation was later conrmed for circular cross-sections
by Spoelstra and Monti [26] using their analytical model.
In the case of unconned concrete, the model by Lam and Teng
reduces to a stressstrain curve composed of an initial parabola
followed by a horizontal straight line, which has been adopted
by design codes such as BS 8110 and Eurocode 2 [23]. This model
is used in this study to compute the stressstrain curve of the FRPconned concrete. It is given by the following expressions:
(
fc
e0t
2
ec 2
Ec ec Ec E
4f 0
0 6 ec 6 e0t
fc0 E2 ec
e0t 6 ec 6 eccu
4a
2fc0
Ec E2
4b
fcc0 fc0
eccu
4c
E2
where, fc and ec are the axial stress and the axial strain of conned
concrete, respectively. Ec is the elastic modulus of unconned concrete, e0t is the transition strain, E2 is the slope of the second linear
portion, and eccu is the ultimate axial strain of conned concrete.
The maximum FRP-conned concrete compressive strength is
given by Eq. (5):
The parameter ja is a geometry efciency factor and is discussed later in the text. The FRP conning pressure (fl) in the case
of circular cross-sections is determined by equilibrium and strain
compatibility. However, in the case of non-circular cross-sections,
the diameter D is replaced by an equivalent diameter, which consists of the diagonal of the rectangular cross-section (Eq. (6)).
M nB;C;D
Z
0
Fig. 2. Stressstrain model for FRP-conned concrete by Lam and Teng [23].
fl
8
< 2ntfDEf efe
Circular cross-section
2ntf Ef efe
Non-circular cross-section
: p
2
2
b h
eccu
e0c
0:45 !
fl efe
6 0:01
1:5 12jb 0 0
f c ec
1513
ja
2
Ae b
Ac h
jb
0:5
Ae h
Ac b
where
2
2
Ae 1 b=hh 2r h=bb 2r =3Ag qg
Ac
1 qg
10
1514
1515
All plots are drawn with x-axis equal to Mn =Ag hf c and y-axis
equal to P n =Ag fc0 .
Due to the difculty of conducting experiments with real-size
cross-sections, Figs. 35 report a limited number of data points
that fall in the compression-controlled region: 2 (from a total of
13 units) and 13 (from a total of 48 units) for the cases of circular
and non-circular specimens, respectively. From this total, for only
one data point among the circular specimens [13], its corresponding theoretical PM diagram appears to be not conservative. However, the original source of publication [13] notes that such
specimen experienced a premature failure as a result of the stress
concentrations on the jacket induced by one reinforcing bar used to
afx measurement instrumentation. For all other cases, the interaction diagrams built on the Lam and Teng [23,24] model for the
FRP-conned concrete stressstrain curve appear to be conservative with respect to the experimental data points.
5. Proposed design methodology
Strength enhancement can only be considered when the applied ultimate axial force and bending moment (Pu and Mu) are
such that a point having these coordinates falls above the line connecting the origin and the balanced point in the interaction diagram for the unconned member (compression-controlled
region) (Fig. 6). This limitation stems from the consideration that
the enhancement is only of signicance in members where compression failure is the controlling mode [3].
For simplicity, the portion of the unconned and conned interaction diagrams corresponding to compression-controlled failure
can be reduced to two bilinear curves passing through the previously dened points A, B, and C (Fig. 6). Eq. (1) can be used to
compute the Pn corresponding to point A of a member with any
cross-sectional shape (Mn(A) equals zero). The coordinates of points
B and C can be computed using Eqs. (2) and (3) for the case of
members of circular and non-circular cross-sections, respectively.
To provide a closed form solution, this paper focuses only on the
case of members with rectangular cross-sections. Substituting the
stressstrain relationship for FRP-conned concrete (Eq. (4)) in Eq.
(3) and expressing the axial compressive strain ec at any point in
the compression region in terms of the integrating variable y (similar triangles) (Fig. 7), Eqs. (11) and (12) are obtained for the axial
loads and moments at points B and C, respectively:
PnB;C
#
e
E E 2 e
2
ccu
c
2
ccu
bdy
y
y
c
4fc0
c
0
Z ch
e
i
X
ccu
y bdy
Asi fsi
fc0 E2
c
yt
yt
"
Ec
MnB;C
#
e
E E 2 e
2 h
ccu
c
2
ccu
b
c
y
dy
y
y
2
c
4fc0
c
0
Z ch
e
i h
X
ccu
fc0 E2
c y dy
Asi fsi dsi
y b
2
c
yt
Z
yt
"
Ec
12
In the expressions above, c represents the distance from the extreme compression ber to the neutral axis and is given by Eq. (13).
The parameter yt represents the vertical coordinate within the
compression region measured from the neutral axis position, and
it corresponds to the transition strain e0t (Eq. (14)) (see Fig. 7).
8
<d
:d
yt c
for point B
eccu
esy eccu
13
for point C
e0t
eccu
14
After integrating and reordering terms, Eqs. (11) and (12) can be
reduced to expressions (15) and (16), respectively, where the coefcients A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I, are given by Eq. (17).
h
i X
PnB;C Ayt 3 Byt 2 Cyt D
Asi fsi
11
16
bEc E2 2 eccu 2
12fc0
c
17a
bEc E2 eccu
2
c
17b
C bf c
0
D bcf c
15
17c
bcE2
eccu
2
bEc E2 2 eccu 2
16fc0
c
h Ec E2 2 eccu 2 bEc E2 eccu
F b c
2
3
12fc0
c
c
17d
17e
17f
1516
b
h Ec E2 eccu
G fc0 b c
2
2
2
c
17g
h
0
H bf c c
2
17h
2
2
bc 0
h
bc E2
bcE2
h
0
eccu
fc bcf c c
eccu
c
2
2
2
3
2
17i
18
For a tied RC column, the strength reduction factors / as recommended by ACI318-05 [22] must also be considered. Since the portion of the interaction diagram corresponds to compressioncontrolled members, the value of / is 0.65 (Fig. 6).
The proposed design method consists of closed form equations
for the determination of the compression-controlled region of a
PM diagram for the case of a rectangular FRP-wrapped RC column.
This portion of the interaction diagram is conservatively represented by two bilinear curves joining the previously dened points
A0 , B, and C. Based on ACI design philosophy, the vertical coordinate
(axial force) of point A0 can be found with Eq. (18) (bending moment is zero). The coordinates for points B and C can be obtained
with Eqs. (15) and (16). The contribution of concrete within the
compression region of the cross-section is represented by polynomials of third and fourth order for the case of the nominal axial
capacity (Eq. (15)) and the nominal exural capacity (Eq. (16)),
respectively. These algebraic expressions result from mathematical
substitution and re-arrangement of terms resulting from the integrals given in Eqs. (11) and (12).
A ow-chart illustrating the application of the proposed methodology for design purposes is shown in Fig. 8, and a practical
example application is presented in Appendix A.
1517
where
1518
Ae 1
Ac
yt c
1 2:65 10
c 559 mm
0:425
wf 2nt f Ef efe
fl p
2
2
b h
fl
e0t
E2
fcc0 fc0
50:38 44:8 MPa
1315 MPa
eccu
4:23 103 mm=mm
Point B:
Design axial capacity:
Asi fsi
0:45 !
3:97 MPa 0:004 mm=mm
eccu 0:002 mm=mm 1:5 12 0:425
44:8 MPa 0:002 mm=mm
kN
0:65 6:003 105
389 mm3
mm3
70:14 MPa389 mm2 27:32 kN=mm389 mm
16; 215 kN 3277 mm2 414 MPa
2
where
bEc E2 2 eccu 2
12fc0
c
6:003 10
ja 0:425
jb
uP nB 9829 kN
fl p
2
2
b h
0:95 2 6 0:33 mm 227; 527 MPa 0:004 mm=mm
q
fl
2 610 mm2
2fc0
2 44:8 MPa
8:67 MPa
uP nB
e0t
2:95 103 mm=mm
389 mm
559 mm
eccu
4:23 103 mm=mm
!2
kN
mm3
3:97 MPa
efe min0:004; je efu 0:55 0:159 mm=mm
0:004 mm=mm
Checking the minimum connement ratio:
bEc E2 eccu
2
c
!
610 mm31; 685 1315 MPa 4:23 103 mm=mm
B
2
559 mm
70:14 MPa
0
The strains in each layer of steel are determined by similar triangles in the strain distribution (Fig. 7). The corresponding stresses
are then given as follows:
C bf c
bcE2
eccu
2
D 610 mm 559 mm 44:8 MPa
0
D bcf c
610mm 559 mm 1315 MPa
4:23 103 mm=mm
2
D 16; 215 kN
For the calculation of the coefcients it is necessary to compute
key parameters from the stressstrain model:
0.33 mm
3792 MPa
0.0167 mm/mm
227,527 MPa
0.013 in.
550,000 psi
0.0167 in./in.
33,000,000 psi
h
Table A.1
Manufacturers reported FRP material properties example application
uMnB 924 kN m
1519
where
Table A.2
Summary of results example application
bEc E2 eccu 2
E
16fc0
c
2
Point
!2
610 mm31; 685 1315 MPa2 4:23 103 mm=mm
E
559 mm
16 44:8 MPa
4:5 105 kN=mm3
h Ec E2 2 eccu 2 bEc E2 eccu
Fb c
2
3
12fc0
c
c
A
A0
B
C
n = 6 plies
/Pn (kN)
/Mn (kN m)
/Pn (kN)
/Mn (kN m)
11,601
9281
8266
4127
0
0
874
1198
14,030
11,224
9829
5870
0
0
924
1345
559 mm
3
!
4:23 103 mm=mm
62 MPa
559 mm
b
h Ec E2 eccu
G fc0 b c
2
2
2
c
F 610 mm559 305 mm
"
G 44:8 MPa 305 mm 610 mm559 305 mm
!#
31; 685 1315 MPa 4:23 103 mm=mm
2
559 mm
G 31:48 kN=mm
h
0
H bf c c
2
H 44:8 MPa 610 mm559 305 mm 6939 kN
2
2
bc 0
h
bc E2
bcE2
h
0
I
eccu
fc bcf c c
eccu
c
2
2
2
3
2
2
559 mm
44:8 MPa559
2
305 mm559 mm610 mm 1315 MPa 610 mm
559 mm2
4:23 103 mm=mm 1315 MPa 610 mm
3
559 mm
559 305 mm4:23 103 mm=mm
2
500; 175 kN mm
The distances from each layer of steel reinforcement to the geometric centroid of the cross-section are shown below:
ds1 254 mm
ds2 ds3 85 mm
Point C:
Following the same procedure as for point B, the design axial
capacity is as follows:
uPnC 5870 kN
where
yt 262 mm
c 375 mm
The strains in each layer of steel are determined by similar triangles in the strain distribution (Fig. 7). The corresponding stresses
are then given:
C 27:32 kN=mm
D 10; 892 kN
For the calculation of the coefcients it is necessary to compute
key parameters from the stressstrain model:
References
[1] Fardis MN, Khalili H. Concrete encased in berglass-reinforced plastic. ACI J
1981;78(6):4406.
1520