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Heat transfer is the process of transfer of thermal energy from a body, which is having higher
temperature to another body having lower temperature. This can be occurred either steady or unsteady
conditions. When the temperature of a considered system doesnt change with the time, which is
consider as steady state heat transfer. Conversely, under unsteady state conditions the temperature
within the system does vary with the time.
It is rather difficult to analyze the unsteady heat transfer compared to the steady state heat transfer.
Therefore simulation technique is used to analyze the unsteady state heat transfer. Both flow in a
hydraulic system and temperature variation in a system under unsteady conditions are governed or
controlled by similar equations having common form. Therefore in here we are using hydraulic flow
simulation to find out the temperature variations and distributions in one dimensional heat conduction
under unsteady state conditions.
APPARATUS
+ (1 ) +
()2
()
In the hydraulic analogy the tubes represent elements. If h1 is the height of the water after time interval
w, then the equation for mid tube,
(31 3 )
Where,
(2 3 )
(3 4 )
By rearranging we get,
hn1 = ()
( )
+ (1 ()
) 3 +
( )
4
()
( )
ts
ti
= Initial temperature.
()
2
; n Number of tubes
() 1 2 2
=
( )
2
ie. 2 =
( )2
For the tube no. 03, the height of the liquid can be represent as,
Where,
hs
hi
= Datum height
Vs
()
2
Vs
CALCULATIONS
By considering the 3rd set of data of the Table no. 01,
2254
= 2754
= 1.1852
403 . 1 129.3
22
= 235.09093 . 1
235.09093 . 1 0.5
=
129.3 3.912
= 0.2325
Table No. 02: Calculations
1.1392
0.5683
1.1515
0.3197
1.1852
0.2325
1.0851
0.1795
0.9737
0.1441
1.0968
0.1382
1.0769
0.1279
1.0455
0.1204
1.0526
0.1163
1.0843
0.1137
1.0667
0.1112
1.1061
0.1095
1.0615
0.1086
1.0833
0.1077
1.0526
0.1066
1.2000
0.1066
1.1224
0.1055
1.1778
0.1050
1.2439
0.1046
1.3158
0.1044
1.3235
0.1033
1.4063
0.1033
DISCUSSION
Conduction is a heat transfer method which can take place in solids, Liquids or gases. In solids heat is
transferred due to the molecular vibration and energy transport by the free electrons is known as
conduction heat transfer. In liquids and gases that is due to collisions and diffusion of the molecules
due to their random motion.
Conduction heat transfer is an important process in our day to day applications. The rate of heat
transfer through the conduction of a medium depends upon its geometry, material, thickness and the
temperature difference across the medium.
When a material subjected to a heat source, the temperature of body is going to increase the time and
also it varies inside the body also. This nature is called as unsteady or transient heat transfer. Therefore
it is complicated to describe compares to the steady state heat transfer.
In this experiment it is using simulation technique to describe the one directional transient heat
transfer. The flow within a hydraulic system is used to describe the transient heat transfer through
conduction due to both of the systems are governed and controlled by a equations which are having
similar forms.
According to the experimental results, it shows temperature distribution from surface to the inside of
the body. The observed result is slightly deviated from the expected parabolic shape. However,
according to the observed result it can be clearly identify that highest temperature is occurred at the
surface of the body and it gradually decreases within the body. The instantaneous lowest temperature
is occurred in the middle of the body.
ERRORS