Design of Steel Members

Conceptual Design of Buildings
(Course unit code 1C2)
Module B
Design of Steel Members (Part 1)
Dan Dubina (University Politehnica Timisoara)
Raffaele Landolfo (University of Naples)
Rui Simes (University of Coimbra)
J. P. Jaspart (University of Lige)
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Examples
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
Module B Design of Steel Members
Design of cross-sections
Classification
Resistance in tension
Rsistance in compression
Rsistance in bending
Resistance in shear
Combined loading
European Erasmus Mundus

Master Course
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
L9 Design of steel members: tension members, columns and beams
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
Design of members
Resistance in tension
Rsistance in compression
Resistance in bending
Combined loading

Master Course
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance

Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
Main internal forces and combinations
Tension/Compression
Bending+Shear
Bending+Shear
Compression+Bending+Shear
Tension/Compression
Tension/Compression
Compression+Bending+Shear
Torsion Less common in steel structures (clause 6.2.7 of EC3-1-1)
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
RESISTANCE OF CROSS SECTIONS

Clause 6.2 of Eurocode 3, part 1.1 provides different approaches
applicable depending of cross section shape, cross section class and type
of combination of design internal forces (N, M+V, N+M,...)
Vz
NEd
MEd
My
BUCKLING RESISTANCE (clause 6.3 of EC3-1-1)

Buckling resistance (clause 6.3 of Eurocode 3, part 1.1) must be checked
in all members submitted to compression stresses, which are members
under axial compression N, under bending moment M or under a
combination of both (M+N).

Master Course
5
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
General Criteria
Elastic resistance (clause 6.2.1(5) of EC3-1-1):
x , Ed
fy M 0
z , Ed
+
fy M 0
x , Ed

fy M 0
z , Ed
f y M 0
+ 3 Ed
fy M 0
Linearized interaction formulas (clause 6.2.1(7) of EC3-1-1):
N Ed M y , Ed M z , Ed
+
+
1
N Rd M y , Rd M z , Rd
Nonlinear interaction formulas class 1/2 (clause 6.2.1(6) of EC3-1-1).
Section properties gross section, net section (deduction for holes) or
effective section (class 4 or shear lag effects) (clause 6.2.2 of EC3-1-1).

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G
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
The class of a cross section defines the capacity (elastic or plastic) of the
cross section to support compression stresses, without occurrence of local
buckling.
Class 1: plastic cross-sections
Class 2: compact cross-sections
Class 3: semi-compact cross-sections
Class 4: slender cross-sections
M
Mpl
Class 2
Mel
Class 1
Class 3
Class 4

Master Course
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance

Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
Cross section classification is required for:

Selection of the global frame analysis:
Elastic frame analysis

Plastic frame analysis
Decision about the type of cross-section verification:
Elastic verification
Plastic verification
Effective cross-section properties
Decision on the member buckling formulae with respect to the degree of

local plastic capacity:
Plastic interaction: class 1, 2

Elastic interaction
Classification must be made:

for loading states including all internal forces/moments
NEd + My,Ed + Mz,Ed (internal forces which induce
compressive stresses);
M
z,Ed
NEd
M y,Ed
for each load combination.

List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
Effective section of a class 4 cross section (in accordance with EC3-1-5)

implies:
- a reduction of the resistant cross section area;
- an additional moment M = N x eN due to the possible shift of the centroid.
G
G
eN
G
Class 4 cross section in compression
Class 4 cross section in bending

Master Course
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
How to classify a cross-section?

Classification of each plate elements (in
full or partial compression) composing the
section.
Compare the slenderness c/t with
specific limits, established to prevent local
plate buckling (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1).
Cross section class = most unfavourable
class of all plate elements (flange or web).
Cross section class depend of the:
slenderness c/t;
support conditions (internal or external

part);

Master Course
distribution of direct stresses (acting

forces);
Simple
support
b
L
Free edge
class of steel (higher steel grades

sections tend to fall into higher classes).
10
List of contents
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section e
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Plate element classification

according to Table 5.2 of
EC3-1-1

Master Course
235 / fy
11
List of contents
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Plate element
classification
according to
Table 5.2 of
EC3-1-1

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235 / fy
12
List of contents
EXAMPLE 1 Cross section classification

a) IPE 300 in steel grade S 235: i) in bending; ii) in compression.
b) Square hollow section SHS 200x200x8 mm in steel grade S
275, subject to compression.
c) HEA 300 in steel grade S 355 in pure bending.
0
.
2
7
0
.
1
2
7
<
2
7
0
.
5
3
1
.
7
6
.
8
4
2
a-i) Web in bending (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1):
t
c
Class 1
< =
0
.
9
0
.
1
9
3
.
5
7
.
0
1
5
1
2
1
.
7
=(
2
0
5
1
Flange in compression (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1):

t
c
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
The cross section

is class 1.
Class 1

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13
List of contents

a) IPE 300 in steel grade S 235: i) subject to
bending; ii) subject to compression.
a-ii) Web in compression (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1):
c t = 248.6 7.1 = 35.0 > 33 = 33 1.0 = 33.0

c t = 248.6 7.1 = 35.0 < 38 = 38 1.0 = 38.0
but
Class 2
Flanges in compression:
< =
7
.
0
1
0
5 .
1 9
=(
2 .
0
1 1
.
7
9
2
0
5 9
1
3
.
t 5
c
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
Class 1

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The cross section

is class 2.
14
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance

Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings

b) Square hollow section SHS 200x200x8 mm in
steel grade S 275, subject to compression.
Web in compression (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1):

In a rectangular or square hollow section, the net length of a
web can be approximated by: c b 3 t .
c/t (b 3t )/t = (200 3 8)/8 = 22.0 < 33 = 33 0.92 = 30.4.
The cross section is class 1.
c) HEA 300 in steel grade S 355 in

pure bending is Class 3.
15
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
RESISTANCE OF CROSS SECTIONS IN TENSION

Master Course
16
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
Typical tension members
Typical cross sections in tension
Reduction of resistance: Holes in bolted joints; 2nd order moments.

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Stress concentrations
Eccentric joints
17
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance

Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
NEd
1.0
Nt .Rd
Design Resistance (clause 6.2.3 of EC3-1-1):

Design plastic resistance of the gross cross section
N pl .Rd = A f y M 0
(M0 = 1.0)
Design ultimate resistance of the net cross section at holes for fasteners
Nu.Rd = 0.9 Anet fu M 2

Ductile behaviour
(M2 =1.25)
Nu .Rd N pl .Rd 0.9
Anet fy M 2

A
fu M 0
Net area (Anet)

Anet = min of: A t d 0
si 2
A t d 0 + t
4 pi
(section 1) p
(section 2)
t = plate thickness and do = hole diameter.

2
1
s
18
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
Eccentricities in angles and U sections (clause 3.10.1 of EC3-1-8).

N u .Rd =
2.0 (e2 0.5 d 0 ) t fu
M2
e1
(1 bolt)
d0
e2
Nu .Rd =
Nu .Rd =
2 Anet fu
M2
3 Anet fu
M2
(2 bolts)
e1
p1
e1
p1
p1
(3 bolts)

Master Course
19
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
Eccentricities in angles connected by welding in one leg (clause 4.13

of EC3-1-8).
The eccentricity in angles connected by one leg may be allowed, treating the
member as concentrically loaded, but calculating the Design Plastic
Resistance (Npl,Rd) with an effective area equal to:
the gross area, for an equal-leg angle, or an unequal-leg angle
connected by its larger leg;
the gross cross-sectional area of an equivalent equal-leg angle of leg
size equal to that of the smaller for an unequal-leg angle connected by
its smaller leg.
Effective area

Master Course
20
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1
Design chord AB for a design tensile axial force of NEd = 220 kN assuming two distinct
possibilities for the connections:
a) welded connections;
b) bolted connections.
The cross section consists of two angles of equal legs, in steel grade S 235.

Master Course
21
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1

Master Course
22
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1

Master Course
23
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1

Master Course
24
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance

Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
RESISTANCE OF MEMBERS IN TENSION

Basically, the tension resistance of the member is equal to the tension
resistance of the weakest cross-section.
Be anyway careful to: the excessive length of the members leading to:
Bending deformation under self-weight
Loss of efficiency in tension as long as the bending deformation is not
compensated by the application of a sufficient axial force
Vibrations
limitation of the slenderness to about 300
Be careful to possible damages during transportation of slender members
Be careful to the corrosion which could significantly decrease the resistance
area in a member where the level of stresses is generally high
25
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section
resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
RESISTANCE OF CROSS SECTIONS IN COMPRESSION

Master Course
26
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section
resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
Column sections and applications
Rolled open or closed section, welded sections or built-up sections It is important to

have the second moments of area about the main cross section axis with similar values
to maximize buckling resistance.

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27
List of contents
NEd
Cross Section Resistance
l
p
Plastic axial force
fy
A
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section
resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
fy
Compression resistance (clause 6.2.4 of EC3-1-1):
N Ed
1 .0
N c ,Rd
NEd is the design value of the axial compression;

Nc,Rd is the design resistance to axial compression, given by the
minimum of:
N c ,Rd = A f y M 0
Plastic resistance
(class 1, 2 or 3)
N c ,Rd = Aeff f y M 0 (class 4)
Aeff - effective area

Master Course
28
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member
resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
RESISTANCE OF MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION

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29
List of contents
BUCKLING
Instability phenomenon characterized by the occurrence of large transversal
displacements in a member under compression.
The elastic critical load Ncr, defined as the maximum load supported by a
column without imperfections, plays a fundamental role on the analysis of
this type of phenomenon.
y
N
N
Ncr
y(x)
Buckling in a bending mode
y(x)
(z)
I
EL
2
(Resolution)
Nc
Differential equation of column in equilibrium,

with a slightly deformed configuration
N
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y 2
x
2 d
d
I
E
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member
resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
E I Bending stiffness
In specific cases (e.g. members with cruciform sections) buckling may

occur in other modes: torsional buckling or flexural-torsional buckling.
30
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member
resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
BUCKLING in a bending mode

Buckling length
Isolated members
N cr =
EI
2
LE
0.7 L
L
2L
0.5 L
Buckling length trussed structures (Annex BB.1 of EC3-1-1)

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Buckling length frames

31
List of contents
Radius of
gyration
L Ei
IA
Slenderness
N
A
fy
fy r
A Nc
= =
1
E fy
I
2
E
EL
A
r
c
fy
21
Eulers curve
Relative
slenderness
2 E
= 2
E fy
=
1
Critical stress

Master Course
r
c
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member
resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
32
LE
i
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member
resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
Imperfections
In real columns, there are always imperfections, such as:
- geometrical imperfections (e.g. initial curvature);
- material imperfections (e.g. residual stresses).
x
fy
0.3 fy
e
L
0.2 fy
e0
1.0
y(x)
Eulers curve
y
(z)
Compression
Tension

Master Course
1.0
33
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member
resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
BUCKLING RESISTANCE
(clause 6.3.1 of EC3-1-1)
N b.Rd = A f y M 1
(Class 1, 2 or 3)
(Class 4)
is the reduction factor for

the relevant buckling mode
(bending, torsional or
flexural-torsional mode)
4
0
.
0
or
Nc
2
= 0.5 1 + 0.2 +
Neglect BUCKLING if:

d
but 1.0
NE
2
.
0
Theoretical behaviour
N b.Rd = Aeff f y M 1

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34
List of contents
Lcr 1
(Cl. 1, 2 or 3)
i 1
= Aeff f y Ncr =
Aeff A
Lcr
(Cl. 4)
1
i
1 = E f y = 93 .9
= 235 f y
Torsional or Flexural-torsional
Resistance
Nc Nc
fy fy
f
A
f
Ae
= A fy Ncr =

Master Course
BUCKLING RESISTANCE
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member
resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
-> buckling in bending mode

about z axis
35
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member
resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1
Design the column BD of the steel structure represented in figure, using a HEB cross
section in S 355 steel, according to EC3-1-1. The column is hinged at both ends (with
respect to the two principal axis of the cross section) and the displacements of section B
in both horizontal directions are restricted. Loading is already factored for ULS.
800.0 kN
80.0 kN/m
A
B
5.6 m
z
(y)
D
10.0 m
2.0 m
i) Design value of the applied compressive axial force NEd
N Ed
80.0 12 2
=
+ 800 = 1376.0 kN .
10
2
36
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member
resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1
ii) Preliminary design Assuming class 1,2 or 3 cross sections, yields:
N Ed = 1376 .0 kN N c , Rd = A f y M 0 = A 355 10 3 1 .0
A 38 .76 10 4 m 2 = 38 .76 cm 2 .
As it is expected that buckling resistance will govern the member design, a
HEB 240 in S 355 steel is proposed (class 1 in pure compression), with the
following properties (geometrical and mechanical):
A = 106 cm2, b = 240 mm, h = 240 mm, tf = 17 mm, tw = 10 mm,
Iy = 11260 cm4, iy = 10.31 cm, Iz = 3923 cm4, iz = 6.08 cm, fy = 355 MPa and
E = 210 GPa.
Cross section classification (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1)
9
7 .
2
1 7
1
2 1
8
.
2 0
0
1 9
2
0 9
4
2
3
Flanges in compression:
5
.
t 5
c
3
7
.
6
2
1
8
.
0
3
3
<
3
3
Class 1
4
.
6
1
0
1
4
6
1
t
c
Web in compression:
Master Course
=(
< =
Class 1
37
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member
resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1
The column is hinged at both ends (with respect to the two principal axis of the cross
section) and the displacements of section B in both horizontal directions are restricted.
iii) Buckling lengths

both planes, given by:
According to the support conditions, the buckling lengths are equal in
both planes, given by:
Buckling in the plane of the structure (plane x-z) - LEy = 5.6 m .

Buckling in the perpendicular plane (plane x-y) - LEz = 5.6 m .

Master Course
38
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member
resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1
iv) Determination of the slenderness coefficients
1 =
210 10 6
355 10
v) Calculation of the reduction factor min

h
= 1.0 < 1.2
b
= 76.4 ;
t f = 17 mm < 100 mm
bending around y curve b ( = 0.34)

bending around z curve c ( = 0.49).
y =
LEy
5.6
= 54.32 ;
10.31 10 2
y =
y
= 0.71 ;
1
z =
LEz
5.6
=
= 92.11 ;
iz
6.08 10 2
z =
z
= 1.21 .
1
As z > y and
iy
curve c >
curve b
min => z .

Master Course
and
39
List of contents
EXAMPLE 1
v) Calculation of the reduction factor min
z = 0.5 1 + 0.49 (1.21 0.2) + 1.212 = 1.48 ;

z =
1
2
min = z = 0.43 .
= 0.43 ;
=
3
4
.
0
1.48 + 1.48 1.21

2
1
2
.
1
=
z
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member
resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
vi) Safety verification
N b, Rd = A f y M 1 = 0.43 106 10 4 355 103 1.0 = 1618.1 kN .

As N Ed = 1376.0 kN < N b , Rd = 1618.1 kN ,

Master Course
Section HEB 240 is O.K.

40
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member
resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
RESISTANCE OF CROSS-SECTIONS IN BENDING (AND SHEAR)

Master Course
41
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
Beam Sections and Applications
Hot-rolled sections (IPE, HEA or HEB, RHS,.)

Castellated beams
Welded sections

Master Course
Welded sections in non-uniform beams

42
List of contents
Cross section resistance
f y = Wel f y
d max
Ft
fy
T SECTION
d max
f y = Wel f y
A2
At
Ac
fy
At
fy
Ac
Ft
p.n.a ->
p. n. a.
I or H section
M el =
d Fc
e. n. a.
At
= (S c + S t ) f y = W pl f y
Ac
G
fy
M = Mel
M = Mpl
fy
<fy
Ac
dc
e. n. a.
fy
At
M el =
fy
fy
A
= 2 f y d = 2 S f y = W pl f y
2
Ft
d
n
a
M pl
fy
Ac
I SECTION
M pl = Ac f y d c + At f y d t =
Master Course
Fc
ELASTIC AND PLASTIC MOMENT RESISTANCE
Fc
Introduction to
design
Classification of
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
p. n. a.
Fc
dt
Ft
At
fy
T section
M = Mel
fy
M = Mpl
43
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings

BENDING RESISTANCE
(clause 6.2.5 of EC3-1-1):
M Ed
1 .0
M c .Rd
Class 1 or 2
Mc .Rd = Wpl f y M 0
Class 3
Mc.Rd = Wel . min fy M 0
Class 4
Mc.Rd = Weff .min fy M 0
Holes in tensile flange:

Master Course
Af .net 0.9 fu M 2 Af fy M 0
44
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
VEd
1.0
Vc,Rd
SHEAR (clause 6.2.6 of EC3-1-1
PLASTIC RESISTANCE
Vpl.Rd
Vpl .Rd = Av f y
ELASTIC RESISTANCE
Ed
VEd
3 M0
fy
Av
Av Shear area
(obtained from clause
6.2.6 (3) of EC3-1-1 or
from tables of profiles).
M0
Vz
Ed =
VEd S
I t
y
My
e. n. a.
z
Shear stresses -

Master Course
( 3 )
1.0
45
List of contents
Vz
My
d
R
(1 ) fy
fy
(Vz )
Vz
V pl , z
1.0
HEA
IPE
M
d
R
,
c
,
y
fyr
fy
A wt w
y
,
l
p
d
R
.
V
,
y
fyr
(M y)
REDUCED MOMENT
2
1
d
R
.
l
tw
For I and H SECTIONS, with bending

about the major axis y, the following
formula may be used:
NO REDUCTION
d
R
,
l
VE
=(
fy
hm
%
0
5
>
l
p
Vp
Vp V
%
0
5
MV.Rd
BENDING AND SHEAR INTERACTION

d

Master Course
VE VE
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
AW = hw tw
IPE or H EA
My
1.0
M pl , y
46
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
RESISTANCE OF MEMBERS IN BENDING

Master Course
47
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING
Instability phenomenon characterized by the occurrence of large transversal
displacements and rotation about the member axis, under bending moment
about the major axis (y axis).
This instability phenomenon involves lateral bending (about z axis) and
torsion of cross section.
z
My
y

Master Course
48
List of contents
In the study of lateral-torsional buckling of beams, the Elastic Critical Moment
Mcr plays a fundamental role; this quantity is defined as the maximum value of
bending moment supported by a beam free from any type of imperfections.
For a simple supported beam with a double symmetric section, with supports
prevent lateral displacements and rotation around member axis, but allowing
warping and rotations around cross section axis (y and z), submitted to a
constant bending moment diagram, the elastic critical moment is given by:
I WI T
E
G
L
2
Iz
E
IT
G
L
r
Ec
My
My
z
a) Elevation
Which depend mainly of:

Master Course
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
Loading and support conditions;

Length between lateral braced sections (L);
Lateral bending stiffness (E Iz);
Torsional stiffness (G IT);
Warping stiffness (E Iw).
49
List of contents
CG
G
C
5
.
0
Mcr,1>Mcr
zj
C3
zg
C2
z g = (z a z s )
+(
zj
C3
zg
C2
(
+
IT
G Iz
2 E
L
2
kz
I WI z
k zk w
Iz 2
EL
kz
C1
Elastic critical moment
r
c

Master Course
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
Mcr
Mcr,2<Mcr
P
2
2
z j = z s 0.5 y + z z dA I y
C
P
P
C
- applicable to symmetrical and mono symmetric sections,

- include the favourable or unfavourable effects of the loading applied below or
above the shear centre and;
- several degrees of restriction to lateral bending (kz) and warping (kw);
- several shapes of bending moment diagram (C1, C2 and C3 in the next tables).
50
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance

Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
LATERAL-TORSIONAL
BUCKLING
Elastic critical moment
LTBeam
http://www.cticm.com
51
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING RESISTANCE

M Ed
1 .0
M b.Rd
Mb.Rd = LT Wy fy M 1
Wy = Wpl.y Class 1 and 2;

Wy = Wel.y Class 3;
Wy = Weff.y Class 4;
LT is the reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling.

Master Course
52
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings

i) General method
LT =
LT + LT LT
2
LT 1.0
2 0 .5
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT 0.2 + LT 2
LT = [Wy fy Mcr ]
0.5
Mcr - Elastic critical moment

Master Course
53
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings

ii) Special method (for rolled or equivalent welded sections)
LT =
LT + LT LT
2
LT 1.0
2
LT 1 LT
2 0 .5
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT LT ,0 + LT
LT = [Wy fy Mcr ]
0 .5
LT ,0 0.4
0 .75
(may be specified in
National Annexes of
Eurocode 3)

Master Course
54
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
LT ,mod =
LT
LT ,mod 1.0
f = 1 0.5 (1 k c ) 1 2.0 LT 0.8
)]
2
f 1 .0
Neglect LTB if:

Master Course
LT LT , 0
M Ed M cr LT , 0
55
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance

Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 2
Design the beam using a HEA profile in S 235 steel, supported by web cleats and loaded
by two concentrated loads, P = 70.0 kN (design loads) for ULS. Consider free rotation at
the supports (y-axis and z-axis). Assume free warping at the supports but consider that
the web cleats do not allow rotation around the axis of the beam (x-axis). Assume:
a) unrestrained beam;
b) beam braced at the points of application of the concentrated loads.
P = 70.0 kN
1.5 m
3.0 m
P = 70.0 kN
1.5 m
56
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance

Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 2
a) unrestrained
beam;
i) Diagrams of internal forces

The internal forces diagrams are represented in the figure.
70.0 kN
VEd
70.0 kN
M Ed
105.0 kNm
57
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance

Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 2
ii) Preliminary design for bending
Assuming class 1 or 2 cross sections, the following solution is obtained:
M Ed = 105.0 kNm W pl , y 235 10 3 1.0 Wpl , y 446.8 106 m3 = 446.8 cm3.
In order to satisfy this condition, a HEA 220 section (Wpl,y = 568.5 cm3) is
selected.
iii) Cross section classification (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1)
For the HEA 220:
c 152
=
= 21.7 < 72 = 72 1 = 72.0 .
t
7
Web in bending
Flange in compression
c 220 2 7 2 18
=
= 8.0 < 9 = 9 1 = 9.0 .
t
11
Hence, as previously assumed, the HEA 220 cross section in bending is

class 1.
58
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 2
iv) Verification of shear force

The shear area of the HEA 220 section is given by Av = 20.67 cm2, hence:
VEd = 70.0 kN < Vc,Rd = V pl ,Rd

As
20.67 104 235 103

=
1.0
h w t w = 26.9 < 72 = 72 1.0 1.0 = 72.0
= 280.4 kN .
(conservatively
taking
= 1.0), it is not necessary to verify the shear buckling resistance of the

web. Therefore the HEA 220 cross section meets the requirements
concerning shear force
v) Bending shear force interaction

As V Ed = 70 .0 kN < 50 % V pl , Rd = 140 .2 kN , it is not necessary to reduce the

Master Course
bending resistance to account for the shear force.
59
List of contents
vi) Lateral-torsional buckling without intermediate bracing (using the

general method)
Considering a HEA profile, a HEA 240 is adopted to allow for the effect of
lateral-torsional buckling. The required geometric characteristics of this
cross section are: Wpl,y = 744.6 cm3, Iy = 7763 cm4, Iz = 2769 cm4,
IT = 41.55 cm4 and IW = 328.5 x 103 cm6. The mechanical characteristics of
the material are defined by: fy = 235 MPa, E = 210 GPa and G = 81 GPa.
As L = 6.00 m, considering kz = kw = 1.0, C1 = 1.04 and C2 = 0.42
(Table 3.7), and zg = 115 mm, expression (3.107) gives:
m
N
k
(Using LTBeam
Mcr = 230.84 kNm)
5
.
0
zj
C3
zg
C2
+(
zj
C3
zg
C2
(
+
IT
G Iz
2 E
L
2
kz
I WI z
k zk w
Iz 2
EL
z
2 k
r
c
C1
5
.
1
3
2
r
c

Master Course
EXAMPLE 2
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
60
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 2
M cr = 231.5 kNm
LT = [Wy fy Mcr ]
LT = 0.87 .
0.5
Since LT = 0.21 (H rolled section, with h b 2 ),
LT = 0.95 LT = 0.75.
The design buckling resistance is given by:
M b, Rd = 0.75 744.6 10
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT 0.2 + LT 2
LT =
LT + LT 2 LT 2
235 10 3
= 131.2 kNm > M Ed = 105.0 kNm .

1.0
0.5
The HEA 240 is also of class 1 , so the design is Ok.

Master Course
61
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 2
b) beam braced at the points of application of the concentrated loads.
If the beam is laterally braced at the points of application of the loads
(through secondary beams or other devices that prevent the lateral
displacement of the compressed flange and, consequently, the rotations of
those sections around the axis of the beam), the lateral-torsional buckling
behaviour is improved. The problem now consists on the evaluation of the
resistance to lateral-torsional buckling of a beam segment 3.00 m long, under
a constant bending moment (MEd = 105.0 kNm), as shown in figure. The
elastic critical moment of the beam is not aggravated by the fact that the
loads are applied at the upper flange, because these are applied at sections
that are laterally restrained.

Master Course
62
List of contents
Introduction to
design
Classification of
cross sections
Tension section
resistance
Tension member
resistance
Compression
section resistance
Compression
member resistance
Bending (and
shear) section
resistance
Bending member
resistance
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 2
General method
For the HEA 220 profile in S 235 steel (minimum section, governed by
plastic resistance to bending), with L = 3.00 m, C1 = 1.0, kz = kw = 1.0,
Iz = 1955 cm4, IT = 28.46 cm4, IW = 193.3 x 103 cm6, Wpl,y = 568.5 cm3,
E = 210 GPa, G = 81 GPa and fy = 235 MPa, the elastic critical moment
(expression (3.107) is given by:
M cr = 551.3 kNm
LT = 0.49 .
As LT = 0.21 (rolled H section, with h b 2 ),
LT = 0.65 LT = 0.93 .
The lateral-torsional buckling resistance is given by:
M b , Rd = 0.93 568.5 10

Master Course
(conservative
assumption,
because
neglect
continuity in
braced
sections)
(Using LTBeam
without continuity:
Mcr = 551.8 kNm)
(Using LTBeam
with continuity:
Mcr = 1111.4 kNm)
235 10 3
= 124.2 kNm > M Ed = 105.0 kNm ,

1.0
and a HEA 220 (also of class 1) is adequate.

63
This lecture was prepared for the Edition 1 of SUSCOS

(2012/14) by RUI SIMES (UC) and FLOREA DINU (UPT) and
reviewed later on by RAFFAELLE LANDOLFO (UN) and JP
JASPART (Ulg)
The SUSCOS powerpoints are covered by copyright and are for the exclusive use by the
SUSCOS teachers in the framework of this Erasmus Mundus Master. They may be improved
by the various teachers throughout the different editions.
Thank you
for your attention
http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/suscos

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Conceptual Design of Buildings

(Course unit code 1C2)

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Module B Design of Steel Members

Module B Design of Steel Members

European Erasmus Mundus

L9 Design of steel members: tension members, columns and beams

Module B Design of Steel Members

Module B Design of Steel Members

European Erasmus Mundus

L9 Design of steel members: tension members, columns and beams

European Erasmus Mundus

Module B Design of Steel Members

Main internal forces and combinations

Torsion Less common in steel structures (clause 6.2.7 of EC3-1-1)

L9 Design of steel members: tension members, columns and beams

Module B Design of Steel Members

RESISTANCE OF CROSS SECTIONS

BUCKLING RESISTANCE (clause 6.3 of EC3-1-1)

European Erasmus Mundus

Module B Design of Steel Members

Linearized interaction formulas (clause 6.2.1(7) of EC3-1-1):

European Erasmus Mundus

L9 Design of steel members: tension members, columns and beams

Module B Design of Steel Members

European Erasmus Mundus

L9 Design of steel members: tension members, columns and beams

European Erasmus Mundus

Module B Design of Steel Members

Cross section classification is required for:

Elastic frame analysis

Decision about the type of cross-section verification:

Decision on the member buckling formulae with respect to the degree of

Plastic interaction: class 1, 2

Classification must be made:

for each load combination.

Module B Design of Steel Members

Effective section of a class 4 cross section (in accordance with EC3-1-5)

Class 4 cross section in compression

Class 4 cross section in bending

European Erasmus Mundus

L9 Design of steel members: tension members, columns and beams

How to classify a cross-section?

support conditions (internal or external

European Erasmus Mundus

Module B Design of Steel Members

distribution of direct stresses (acting

class of steel (higher steel grades

L9 Design of steel members: tension members, columns and beams

Module B Design of Steel Members

Plate element classification

European Erasmus Mundus

L9 Design of steel members: tension members, columns and beams

Module B Design of Steel Members

European Erasmus Mundus

L9 Design of steel members: tension members, columns and beams

Module B Design of Steel Members

EXAMPLE 1 Cross section classification

a-i) Web in bending (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1):

Flange in compression (Table 5.2 of EC3-1-1):

The cross section

European Erasmus Mundus

L9 Design of steel members: tension members, columns and beams

Module B Design of Steel Members