PROJECT MANAGEMENT

STUDENT NAME:
RAZA ABBAS
SAIF RAHIM
UMER WASEEM
AHSAN MALIK

STUDENT ID:

Final BBA-02133170
BBA-02133172
projec
BBA-02133190
t BBA-02133105

PETRO
NAS
TWIN
TOWE
Contents
Introduction:...............................................................................................................
2
RS
Scope:........................................................................................................................ 2
Estimations:................................................................................................................ 3
Estimated time period:............................................................................................ 3
Estimated Cost:....................................................................................................... 3
Major stakeholders:.................................................................................................... 3
Positive aspects:......................................................................................................... 3
Exterior Design:....................................................................................................... 4
Construction of the Towers:..................................................................................... 4
Construction of the Sky

Bridge:........................4

Elevator System:..................................................................................................... 5
Communications and

Security:......................6

Effect on Industry:................................................................................................... 6
Difficulties:................................................................................................................. 6
Conclusion:................................................................................................................. 7

SECTION: D

Introduction:
The idea to build the twin towers was issued by former Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir
Mohamad who realized Malaysia is the less known among five of Southeast-Asia countries to
the world and planning on the Petronas Towers started on 1 January 1992 and included rigorous
tests and simulations of wind and structural loads on the design.
Petronas tower is also known as twin Petronas tower situated in Malaysia in Kuala Lampur. It
was the tallest buildings in the world from 1998 to 2004 and remains the tallest twin towers in
the world. It takes 7 year for completion and has 88 floors Malaysian government announce it
would complete in six year but it takes 7 year in completion. Both tower are joined at 41st and
42nd floor. It assumes that it would cost more than 2 billion but it complete with in 1.6 billion
USD. It started in 1993 and complete in 1998. It has total of 32,000 tower windows, 1800 doors,
765 steps and 88 floors and total building height is 1483 ft.
Each floor had to be constructed one at a time as the two companies raced towards the sky. In
order to stay on budget each floor had to be constructed in four days. Tower One Construction
began one month before Tower two. The Koreans/Tower two completed earlier than the
Japanese/Tower 2. Tower one was completed a few hours after tower Two. The Sky Bridge was
designed as a Fire Escape construction, allowing occupants to move to the other tower in case of
a fire alarm. Though completed in 1998, the buildings were officially opened on August 28th,
1999 on the Malaysian National Day.
There are 10 double Decker lifts in each tower. The double deck lifts can carry 26 people per
deck 52 total and can reach speeds of 20 feet (6.1 m) per second.

Scope:
The Twin Towers were planned to be built on the site of the former Selangor Turf Club, the
Kuala Lumpur race track which was flat, green land. However, the proposed site was configured
to be unstable due to the irregularities of the limestone bedrock down under and located at the
edge of a cliff. The structure engineer, Charlie Thornton together with the developer decided to
move the location 60m southeast of the initial site to achieve better support. The towers were
built on the worlds deepest foundations of 120 meters within 12 months by Bachy Soletanche.
The basement was continuously poured with 13,200 cubic meters of concrete for more than 52
hours in order to eliminate construction joints in the pile mat and achieve a smooth finish.
Major difference in this building it is two towers with the same size and connected with each
other at the floor of 41 and 42. It has 88 floors with pinnacles on top. It is covered with pure
glass windows and this building design represents the Islamic culture in world.

Estimations:
Estimated time period:
It was the tallest buildings in the world from 1998 to 2004 and remains the tallest twin towers in
the world. It takes 7 year for completion as Malaysian government announce it would complete
in six year but it took 7 year in completion where it started in 1993 and completed in 1998 but
the buildings were officially opened on August 28th, 1999 on the Malaysian National Day.

Estimated Cost:
The estimated cost was more than 2 billion but it complete with in 1.6 billion USD.

Major stakeholders:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Government
Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad
KLCCB
Bovis Land
Labor
Project Managers
Neighbor Countries
Hazama Corporation Samsung C&T and Kukdong Engineering & Construction
Banks and Architects etc.

Positive aspects:
The Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the world for six years and a symbol of
Malaysian pride and modernity to provide the capital city until Taipei 101 was completed in
2004. The height of the towers is measured to the top of their structural components such as
spires, but do not include antennas. Spires are considered actual integral parts of the architectural
design of buildings, to which changes would substantially change the appearance and design of
the building, whereas antennas may be added or removed without such consequences. The
Petronas Towers still remain the tallest twin buildings in the world.

Exterior Design:
The towers were designed by the architectural firm of Cesar Pelli and Associates. Due to the
prevalent Islamic culture of Malaysia, Pelli chose a geometric pattern common to Muslim
heritage. The pattern consists of two rotated squares, with circle in fills where the squares
intersect. This geometric figure has been described by architects as symbols of "unity, harmony,
stability and rationality - all important principles of Islam". The circular pattern rises consistently
to the top of the building, while getting smaller and smaller in circumference. There are also two
smaller, 40-story circular bustles attached to each building for additional office space.

Construction of the Towers:

After the initial design by the architects, structural engineers were called in to determine how the
structures were to be actually built. This process included deciding on the building site, what
materials to use, and the method of construction. Before construction began, the structural
engineers performed site tests to ensure that the buildings, which had an estimated weight of over
300,000 metric tons, would have a good foundation. During these examinations, they found that
the original site contained an underground cliff that made it unsuitable for building. With extra
work and expense, the towers could have been built on this site, but the engineers predicted that
in years to come, the towers would begin to tilt. They then decided on a site, 60 meters southeast
of the original, where they could develop a more stable, uniform foundation. Each building's
foundation was set from 55 to 130 meters underground and contained individual supports
surrounded by a mixture of sand and cement. The supports were then filled with a concrete
mixture created especially for this project. This concrete was continuously poured for over 52
hours to ensure stability and a smooth finish. The process of excavating the site and laying the
foundation took about a year to complete. Subsequent to the foundation being set, construction
on the towers began. Since constructing a tower this tall was new ground for the contractors
involved, they were forced to use new ideas to aid in their task. They employed the Global
Positioning Satellite system, the first ever used in Malaysia, "... to calculate the accuracy of the
towers' vertical height" (Kiat).They also made use of computer technology "...which integrated
and coordinated the mechanical, electrical and structural architectural drawings..." made by the
contractors. Instead of employing the conventional steel framework used in most skyscrapers,
structural consultants opted for concrete. The designers realized that steel structures tended to be

more flexible whereas the stiffer concrete would be more suitable for the job. Since the architect
wished for tall, slender buildings, a new concrete, three times stronger than any other concrete
used in construction, was developed and successfully deployed. Steel was not completely left out
of the building process, though. The buildings' floor beams were made from steel in order to
minimize height and accommodate mechanical equipment, such as cooling ducts.

Construction of the Sky Bridge:

The sky bridge was inserted at the buildings' forty first and forty second floors to ease travel
between the towers due to their magnificent heights. This was one of the most structurally
challenging parts of construction because the bridge had to be built on the ground and then lifted
into place. The sky bridge's design was crucial to its safety and endurance. If not built accurately,
the bridge could succumb to high winds or seismic activity. It was also imperative that the towers
were in perfect symmetry so that the bridge would be positioned correctly. Lifting the bridge into
place was a slow and tedious 32-hour task. The construction firm responsible for setting the
bridge into place, VSL Heavy Lifting, conducted studies in both the United States and South
Korea simulating wind and weather conditions that would affect the lifting of the bridge. After a
year of preparation, the company was ready to raise the bridge. Pieces of the bridge were
elevated from the ground by cranes and from above by lifting jacks. The hinges of the bridge
were assembled first and then the framework for the rest of the bridge was set in place. The
bridge's 325-ton center section was raised at a speed of 12 meters per hour to ensure that it would
not be dropped. The pieces of the bridge were then secured together and construction was
complete. The bridge is supported by a two-hinge arch system with each hinge extending from
its respective building's twenty ninth floor to the center of the bridge, forming an arch. Spherical
bearings were placed at the end of each hinge and at the center of the arch where the hinges meet
to allow for movements of the buildings. This is to prevent a build-up of tension in the hinges in
the case of heavy winds. For instance, if the buildings are swaying in different directions, the
hinges will twist on the bearings, keeping the bridge steady and in place while the buildings
move.

Elevator System:
In office buildings the size of the Petronas Towers, it is important that there be an efficient
elevator system that can handle the large numbers of people that use the elevators
simultaneously. Since the towers are each 88 stories high, it is inefficient in terms of money,
space, and time to have single elevators traveling directly from the bottom to the top of the
building. This prompted the builders to design high-speed double-deck elevators.
The organization of double-deck system involves two elevators occupying one elevator shaft, but
servicing different floors. The bottom elevator travels from the ground floor to the sky lobby on
the forty first floor, while the top shuttle services floors 42 through 88. To further increase
effectiveness, the elevators each carry 26 people and are designated to service only even or odd
numbered floors. With each tower boasting 29 double-deck elevators moving at speeds between

3.5 and 7 meters per second, there are shorter waiting times and less traffic. When building these
shuttles, the designers were concerned with speed along with the effects that such elevators have
on passengers. Studies have shown that during long descents, high-speed elevators can cause
earaches, and, therefore, the elevators' speed should not exceed 2000 feet per minute. Designers
have also learned that if an elevator has been stationary for a while, high winds that cause the
building to sway can also have an adverse effect on the elevator's cable system. The movements
of the building "...can amplify traveling cable and compensation rope movements to problematic
levels," providing a bumpy, uncomfortable ride for passengers. Engineers of the Petronas Towers
avoided this problem by designing the buildings to withstand high winds.

Communications and Security:

Systems Because the Petronas Towers are mainly made up of businesses and corporate
organizations, a good communications system are vital to productivity. Computer engineers
working on the project helped design a cabling system, which allows for inter-building
communication as well as the ability to connect to outside telecommunications carrier
companies. The on-site Central Telecommunications Office (CTO) controls all of the
communication needs within the building and connects the building to the outside world. The
speed of information transmission was also a concern; therefore, the CTO was connected to
multiple exchange routes and carrier providers. This is to ensure that the network will not crash
or significantly slow down when there is a lot of traffic. The CTO provides users with video
conferencing, e-mail, and telephone services. It also connects the buildings' computers to a highspeed fiber optic network, which handles state-of-the-art information technology applications.
That same type of technology is also used in the buildings' security system. The system operates
through a local area network (LAN), which is a network of computers that control different
aspects of the system and link the information gathered. The security system's activities are
coordinated by high-level software that collects and stores data from the sub-systems. These subsystems include a card access system, voice intercoms, alarm monitoring system, audio alarm
surveillance system, closed-circuit television, and photo identification system.

Effect on Industry:
Though the towers took years to complete, their reign as the world's tallest buildings may be
shorted lived. The buildings' construction sparked a worldwide competition to build a taller
structure. Plans for taller buildings in both Taiwan and China are in the works and may be
completed in the near future. The new concrete developed for the project also had a positive
effect on the international construction industry. Malaysian builders have now realized that using
this material allows them to construct buildings faster and with less expense. Also, new highrises going up around the world use this new, strong concrete in place of steel. Construction of
the Petronas Towers demonstrates that more goes into designing and constructing a building than
simply following architectural plans. There are structural and internal building concerns that
warrant the aid of engineers. Whether it be installing and maintaining computer systems or
determining the sturdiest and safest way to construct the building, engineers are involved.

Difficulties:
One of the first challenges of construction was anchoring the towers to the ground. The bedrock
beneath the site was feared to be very irregular and the structural engineers, suggested relocating
the towers about 200 feet (60 meters) so that they could bear on soil.
For the new location, they designed an underground forest of friction piles to provide greater
distribution of the towers' weight. Over the piles was poured a reinforced concrete foundation
mat, upon which the towers rest.
Steel was expensive, so according to the engineers, the best choice was use of concrete instead of
steel for several reasons. In Malaysia, the local contractors on the job were more familiar and
comfortable working with concrete than with steel. Concrete also provided better stability to
dampen the sway of the towers in winds, and minimized vibration.
One of the most dramatic feats was the placement of the two-story sky bridge, which was built
on the ground and hoisted to its location joining the 41st and 42nd floors. Lifting the bridge into
place was a slow and tedious 32-hour task. The construction firm responsible for setting the
bridge into place, VSL Heavy Lifting, conducted studies in both the United States and South
Korea simulating wind and weather conditions that would affect the lifting of the bridge. After a
year of preparation, the company was ready to raise the bridge. After it was lifted into position,
the legs which had been installed on the towers were swung down into place, and connected
under the bridge.
The major problem occurs when the structure reached about 72nd floor. Structure was leaning 25
millimeters (0.98) with specialist surveys hired to check verticality twice a day until the building
completion.

Conclusion:
Today, due to our increased knowledge and improved technology, reinforced concrete buildings
can be tall, graceful and elegant. Due, in part, to the use of shear walls, innovative structural
systems and ultimate strength design, very little usable floor space is occupied by the structure.
Because of the rapid developments of concrete construction and technology, with every passing
year the use of concrete for tall buildings is becoming a constant reality. The mold ability of
concrete is a major factor in creating exciting building forms with elegant aesthetic expression.
Compared to steel, concrete tall buildings have larger masses and damping ratios that help in
minimizing motion perception. A heavier concrete structure also provides better stability against
overturning caused by lateral loads. New structural systems including the composite ones that are
popular now have allowed concrete high-rises to reach new heights during the last four decades.
Although steel will continue to be the structural material of choice for many tall buildings for its
strength and ductility, we may expect to see more and more concrete and composite high-rise
structures shaping the skylines of major cities of the world in the forthcoming years.

These super-structures are about more than just civic pride. Well-executed skyscrapers can be a
real economic-development driver. Consider the 452-m. (1,483-ft.) Petronas Twin Towers in
Kuala Lumpur, built in 1998, which was the world's tallest until it was eclipsed by Taipei 101
just six years later. The Petronas Towers "may no longer be the tallest building in the world, but
it changed Malaysia and the perception of Kuala Lumpur" worldwide, says Goh Tuan Sui, chief
executive officer of property consultancy WTW Malaysia. "A world-class building can also raise
the bar for other buildings in the city, be it malls, office blocks, or hotels," he adds.