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  • 16.6 Vector Functions For Surfaces PDF

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    Tigst Tigst Yzachew
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    16.6 Vector Functions For Surfaces PDF

    Încărcat de

    Tigst Tigst Yzachew

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ‘r9n016 lineata veto ants for Suet 18. Vector Function or Surfaces owe Vor Claus» Vetar Fastin or Sure sem) ay, 16.6 Vector Functions for Surfaces mp ocx] ‘We have dealt extensively with vector equations for eurves, #0) = (2(@, y(t) 2(0)-A similar technique canbe uted to represent surfaces ina way that it more general than the equations for suefaces we have uke to Far Recall hat when we use (t) to eepresen curve, ‘we imagine the vector (twit it tila the vei, and then we fellow the head ofthe arow as changes. The vetr "draws the curve trough space a vate. Seppose we instead haves vector fnetion of two variables, rh fx(u,2}, (ev) 2000) As both w and » vary, we again mayne the vector (40) with ts tat the origin, and its head sweeps out surface in space. A.usefol analogy is the technology of CRT vdeo ssrens, ‘n-which an elvtron gun Sires elsions in the destion ofthe screen. The guns direction seep horizontally and verily to “pant the screen wih the desired image. In practice, ‘he gun moves horizontally through an ete line, then moves vertically tothe net line abd repeats the operation. Inthe same way, it can be useful to imagine fixing a value of» and leting (u,v) sweep outa curve a w changes. Then «can change abit and ru, 2) sweeps lua new curve very cose tothe fist Put enough ofthese curves together and they form a surface. Example 16.61 Consider the function (u,v) = (veas.,vsin uo}, Fora fxcd value of & 8 varies fom 02, this traces a cies of radius vat eight w above the xy lane Pu Tot and ots of thee togeherand they farm a cone, a in fig 16.6 Pigare 1641. Dig a nai Example 1662 Letr = (vcotw vin) wis constant, the reslling curve it 3 helix (sn igre 151.1). fe consat, the resling curve straight Kin height in the Adretion w radians ram the positive axis, Nole in igure 166.2 how the lies an the Fines both pint these surface in «diferent way Fgere 1662. Tring a nefuc This technique allows us to represen many moe surfces than previously Example 1663 The curve givenby = ((2-+ cos(3u/2)) con, (2-+ cos(u/2) nu, sin(3u/2)) ‘salle a tefol knot Recall that fiom the vector equation ofthe curve we an compute the unit angsnt, the unit normal NY, ad th binormal vestor B = TT x N; you may want to review section I3.5. The Baars perpendicular wo both T and NY; one way oincerpret this isthat N and B define a plane perpendicular tT, tat, perpendicala to the cure; ipsuhwenw titman edulmathematcslalculus_erlinelsectont 6.08 him us ‘r9n016 lineata veto ants for Suet 18. Vector Function for Surfaces since IN and Bae popendioua to ach ter, they cn futon just a andj do the lane. S, fr example ey) = N conv -+ Bain vie a vestor equation fora nit cise --> plane perpendicular othe carve described hy, exept tht he lineation of ‘would putt centr atthe origin, We afi tht spy by ang tthe orignal et (0) eo). Fora fied this dee cele rnd he point); vai we gt sues of sch ites aod he crv th i ube of as 1 with at cee "We an ety change th rei; orexemple ru) + as) pve he abe rads a; we | rake the ais vay as we move slong the carve wi ru) + aes) where) sa fonction fe As shown inte 15.53, is ado seth the pan hrs Kd he tobe makes the suc apazent OF cours, ther i tin pil about the fl ot in theme way. this example; we ean pt a tube round (los) any curve i Flgere 1643 Tabs arn rel it wih rads 1/2 and Soe) 4 ‘We have previously examined surfeces given inthe form f(z, y).Itis sometimes useful to represent such surfaces in the more general vector form, whichis quite easy (v0) = (us flu). Te names ofthe variables ae not important of cours; instead of Aisguising x andy we could simpy weiter, 9) = (2, f(z) ‘We have alto previously deat with surfaces tht are not functions of «and y many ofthese se easy to sepresea in vector frm. One common type of surfice that eanot be represented 52 f(z,y) isa surface given by an equation involving only 2 and y, For example, = y= Landy ~ 2" ae "vertical surfaces. For evry point (zy) inthe plane that ‘atsies the equation, the pint (z,y,2) onthe sure, forever value of 2. Thus, a conesponding veto frm forthe sures is something ike (f(1) a), »; fr enampe, besos uy). Thecomes (uu) and y Yet another srt of example tthe sphere, say =? +9? +2? = 1, This cama be writen a the form = = f(z, y), ut i is easy to wit in veto arms inded his paula surice is much ike the eone, since it has cru crsssetions, o we can think oft as a abe around portion ofthe zx witha radi that varies depending on where alg the axis we ae ‘One vectr expression forthe sphere is (Vw ene, YT # xno) thi emphasizes he tbe stuctre, as its naturally viewed as drawing a circle of radius Tv? sound the zane at height», We col also take ace fom spherical coordinates, and write {sin coe, sin asin, coe), where in efet wand ware and in disgie. tis quite simple in Sage to plot any surfie for which you havea vector representation. Using diferent vector factions sometimes gives diferent looking plots, because Sage in ffet draws the surfce by holding one variable constant and then the other For example, you might have uoiced in figure 16.62 thatthe curves in he two right-hand graphs are superimposed on the left-hand graph the graph ofthe surface sus the combination ofthe two sets of curves, withthe spaces filed ia with clo. Hers a simple but striking example: the plane 2 + y +2 = 1 ean be represented quite rnatrlly 2s (u, 9,1 ~ uv). But we could also think of pansng the same plane by choosing a paricular poit onthe plane, say (1,0, 0), and shen drawing eiteleso elipss (ot any ofa numberof eer curves) si hat point were the origin ia the plane, For example 1 — vcotu — vain, win, cot) tone such vector faction. Note that while it may rot be obvious where thi came frm, tis quite easy to see hate sum ofthe, y and = components athe vector always 1, Computer renderings ofthe plane using these wo fanetions ae shown in fgure 165. ipsuhwenw titman edulmathematcslalculus_erlinelsectont 6.08 him 8 ‘r9n016 lineata veto ants for Suet 18. Vector Function for Surfaces - Figure 1644 To repreenation othe same plane ‘Suppose we know that a plane contains a paicular point (24,374) and that two vectors ‘a (vo, ta) and = (vv) ate parallel tothe plane but not to eachother. We ‘now how to get an equation forthe pla inthe form az + by + ex ~ d by fist computing ‘we vs even easier to get vector equation (us) = (2o,yy 20) Fam toy, ‘The ist vector gts to the point (29, yz) and then by varying u and yuu + wv gets to very pit inthe ple Returing to 2 ~ y+ #1 the points (1,0, 0), (0, 1,0), abd (0,0, 1) aeall on the plane By subracting coordinates we sce tat (—1, 0,1} and (1, 1,0) ae pall wo the plans, so hid vee form for his plane is (1,0,0) 4 9(-1,0,1) 4 o(-1,1,0) = (wwe This ie leary quite sila the irs form we found ‘We have already san (section 15.) how to find the are of surface when tis fined inthe form f(xy) Finding the area when the surfoeis given as a vector fnetion is very simi. Looking athe pots of surfaces we have just sen, it is evident thatthe wo sts of curves that Sil out the surface divide int ari and that the spaces in the eid arc approximately Parlelograms. As befor this the key: we can write down the area ofa ypical litle paralclogram and ad them al up with an integral, ‘Suppote we wan to approximate the area of he surfve (u,v) near (uo, 9). The fnetions (uM) and r(u, 9) define two curves that intersect at x(us, 1»). The derivatives of give lus veers tangent fo hese wo curves: r(ag, ty) and y(t, 9), and hen (uw, %) nd rs (u, 9) do are to smal tagcat vetrs, whose lengths can be used athe lengths of ‘he sides oF en approximating paalclogram, Filly the area of this parallelogram is fra » to du dean so the total surtace areas Lf [roxio Example 1664 Wefind the ates ofthe sure (cos, ain uu) for0

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