s1ne2016 17,7 Second Orde Linear Equations, take wo Home » Differential Equations » Second Order Linear Equations, take two ‘Search the book 17.7 Second Order Linear Equations, take two [Jump to exercises} ‘The method of the last section works only when the function f(t) in ay + by + cy = f(t) has a particularly nice form, namely, when the derivatives of f ook much like f itself, In other cases we can try variation of parameters as we did in the first order case. Since as before a # 0, we can always divide by a to make the coefficient of ij equal to 1. Thus, to simplify the discussion, we assume a = 1, We know that the differential equation + by + cy = O has a general solution Ay: + Byz. As before, we guess a particular solution to ij + by + ey = f(t); this time we use the guess y=u(t)y + o(t)y2. Compute the derivatives: Y= ty + uy, + dye + v2 B= thn + tidy + tg, + uy + dye + 2 + by2 + v2 Now substituting G4 by + ym ti + thy + thy + uy + bye + bbe + Ode + Me +biy: + buy, + boy: + buy, + cuy: + cvy2 = (ui + bushy + cuyn) + (vila + bebe + cvye) b(t + dyn) + (ign + thy + bye + Ya) + (tidy + dHa) 0+ 0+ bltiy + dyn) + (ii + tig, + bye + He) + (td, + O92) The first two terms in parentheses are zero because y and yp are solutions to the associated homogeneous equation, Now we engage in some wishful thinking. If iy, + dy, = 0 then also tty: + tig, + Bye + Hy, = 0, by taking derivatives of both sides. This reduces the entire expression to tig, + by2. We want this to be f(t), that is, we need tig + 89 = f(t). So we would very much like these equations to be true: iy toy =0 tg, + bye = FO) This is a system of two equations in the two unknowns ti and #, so we can solve as, usual to get ti = g(t) and = A(t). Then we can find w and v by computing antiderivatives. This is of course the sticking point in the whole plan, since the antiderivatives may be impossible to find. Nevertheless, this sometimes works out and is worth atry. Example 17.7.1 Consider the equation jj ~ 5y + 6y = sin t. We can solve this by the ‘method of undetermined coefficients, but we will use variation of parameters. The Fipsuhwenw titman edulmathematcslalculus_erlinelsectont7 O7 Hint 1“92016 17.7 Second Order Linear Equations, ke wo solution to the homogencous equation is Ae“ + Be“, so the simultancous equations to be solved are tie + be = 0 2ive™ + Bie = sint. If we multiply the first equation by 2 and subtract it from the second equation we get a ae = sint bse “sint 1 st v= 75 (Ssimt + cost)e™, using integration by parts. Then from the first equation: th =e Mie =e He“ sin(t)e™ = —e ™ sint 1 5 (2sint + cos the. Now the particular solution we seek is ve — 2 (asint + cost)e Me" — 4 (3sint + cost)e Me™ uct + vel! = 2(2sint + cost) 7p (Bsint + cost) 1 (2sint + cost) — 75(Bsint + cost) Li qplsint + cos?) and the solution to the differential equation is Ae* + Be + (sint + cost)/10. For ‘comparison (and practice) you might want to solve this using the method of undetermined coefficients, Example 17.7.2 The differential equation j — 5y + 6y = e' sin can be solved using the method of undetermined coefficients, though we have not seen any examples of such a solution. Again, we will solve it by variation of parameters. The equations to be solved are te” + e* = 0 2iie™ + Bde" = ef sint. If we multiply the first equation by 2 and subtract it from the second equation we get a gt be™ = ef sine e *sint y= —2(2sint + costle™! v= —F(2sint + cost). ‘Then substituting we get Fipsuhwenw titman edulmathematcslalculus_erlinelsectont7 O7 Hint 24‘r9n016 ‘Collapse menu 1 Analytic Geometry 2 Instantaneous Rate of ‘Change: The Derivative 3 Rules for Finding Derivatives 4 Transcendental Functions 5 Curve Sketching 6 Appl Derivative jons of the ‘Tntegration 8 Techniques of Integration 9 Applications of Integration 10 Polar Coordinates, Parametric Equations 11 Sequences and Series 12, Three Dimen 13 Vector Functions 14 Partial Differentiation 15 Multiple Integration 16 Vector Calculus 17 Differential Equations 1. First Order Differential Equations 2. First Order Homogeneous Linear Equations 3. First Order Linear Equations 4. Approximation 5. Second Order Homogeneous Equations take two 18 Useful formulas “ awn ee mM 6, Second Order Linear Equations 7. Second Order Linear Equations, 17.7 Second Order Linear Equations ke wo ti = ~e “be = —e *e™ sin(t)e™ = et sint . pesine + costent ‘The particular solution is 1 tet — 1 (asint + cost)e Flint + costhete™* — 2 (asint + cost). Flsint + costje! — Z(2sint + cost}e! A i t+ 3cost)e’, Flint + Bcost)e', and the solution to the differential equation is Ae* + Be* + e‘(sint + 3cost)/10. Example 17.7.3 The differential equation j — 2y + y = e'/t? is not of the form, amenable to the method of undetermined coefficients. The solution to the homogeneous equation is Ae‘ + Bte' and so the simultaneous equations are ‘ie! + ite! tie’ + te + det Subtracting the equations gives ‘Then substituting we get The solution is Ae‘ + Bte — e' Int — Exercises 17.7 Find the general solution to the differential equation using variation of parameters, Ext771j +3 tan x (answer) Ex 17.7.2 9 + y = e* (answer) Ex 17.73 + dy = sec (answer) Fipsuhwenw titman edulmathematcslalculus_erlinelsectont7 O7 Hint aa‘9016 177 Second Orde Linear Equations, take wo Ex 17.749 + dy = tan (answer) ‘Collapse menu 1 Analytic Geometry = 2instantaneousRateol ‘Change: The Derivative 3 Rules for Finding Derivatives “ “« 4 Transcendental Functions 5 Curve Sketching sof the “uw 6 Applicat Derivative ‘Tntegration 8 Techniques of Integration 9 Applications of Integration 10 Polar Coordinates, Parametric Equations 11 Sequences and Series 12, Three Dimen ee 13 Vector Functions 14 Partial Differentiation 15 Multiple Integration 16 Vector Calculus mM 17 Differential Equations 1. First Order Differential Equations 2. First Order Homogeneous Linear Equations 3. First Order Linear Equations 4. Approximation 5. Second Order Homogeneous Equations 6, Second Order Linear Equations 7. Second Order Linear Equations, take two 18 Useful formulas = Ex 17.75 j + y — 6y = te™ (answer) Ex 17.7.6 § — 2y +.2y Ex 17.7.7 ~ 2y + 2y of parameters; compare to undetermined coefficients.) (answer) Fipsuhwenw titman edulmathematcslalculus_erlinelsectont7 O7 Hint