Early

Journal Content on JSTOR, Free to Anyone in the World

This article is one of nearly 500,000 scholarly works digitized and made freely available to everyone in
the world by JSTOR.
Known as the Early Journal Content, this set of works include research articles, news, letters, and other
writings published in more than 200 of the oldest leading academic journals. The works date from the
mid-seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries.
We encourage people to read and share the Early Journal Content openly and to tell others that this
resource exists. People may post this content online or redistribute in any way for non-commercial
purposes.
Read more about Early Journal Content at http://about.jstor.org/participate-jstor/individuals/early-
journal-content.








JSTOR is a digital library of academic journals, books, and primary source objects. JSTOR helps people
discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content through a powerful research and teaching
platform, and preserves this content for future generations. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit
organization that also includes Ithaka S+R and Portico. For more information about JSTOR, please
contact support@jstor.org.

1907.]
November,

MODERN LANGUAGxE NOTES.

229

At the end of the fourthact Nebuchadnezzar

SPANISH LITERATURE.
visitsZedekiahin prisonand at the end of a
violentsceneburstsinto a passionand exclaims
"Empoignez-le,Soudars,et le PrimeraCr6nicaGeneralo sea Estoriade Espana
to his attendants,
que rnand6componer
A Ifontso
el Sabio y se contirezd'ici," v. 1497. Zedekiahdefieshim to do
tinuababajoSanchoI V enz1289; publicadapor
his worstand is rewardedwiththe promiseof an
TomoI-Texto.
RAMoN MENENDEZ PIDAL.
exemplarypunishment. Rigal makes a great
Madrid: BaillyBailli6re6 Hijos, 1906. 8vo.,
iv + 776 pp.
Sd6cie
of this. "Pourquoi tirerait-on
difficulty
horsde sa prison?"(op. cit.,p. 207), " pourquoi This volume,whichformsnumberfiveof the
veut-ilqu'onles am6neet qu'onles atrainejusqu'a Nueva Bibliotecade AutoresEspaioles,is inotea sespieds." Butthis worthy
lui puisqu'ilssontenchain6s
in tworespects;namnely,
forthegreathisand linguistic
value of thetextit
clear withthe openingof the torical,literary
is made perfectly
us that contains,and forthe factthat the editoris the
nextscenein whichthe Prevostinforms
fitted
forthe difficult
task
onemanpre-eminently
Zedekiahhas beentakenfromhisprisonin order of editingthe text in question. Withthepublithat he be forcedto see his sons put to death cationof hisLeyendade losInfantesde Lara in
hiseyes. The presenceof thechorusafter 1896, the name of Men6ndezPidal becameinbefore
fromtheprisonis also deliblyassociatedwiththeold SpanishChronicles.
Zedekiahhasbeenremoved
a sourceof greattroubleto Rigal,forhow could Since the year 1896 Pidal has publishedmany
further
orindirectly,
studiesdealing,directly
with
theseJewishwomenbe intheprisonand notknow the Cr6nicaGeneraland thescopeofthesestudies
whathad happened? As a matterof fact,there may be illustratedby mentioning
his Cr6nicas
to theJewish Generalesde Espainaand El Poemadel Cid y las
is nothingin the chorusreferring
de Espai-a,bothof whiclhapbutthereis,as iftoremindus ofthelocality, CronicasGenerales
kiing,
in
the
peared
year
1898; and theAluacaxiy la
to thoseshoresof theEuphrates
anotherreference
elegia drabede Valenciawhichwas publishedin
wherethechoruswill end its life sighingin cap- 1904.
tivity. (Cf. v. 1557if.) There wouldcertainly As an historicaldocumentthePrimeraCr6nica
at thispoint, Generalis the firstreal history
be no greatstrainoftheconventions
of Spain in the
beingthe legitimate
successorof the
as vernacular,
and thewholepassage,farfrombeingconfused
quiteclear, earlierAnalesand theLatin historiesof Rodrigo
is, on the contrary,
Rigal represents,
de Toledo and Lucas de Luy. As a literary
to form. As monument
and thestagepictureis not difficult
it is one of the earliestspecimens
of
charactersrecite Spanishprose,and the variedsubjectmatter,
for the objectionthat different
the
verseson the stagebefore dignityof style,the richnessof vocabularyand
fromtwentyto thirty
valueforthestudy
is perceived
or beforetheyperceive idiom,makeit of inestimable
theirpresence
of Spanishliterature.The litpractice of thebeginnings
thepresenceof others;thatis a common
eraryvalue of the GCr6nica
Generalis especially
and a convention
no more in evidencewhenwe considerthatthe remaining
of modemdramatists,
abused by Gamier than it is, for example,by proseworkswritten
or inspiredby Alfonsothe
Moli6re.
Wise, are primarily
technicalin character; for
histreatiseon
Les Juivesis a tragedyfullof life and action. example,his workson astronomy,
dice
chess,
and
his
checkers,
legal
codes and
is
but
doubtless
too
much
every
action,
There
single laws,to say nothingof the fragmentary
a
acted
have
it
could
been
on
of
such
verse
stage
Septenario. Furthermore,
the specificrelation
too, betweenthe Cr6nicaGeneraland Spanish epic
as we have describedand acted effectively,
as poetryis mostimportant.Copyingas it did the
withoutanygreatviolenceto the conventions
earlierepic poemsand forming
a primary
source
itself
as
the
As
far
is
understood.
conthen
play
later
for
the
of
epic
relation
ballads,
Alfonso's
is
reason
we
must
there
no
look
upon
why
cerned,
to thevarious
Chronicle
of epicpoetrycan
" nowbe studiedwiththephases
it as a " d6clamation
dramatiqueet dialoguee.
careand detailthatwere
And likewiseto a greateror less extentare all of impossible
heretofore.
The earliestprintedtextoftheCr6nicaGeneral
ofGarnierplayable,orwereplayable,
thetragedies
-withthe probableexceptionof Hippolyteand was publishedby Florian de Ocampo,Zamora,
in Valladolid, 1604 ; since
whichstand somewhatapart fromthe 1541, and reprinted
(C'ornelie,
then the Cro6nicahas not been reprintedor
othersin timeas wellas in character.
edited. Not long afterthe appearanceof the
1541 edition,Jer6nimoZurita discoveredthat
COLBERT SEARLES.
Ocampo'sversionseemedto be repletewithmost
Jr.
LelandS&a7ford Univensity.

230

MODERN LANGUAGE NVOTES.

[Vol. xxii, No. 7.

part is EscorialY-i-2, thatfor

seriouserrorsandomissions;in short,theneedof scriptforthe first
a newand reliableeditionwas made knownover thesecondpart is EscorialX-i-4,and thevolume
ago. Pidal, in the prefaceto the containsa fullpagefacsimile
threecenturies
of each.' The total
the variousfutileplaus numberofMss. citedin the variantsis morethan
volume,discusses
present
for publishinga reliableeditionof the Cro6nica twodozeln,
butthisgivesno adequateidea of the
General: the firstby TomdsTamayoy Vargas, numberactuallycollatedby the editor. Riafno
of PhilipIV, betweentheyears knew thirty-one
Mss. of the Cr6onicaGeneralas
RoyalChronicler
1625 and1637; thesecondbyJuanLucas Cort6s, earlyas 1869, and Pidal used thirty-three
forhis
de
at the commandof CharlesII; thethirdbythe previouseditiouofthechapters
on theInfantes
SpanishAcademy,whichappearsto have aban- Lara alone. The variantsto the presentedition
the at timesincludea Ms.-readingof later chronicles
after1863; finally,
donedtheprojectshortly
bytheoriginalBibliotecade not directlyrelatedto the Prinmera
Co6nicaGeeditioncontemplated
Espaioles,whichceasedits editorialwork neral; forexample,Cront.
Autores
de1404, and Oron.de
thatthethird Castilla(p. 564, co]. 2). Finally,severalearly
in 1878. It wouldseem,however,
failuresare in partatonedfor,in that printedworksareusedto throwlighton thecritiand fourth
a memberof the SpanishAcademyhas at last cal text: Ocampo'seditionis utilizedthroughout
publishedan editionin the new Bibliotecade the text; the 1512, 1593 and 1594 (Huber)
Autores
Espaiioles.
editionsof the Cro6icadel Cid are used in conPidal's editioncontainsthe criticaltext and nectionwiththe chaptersdealing withRodrigo
variants,and formsa volumeof seven hundred Diaz (cf. p. 532, col. 2); the Cr6nicade San
double column pages. The Fernando,Sevilla, 1526, is cited frequently
and seventy-four
in
secondvolumewill containan ex- connection
forthcoming
withthe reignof FerdinandIII. In
planationof the methodadoptedin the textcon- short,Pidal has accomplished
a mostvaluableas
and studyof the manu- wellas mostlaboriouswork,and has utilizedall
struction,
enumeration
scripts; also a studyof the date and sources, extantsourcesof information
forthe elucidation
index of propernames,and, as ap- ofhistext.
vocabulary,
pendix, the CronicaAbreviada de don Jutan It is well knownat the presenttimethat the
Manuel. It is not improbablethat a year or edition
ofOcampois a verycreditable
pieceofedimorewillpassbeforetheappearanceofthesecond torial work,thoughthe particularMs. he used
that the has disappeared. Nevertheless,
volume. Hence, it is to be regretted
the MS. used by
editordidnot includein Volumei someaccount Ocampowas not the GronicaGeneralitself,but
withtheirdatesand interre- a reworking
of the manuscripts
of a versionlnow lost,which lost
thematerial version contained many variationsfrom Allations; even a note supplementing
in the Inf. de Lara and Gr6nicasGe- fonso'
fuirnished
s original. Hence Pidal has designated
neralesde Espana wouldhave been a mostwel- Ocampo'seditionas onieof the versionsof the
variantsthataccom- TerceraCro6nica
comeguideforthenumerous
General,sinceit is later than a
an accotiiit secondreworking
panythetext. In anycase,however,
knownas the Cronicade 1344.
and estimnate
of the editor'scriticalworkwould As we miglht
suppose,theOcampo-text
natuirally
have to be postponedto a secondarticle,when is, at times,fardiffereut
fromthePrimera rornica
Volumeii shallhaveappeared.In themeantime, GOneral,and showsnot onlyomissionsbut addiwe haveaccessto a reliableversionofAlfonso's tionsand transpositions.A generalidea ofthese
ofthismas- divergencies
Chronicle.Thereadingandconsulting
has alreadybeengivenby Pidal in a
notonlybya tableofcontents previouspublication.2A portionof the titleof
siveworkissimplified
(whichis lackingin theOcampoedition),butby thebookunderreviewstatesthat " se continuaba
running
titlesat the top of eachpage, numbered bajo Sancho IV en 1289." This statement
is
lines for each columnof text,and consecutive based on a passage in the reignof RamiroI,
forthe elevenhundredand thirty-fivewherethe authoror compiler,
numbering
aftergeneralizing
of Spainifromtheinfichapters.
thereconqtuest
concerning
The text is dividedinto two parts. The first dels,remarks:
part containsthe Pr6logoand chapters1-565,
etdelmar
dela Cruz,
" etla anganada
dessos
enemigos
beginningwithDe cuemoMoy8eneseriuioel libro
de Caliz,sinonpocoque les finca
fastal
mar
Sant
Ander
de
and
conque ha nombreGenesis,e del dilutuio,
del muynobleet mny
endeva; etes estoyaen el regnado
tinuingto the electionof King Pelayo. This altoreydonSanchoel quarto,en la era de millet CCC et
to Ocampo's xxvii annos." (Cf.p. 363,col. 1.)
approximately,
first
partcorresponds,
firsttwobooks. The secondpart containschapters566-1134,andendswiththetitleofa missing IThese are the sameMiss.forwhichRiafno
showeda
leidosantela Academia
in 1869. Cf.Discitrsos
chapterwhichtreatedof the Miraglosque,Dios preference
Madrid, 1869,p. 44.
fizopor el 8anctoreydonFernando,que yaze en dela Historia,
de Espana,pp. 83-85.
Seuila, despuesquefuefinado. The basicmanu- 2 Ir6onca8Generales

November,
1907.]

MODERN LANGUAGE

NOTES.

231

A secondexampleshowsthefutture
subjunctive
to the date is not foundin the
This reference
Ocampo text; it is lacking also in two Mss. of in thefirstclause butpero insteadof si nonin
and one Ms. of the Cronica thesecondclause:
thePrimeraCGr6nica
de 1344.
Si este consseiofueretenidopor buenoet tomadoen
As a linguisticdocumentthe Or6nicaGeneral buenaparte,perotraeperigloconssigo. (698,2. 3.)
withits literalyand
holdsa place commensurate
historicalimportance.This new editionaffords The scope of the anacoluthonis still further
of language extendedin thefollowingsentencewherethetwo
themeansof solvingmanyproblems
mate- supplementary
relativeclausestaketheplaceofthe
and style,andcontainsa fundofillustrative
and negativeconditional
rialbearingon questionsof historicalgrammar. affirmative
clauses:
For example,proclysisof atonicpronounsis not
"Los cristianos
fuerontodosconfesados,
los que poof identicalvowelsand to dieron
to contraction
confined
et los que non,unosconotros."
auerclerigos,
caseswheretheatonicpronouncomesbetweenthe
( 726,2. 28.)
verb and the auxiliary(tornarsa, tornadosa).
The firstpart of the Or6nicaGeneralshows at Which may be translated,'Those who wereforthat the reviewerhas not tunateenoughto findpriests,so muchthe better
times a construction
noted in the manuscriptof the second part; forthem; thosewho could not findpriests,conis
namely,et sapoderauandellas (18, 2. 22), e sa- fessedto each other.' If this initerpretation
poderassende la cibdat(32, 1. 13), tantotamo correct,it seems advisableto substitutea semilikewiseafter
(40, 1. 52), quantomal ma uenido(42, 1. 19), colonfor the commaafterclerigos,
(39, 2. 49), partein the precedingexample,thusmakingthe
contigo
que yoentalpuntomayuntasse
uniformwiththatof the remaining
dEspanna (15, 1. 22). punctuation
e destaguisa sapoderaron
It is evidentthatthequestionofapocopeofatonic threeexamplescitedabove. It is not theintenin prosemustbe restudiedin thelight tionof thepresentreviewto studyor mentionthe
pronounis
problemssuggested
of the new text,and we await with interestthe variouslinguistic
by thetext,
it is hoped that the foregoing
on this matterby Pidal buLt
citationsmay
promisedcontribution
to emphasizetheinterest
suffice
himself.
3
ofthetextforthe
of studentoflanguage.
One further
pointmaybe citedin illustration
The editorialwork has been done with the
the linguisticelement. The Poemadel Cid containstwostriking
examplesof anacoluthonwhere greatestcare and too much creditcan not be
as givenforthe skill shownin the punctuation
of
' well' or ' welland good' mustbe understood
theapodosisof a conditionalsentence,in orderto the many lengthyand involvedpassageswhich
remainobscure. Thereis, howmake intelligiblea followingsi non. The first wouldotherwise
in the syllabification
of
exampleoccurs in the Cid's replyto the Jews ever,a lack of uniformity
the consonantgroupsss, nn and even rr. The
whentheyask a piel vermejaas a bonus:
firsttwoare so distinctly
digraphsin Old Spanish
"Plazme," dixoel Qid "da qui sea mandada.
as are rr, 11,or ch. To be sure,the divisionof
Siuosla aduxierdalla; si noncontaldasobrelas arcas. syllablesis veryinconsistent
in theearlyMSs., but
(l. 181.)
in a criticaleditionthe editoris notgoingbeyond
in avoidingsuchformsas pens-sar
In the second example,the Cid, takingleave of hisprerogative
2.
(419,
7.),
ssen-nalada
(740, 1. 39.), cor-ri6
Minaya whom he is sendingon a missionto
(372, 2. 12.), side by sidewiththe morecorrect
Castille,says:
forms ua-ssallo (719, 2. 33.), se-nnor (693, 1.

A la tornada,
si nosfallaredesaqui;
Si non,do sopieredes
que somos,yndosconseguir."
(l. 832.)

The PrimeraCr6nicaGeneralshowsthreesimin passagesthat are not found

ilar constructions
exampleis a
in theOcampotext. The followinig
close parallelto thosecited fromthePoema del
Cid, in that the futuresubjunctiveoccursin the
by
firstclauseand the secondclauseis introduced
8s non:

" Si lo quisiereel fazer; si non,quel dixiessenque el

fariey lo suyo." (497,2. 5.)
1906,p. 1106.
Espaflola,
8 Cf.COlltura

41.), ye-rras(377, 2. 1.).

The followingmisprintshave been noted:
manerade for mnanera
de, 30, 1. 14; qartiefor
partie,130, 1. 32; pue forque, 130, 1, 35 ; lo
forla, 161, 1. 19; qneforque, 166, 2. 45,-243,
2. 2,-260, 2. 22,-284, 1. 15,-726, 2. 7; Bab. nnia for Babilonia,221, 2. 43; period243, 2.
55; ei for el, 293, 2. 14; period,368, 2. 25;
formuerte,
mueste
384, 1. 4 ; aqui foraqti," o1s
forlas, 399, 1. 21; sennorforsennor,592, 1. 5;
mandoet for etmando,601, 1. 50; torna,bodas
fortonnabodas,
603, 2. 22; tueforfue,767, 1. 14.
There are, furthermore,
a few cases wheremisprints seem a plausible explanation for certain

unusual (though not impossible)formsor constructions,

whichshowno variantreadingsin the

MODERN LANG UAGE NOTES.

232

othermss.; forexample,todestastierras,7, 1. 8;
en medielpuerto,
32, 2. 51 ; mostraron
io, 33, 2.
4; descubiertamientra,
67, 1. 19; contod,251, 1.
12; beldos,274, 1. 30; muchodumbre
305,1. 37;
demotrar,
315, 2. 49; mietre,
377, 1. 46 ; buenna,
414, 1, 38; nonsabienniguno,570, 1. 24; con
los, 726, 1. 20.
The Cr6nieaGeneralis one of the greatbooks
of Spain; and bearingin mindthe greatlength
of thetextand thelarge numberof extantMSs.,
thepresenteditionis probablythe mostlaborious
singlepieceof criticaleditingwithinthe fieldof
Spanishliterature. Let us hopethat the appearance ofthesecondvolumewillnotbe longdelayed.
C. CARROLL MARDEN.
JohnsHopkinsUniversity.

CORRESPONDENCE.

[Vol. xxii, No. 7.

de Troyeswith
writers,
was developedby Chr6tien
thatit becamean essentialelement
suchsubtlety,
ofthetheoryof love. All thelaterpoetsemploy
it, and Huon de M61i2 alludes to it as thepropertyof Chr6tien.'
MIr.Mott refersto a numberof passagesin
Clig&; one mayheresuffice:
"Ce qu' Amorsm'aprantet ansaingne,
Doi je garderet inaintenir,
Car tostm'an puet granzbiens venir.
Mes tropme bat, ice m'esmaie.
Ja n'i pertil ne cos ne plaie,
Et si te plains? Don n'as tu tort?
Nenil: qu'il m'a navresi fort
Que jusqu'au cuer m'a son dart tret,
N'ancor ne l'a a lui retret.
Comantle t'a donc tretel cors,
Quant la plaie ne pertde hors?
Ce me diras, savoir le vuel !
Par ou le t'a iI tret? Par l'uel.
Par l'uel ? Si ne le t'a creve?
An l'uel ne m'a il rien greve,
Mes el cuer me grieveformant,etc.
(Clig&8 1. 686 sq.)

of Cligesbetween
Foersterplaces the composition
1152 and 1164, i, e., a centuryor morebefore
To theEditorsofMod. Lang. Notes.
theSicilianpoet.
studentsof English literature Flamenca,a poem much nearerto Jacopoin
SIRs:-Have
as to
furthertestimony
of Mil- pointof time,furnishes
notedthe followinglowusin the history
of the theoryin question
ton's fame? On December15, 1690, theSwiss thewidedissemination
scholar,Vincent Minutoli,wroteto Bayle, the
Coussi Amorsla poinera
authorof theDictionary: " Tous les AngloisletAb lo dart ques ieu al cor
ce
tr6sque j'ai connus,m'ontextr8mement
prWnd
S'ella nom ve dins o defor?
Poeme6criten leurlanguepar Miltonet intitul6
Car s'il m'auzis o sim parles,
0 si m'auzis (corr. vezes) o sim toques
Adam [i. e. Paradise Lost]; ils m'en ont parl6
Adonc la pogra ben combatre
commedu nonplus ultrade 1'esprithumain,"etc.
Fin'arnorsper un d'aquetz quatre, etc.
Inedite de Pierre
(Choix de la Correspondance
Flamenea, 1st ed., Meyer,l. 2746 sq.
Bayle, ed. by E. Gigas, Copenhagen,1890, p.
579). Thereare numerousearlierlocithanthis,
of ideas
It is a typicalcase of the itinerary
and thatofWilliamHog is exactlycontemporary,fromFranceor Provenceto Italy,thenice
perhaps
as this to England-thereare somegaps in thecourse.
butnoneseemsto me quite so significant
of an intelligentforeign Dante mayhave learnedthe doctrinefromhis
disinterested
testimony
witness.
literaryancestor,Jacopo. That the great poet
J. E. SPINGARN.
unknown
gave due honorto the comparatively
one is provenby Puqrg.xxiv, 52 sq.,-a passage
ColumbiaUniversity.
remarkable
foritspithycriticism.
" Amoree cor genIn thewell-known
sonnet,3
"
una
til
sono
cosa,
Dante
says:
THE EYES As GENERATORS OF LOVE.
MILTON'sFAME.

To theEditor8ofMod. Lang. Notes.

SIRS :-In replyto the note of Mr. Harrisin
yourissue of Junelast, I wouldsay thattheidea
of love maywellhave
of theeyes as generators
reached Shakespearethru some mediumother
thanJacopo da Lentino,who himselfobtainedit
refugeesat the
probablyfromthe troubadours,
court of FredericII. The doctrine,'traces of
which,'saysL. F. Mott,' 'were foundin earlier
I System
Love,p.
ofCourtly

31.

"Beltate appare in saggia donna pui,

Che piace agli occhi si, che dentroal core
Nasce un desio della cosa piacente:
E tantodura talora in costlii,
Che fa svegliarlo spiritod'amore:
E simil face in doninauomo valente."
MARY VANCE YOUNG.

MountHolyoke
College.
2Tourmoiment
deP'Antecrit,
p. 77.
a Vita Nuova, xx.