CHAPTER 2

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The catalogue has become a way to pull together disparate resources, including
commercial resources and web links. Management systems also allow circulation,
including check in/check out and enable libraries to purchase materials and track where
they are (Robson, 2001). The study stresses library automation as the application of
computers and utilization of computer based products and services in the performance of
different operations and functions or in the provision of various services and output
products (Charuasia, 2010).
An Online Public Access Catalog or OPAC is either the target of such addition or
the basis of the information being included. They focused on client-side techniques in
which each users browser contacts Web services directly because this approach lends
itself to the creation of HTML widgets. The widgets allow the integration and
customization of Web services without requiring programming. They also described in
detail the functionality and use of several widget libraries and Web services we built.
Although the specific requirements for 2010, explored the design space of mash-up
techniques for the faultless inclusion of information from Web services into websites.
They considered the cases where an Online Public Access Catalog or OPAC is either the
target of such addition or the basis of the information being included. They focused on
client-side techniques in which each users browser contacts Web services directly
because this approach lends itself to the creation of HTML widgets. The widgets allow
the integration and customization of Web services without requiring programming. They
also described in detail the functionality and use of several widget libraries and Web
services we built. Although the specific requirements for 13 each system differ because of
their respective nature, all systems are designed to be deployable with minimum effort
and resource requirements. This low entry cost, combined with the provision of a highlevel, non-programming interface, constitute two vital precondition for the broad
adoption of techniques in libraries, which in turn has the potential to vastly increase the
reach and visibility of their electronic resources in the wider community (Bailey, 2010).
A study about the collection usage of the students of the Jose Rizal University in a
period of three years using the quantitative and qualitative approach. The goal of the

study is to assess the usefulness of the faculty of students to their library and it been
revealed that it is generally important for them to go the library for their academic needs
(Agena, 2008). A survey on the computer application in 223 libraries in Metro Manila.
The study revealed that they prioritize the three library functions to be computerized as
cataloging, indexing, and circulation. However, the plans for automation for the libraries
cannot be implemented due to financial incapability of the libraries, and the lack of funds
from the government. Despite of this drawback, the libraries are not turning their backs
unto the automation of their libraries (Lou, 1986).
Managing academic libraries in the 21st century has commented that collection
development in the year 2000 will be 49 characterized by virtual collections where the
location, the delivery time and channel will be pre-identified (Ghikas, 1989). The Library
management system will store all the books and members information that consist book
number, book title, author name and racks to the system database. The system also
provides search function to help students find the book by number of book. Search
functions will search through the books database to look for the book and view where the
book is situated. For the administrator user, only librarians have access to view or edit
data from the system databases (Mahadi, 2005). A college strengthens its educational
level through the advancement of its library. The Botolan Community College
Computerized Library System aimed to enhance the procedures of the library, from
manually operated to a computerized system (Doble, 2011).
The library management system or integrated library system or ILS was
responsible for running libraries efficiently and effectively. Over the last few years, the
role of the ILS has been expanding from meeting library needs to delivering user
experience. (Abram, 2010). Most libraries are forced to work with fewer staff because of
the having a more improved and modernized system for their library. According also to
the study, the library administration need to emphasize to their staff that the organization
has a vested interest in providing them with the tools and training they need to assist the
organization in the new information marketplace. These may include search engines,
circulation systems, and the online public access catalog (Eden, 2011).
The purposive seeking for information because of a need to satisfy some goal.
During seeking, the individual may interact with manual information systems such as a

newspaper or a library, or with computer-based systems such as the World Wide Web.
The study therefore focuses on how students interact with both manual and computer
based systems. It also investigated which system they prefer using and the motivation to
select one system to the other (Wilson,2000). Some of the services are enquiry services,
bibliographic assistance, library instruction, interlibrary loans, photocopying, and
computer facilities. (Adele,1995). Found that students do not bypass the physical libraries
and it is also evident that the use of physical libraries and digital resources complement
each other. The place of google in the students information is prominent and positively
correlated to use of traditional library resources (Niels,2016).
Which explored the information seeking behavior of graduate students found that
students rely heavily on the Internet as well as the university libraries' online resources
for information, though still using the physical library for hard copy materials such as
books, journals and papers. Few graduate students in the study mentioned influences such
as difficulty in locating information or the need for convenience and speed when using
the Internet (George et. al, 2006). Library directors, college and university administrators
face an increasingly complex institutional and informational environment. Faculty and
graduate students seem to be omnivorous in their appetite for information, creative in
their strategies for seeking and acquiring information in all forms, and very independent.
Most faculty, graduate and undergraduate students seem to prefer a hybrid information
environment in which information in electronic form does not supplant information in
print but adds to the range of equipment, resources, and services available to teachers and
students (Friedlander,2002).
Current use and perception of e-journals compared with their print counterparts
indicated a growing interest in e-journals. There was a strong acceptance of and high
expectation and enthusiasm for future e-journals, although with some reservations (Liew
et al, 2000). 1998 and 2001 findings showing that the Internet continues to be an
important component of library services in today and tomorrows library. Most the
respondents used the Internet on a daily basis in 2001 as opposed to less than half the
respondents in 1998. The data showed the librarians major challenge in the new century
remains that of how to help library users find what they are looking for through the
Internet (Bao,2002). Found that students prefer general search engines and it seems that

they have difficulties distinguishing between internet resources and library resources.
Teachers recommendations and how they put forward requirements and demands are
very important for the students use of information (Arbib,2002).
There had been many international collaborative activities for digital library
initiative purposes (Sugimoto, 2001). Digital libraries were inherently international
(Griffin, 1998) became far more important nationally and internationally in 2003 than
they were in 1996 and many new and significant digital library initiatives had emerged
(Chen and Zhou, 2005). Even with little funding, a large international digital library had
emerged, grown and improved (Fox, et al. 2005).
Explains concepts use and impact of automation on libraries including data
processing equipment. It also describes the state of automation in number of libraries and
information centers in several countries and serves as an introduction to subject of
automation and application as viewed from working of modern library (Singh, 1975). The
document entitled An Introduction to Computer based Library Systems Provide and
understanding of what automated systems can do in libraries and has highlighted library
housekeeping operations for automation and how librarians can develop their own
automated systems in their own libraries (Kimber, 1968).
The basic aspect of information retrieval, function and information retrieval
systems, traditional and modern indexing systems and the different types of indexes and
how computer can be used to produce different types of indexes (Sengupta, 1977). The
rapidly increasing use of computers both in library housekeeping applications and
information retrieval systems. It highlights the history of library automation and shows
how computers can be used to produce different type of automated indexes (Tedd, 1977).
Areas for Library Automation traces history of record keeping and gives some salient
features of areas for automation. It also brings out the need for an integrated information
system and recommends the use of system design approach for developing application
software and international format for data representation (Parthasarathy, 1986).
The application of DBASE III program running on personal computer in order to
record and retrieve bibliographic details of journal articles describes the creation of
database files recording data, obtaining, and methods. Printer outputs in a specific format
and discuss methods of searching specific information form the stored references and

compilation of bibliographies (Jain, 1987). The concepts of automaton and automation

operations services in a modern library. It states that scope of library automation involves
automation of routine works, services, office work and scientific management of libraries
(Harinarayana, 1991). Presents an overview of recent developments in library automation
and networking in India and raises issues, which are basic in nature. It takes in
consideration the ongoing debate of the subject in the country and gives state of art
reviews about networks in India (Haravu, 1993). The use of computer in library and the
advantages of automation in library work and services (Konnur, 1994).
Gives practical and essential data on technical support system, OPAC, I.R.
System, ILL, Bibliographic utilities, automation in reference etc. it aids every librarian
with issues that might be faced and decision that must be made concerning automation
(Kochar, 1997). Information generation and flow is largely print oriented with a small
portion of print publication available in electronic forms. But today it is rapidly giving
way to the global network information environment, exemplified by the internet. Many
scholarly publications are already accessible on internet (Rajashekar, 1997). Give in
depth coverage of what a library computer system is, where and how it is used in
libraries, and documentation center and provides a list of latest and more popular
commercial library software package (Sehgal, 1998). The growth of library automation
since its start to the late nineties. The various components used in each developmental
phase and state the importance of networking in resource sharing (Kaul, 1999).The study
entitled Online Public Access Catalogue: Its Development, utility and limitation discusses
the types of OPAC, document search through OPAC and guidelines for future designers
of OPAC in information (Hussain, et. Al, 2002). ICT for Library and Information
Professional for developing countries provides and skills dealing with application of ICT
to library and information services. It shows to determine the automation requirement and
introduces the strategic and technology planning tools such as creating a vision, system
analysis, and design that are necessary in developing technology plan (Large, 2006).
Library Automation Atlantic Publishers & Distributors this book The History of
Computer, Basics of Hardware and Software, Input, Output Concepts and Devices. It
Describes the Offline and Online Methods of Computer Applications and library
housekeeping operation discussed (Riaz, 1992). Librarians and Information professionals

are confronted today by rapidly changing environment. The major aspects to this change
are new technologies and the potential for new service which they bring. At the same
time library users and their demands are also changing. They are now coming with new
expectations and insist on high quality service (Satyanarana, 2003). Computer in Library
Services creates among the librarians an awareness of the utility of computers and hence
how to use computers in library services of individual libraries and also in library systems
of various parts of the world (Mahapatra, 1985). Library Automation gives an overview
of major facets of automation activity and surveys the current state of computer
application in 6 areas of library work. For each area discussion briefly indicated the
motive of automation and describes current dominant approaches citing examples of
representative products and services (Saffady, 1988). Library automation in the 21
century is on interconnecting systems, sharing information resources through innovative
networking and ensuring equitable access to a broad range of information and users
(Aswal, 2006). Library Automation is the use of automatic and semi-automatic data
processing machines to perform such traditional library activities as acquisitions,
cataloguing and circulation, etc. With the development of sophisticated tools and
techniques, now library automation has become easy and more accessible (Singh,
2008).Libraries have changed considerably as bibliographic utilities, online catalogues
automated circulation systems, and other new technologies have been implemented in a
majority of library operations and services. This book attempts to provide comprehensive
and objective information related to the field of library automation. It describes the
advantages of library automation, identifies the barriers, analyses the convenient steps in
automating the library and the technology available (Singh, 2005). Modern libraries have
become more and more aware of the revolutionary impact of developments in
Information and Communication Technology on their major activities. the application of
ICT facilitates to provide pinpointed, expeditious and exhaustive information at the right
time to the right user. It provides opportunities for libraries and information centers to
widen the scope of their resources and services and to increase their significance within
the organization they serve. The increasing availability of information in machine
readable form allows much information needs to be satisfied with decreased involvement
of libraries and librarians (Bavakutty et.al, 2006).

Escalating cost of information products and services has led to library automation
and to share their resources through networking. It has highlighted LAN, configuration of
LAN, and how LAN can be applied in libraries to exchange information within the
organization (Mandal, 1998).
Although facing some problems like copyright and Intellectual Property Rights
issues, the databases provided open access to more than 500 Electronic Thesis and
Dissertations (Jewell et.al, 2006). Digital library in Taiwan could be said to be hybrid in
nature. Services were integrated between the traditional method and web-based services,
encouraging patrons resource discovery in a diversity of formats. EInter Library Loan in
Taiwan was quite developed (Ke and Hwang,2000).Stated that the exclusion of
sustainable development of libraries in the Environment Scan of the Association of
College and Research Libraries last 2007 is perplexing since she observed that piles of
printed e-mail and unwanted books are thrown out, library users are printing page after
page of documents, old computers and technologies are being discarded, and no serious
accounting is done on what type and how energy is used in academic libraries on a daily
basis (Jankowska, 2008).Concluded that librarians do not have traditional skills and
sufficient background knowledge to meet the changing needs of their customers. They
need to be empowered by new skills and information before going to empower their
patrons. So there must not be a gap between librarians professional/technological
knowledge and their societies informational need that to be answered by librarians. Need
for changing the syllabus of medical library and information science education in Iran
was also felt (Gavgani et.al, 2011).
In his research developed a library management system which could be mainly
used by member and staff of the library. The system allows members search for books
and reserve books through website so that they can save their time and cost to travel from
one place to another to use the library as well as know what the book entails in the
library. In the system developed, staffs can also be able to add news and also view reports
with several criteria as well as add, edit and delete news. The system developed was
aimed at allowing users to reserve books via online, to convenient user borrowing books
via online, implementing email technologies to the website, implementing SMS
technologies to the system, designing a friendly graphical interface which would suit the

users (Koyyeehkeat, 2011). Programmed a development model for libraries in

Puducherry. The main goal of that study was to share information through the proposed
Library Network. The system would enable the user to access resources in all the libraries
in Puducherry (Palanivel, 2012).
Developed a system which is a library management software for monitoring
controlling the transactions in a library. In their study they came up with a Library
Management System which was developed in java and mainly focuses on basic
operations in a library like adding new member, new books, and updating new
information, searching books and members and facility to borrow and return books. The
system these two developed was an automated Library Management System. In which
through the software user can add members, add books, search members, search books,
update information, edit information, borrow and return books in quick time. The system
they developed has the following advantages. User friendly interface, Fast access to
database, less error, More Storage Capacity, Search facility, Look and Feel Environment
All the manual difficulties in managing the Library were rectified by implementing
computerization. The software which was designed can help users maintain and organize
library making the software very easy to use for both beginners and advanced users
(Srivastaval et.al, 2012).
Developed a library management system which aims in developing a
computerized system to maintain all the daily work of library. By the virtue of their
research work, the system developed entails many features which are generally not
available in normal library management systems like facility of user login and a facility
of teachers login (Prabhakarkumar et.al, 2014).

Developed a system to identify the

problem and obtain necessary requirements data from the librarians, analyse the obtain
data, design and develop the system and conduct an assessment or survey from the users
of library resources service through websites and mobile systems with web services with
regards overall performance of SuratthaniRajabhat University Central Library. The
system was developed using some instruments used for the development which were
visual studio .NET (ASP.NET) for web-based application, HTML5 for mobile
application, web-service for data communication with the component and connected to

staff system of this University, Microsoft SQL server for database management and
longest matching algorithm for data retrieval.(Markchit, 2015).
Defenition of terms
ASP.NET -is an open-source server-side web application framework designed for web
development to produce dynamic web pages. It was developed by Microsoft to allow
programmers to build dynamic web sites, web applications and web services.
Computerized System - Are automated and calculations are handled by software,
eliminating possible errors and saving time.
DATABASE - is an organized collection of data.
HTML - is a markup language used for structuring and presenting content on the World
Wide Web.
ICT Information and communications technology is extended term for information
technology which stresses the role of unified communication and the integration of
telecommunications, computers as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware,
storage, and audo-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and
manipulate information.
IR SYSTEM information retrieval systems are used to reduce what has been called
information overload. Many universities and public libraries use IR systems to provide
access
MICROSOFT SQL SERVER- is a relational database management system developed by
Microsoft.
OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog) -is an online database of materials held by a
library or group of libraries. Users search a library catalog principally to locate books and
other material available at a library.
SMS (Short Message Service)- is a text messaging service component of most telephone,
World Wide Web, and mobile telephony systems
MICROSOFT SQL SERVER- is a relational database management system developed by
Microsoft.

World wide web The world wide Web is an information space where documents and
other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators, interlinked by
hypertext links, and can be accessed via internet.