ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING

PART 01 - IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

In general, Illumination means light. But technically, the two terms are different.
LIGHT is the cause and ILLUMINATION is the effect.
The MOON illuminates the earth by the light obtained from the SUN. SUN is the
greatest source of energy.
By passing current through a resistor R heat is produced, and the temperature of
the resistor increases, at high temperature, the resistor becomes RED HOT and
emits infrared (heat) rays.
On further heating, the resistor becomes WHITE HOT; then, its starts emits ultra
violet rays. The rays now have a smaller wavelength.
LIGHT is a radiant energy which is assumed to be propagated in the form OF
TRANSVERSE waves through an invisible medium known as ETHER.
Velocity of light is 2.9976 x 10^6 m/sec. approximately or 3 x 10 ^8 m/sec.
Energy is radiated by the sun as electromagnetic waves of which of 90% have wave
lengths in the ranges of 0.2 to 0.4 micro metre.
SOLAR ENERGY REACHING THE TOP OF THE ATMOSPHERE CONSISTS OF
8% ULTRA VIOLET radiation [Short wave length less than 0.39 micro metre]
46% VISIBLE LIGHT and [0.39 micro metre to 0.78 micro metre]
46% INFRA-RED [Long wave length more than 0.78 micro metre]
WAVE LENGTH () is defined as the difference between two successive points of
same phase. Its practical unit is represented in Micron or Angstrom.
One Micron = 10-6m or 10-4 cm
One Angstrom = 10-10m or 10-8cm or 0.1 nanometre.
Wavelength () = V/f = Speed of light / frequency
Frequency of X ray is 3 x 1020 Hz and its wavelength is 10-10 cm
All types of radiation do not produce sensation of light in human eyes.
The radiation between wave lengths of 4000 to 7000 only produces sensation.
The human eye is the most sensitive to 5500 .
A wavelength through it differs from man to man and age to age.
Human eye is sensitive to 5500 this is taken as unity. The colour corresponding to
this wave length is YELLOWISH GREEN which is the most suitable colour for all
purposes.
01. PLANE ANGLE () when two lines, lying in the same plane, meet at a point, the
angle formed is called a plane angle.
Plane angle = Arc / Radius, which is measured in radians or degrees.
02. SOLID ANGLE () The angle subtended by an area of a point is called solid
angle. It is measured in steradians.

Solid angle = Area enclosed /Radius^2

Solid angle subtended by a sphere at its center = Area of sphere/Radius^2
Solid angle subtended by a sphere at its centre = 4 steradians
03. ILLUMINOUS FLUX () It is the rate of energy radiation in the form of light
waves and is denoted by = Q/t where Q is the radiant energy. Its unit is lumen.
04. LUMEN (lm) One lumen is defined as the luminous flux emitted by a source of
one candle power in a unit solid angle. Lumen = Candle power x Solid angle = C.P.
x
One lumen (lm) = 0.0016 watts (approximately)
05. CANDLE POWER () It is defined as the number of lumens emitted by a source
per unit solid angle in a given direction. It represents the light emitting capacity of a
source.
06. ILLUMINANCE [OR] ILLUMINOUS [OR] DEGREE OF ILLUMINATION (E) It is defined
as the luminous flux received by the surface per unit area. Its unit is lux or footcandle.
07. METRE CANDLE OR LUX (M.C.) It is the unit of illumination received inside a
sphere of radius 1 metre with a source of 1 C.P. at its centre.
08. FOOT CANDLE (Ft.C) - It is the illumination of the inside of a sphere of radius 1ft.
with a source of 1 C.P. at its centre. One foot candle = 10.76 lux.
09. LUMINOUS INTENSITY (I) It is defined as the illuminous flux emitted by a light
source per unit solid angle. I = /. Its unit is candela.
10. LUMINOUS OR RADIANT EFFICIENCY The ratio between the energy radiated in
the form of light to the total energy radiated (in all other forms, i.e. heat, etc.) is
known as radiant energy. RADIANT EFFICIENCY= Energy radiated in the form light /
total energy radiated by the body.
11. BRIGHTNESS (B or L) It is defined as the luminous intensity per unit projected
area of the surface in the given direction.
B or L = Luminous intensity / Apparent area.
ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING PART 02
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AND FACTORS
12. LUMINANCE When brightness is considered in terms of measureable quantity,
the term luminance is employed. Bigger unit of luminance is stilb which is defined
as candelas per square cm.

13. UNIFORM DIFFUSE SOURCE A uniform diffuse source is one in which the
intensity per unit projected area is the same from all directions of view.
14. ILLUMINATION LEVEL The term means the amount of illumination (or light)
required to do a job satisfactorily; more light is needed in hospital operation theater
compared to normal office work.
15. REFLECTION OF LIGHT - When light falls on a polished surface, it may be partly
reflected. The phenomenon is known as reflection of light. The ray of light falling on
the surface is known as INCIDENT RAY, and the ray of light, going away after striking
the surface is known as REFLECTED RAY.
16. SPECULAR REFLECTION When the surface is smooth and perfectly reflecting,
all the light is reflected i.e. the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
In this case, a sharp image of the source also appears in the surface. This is known
as SPECULAR REFLECTION. This produces brightness of the surface and is
responsible for direct glare in eyes.
17. DIFFUSE REFLECTION When light is incident on coarse (rough) surface then it
is scattered or diffused in all directions and hence no image of the source is formed.
Such a reflection is known as DIFFUSE REFLECTION.
18. GLARE - It may be defined as the brightness within the field of vision of such a
character as the cause annoyance, disc comfort, interference with vision or eye
fatigue.
19. LAMP EFFICIENCY Lamp efficiency is defined as the ratio of the luminous flux
to the power input. It is expressed in lumens per watt.
20. SPECIFIC CONSUMPTION - Specific consumption is defined as the ratio of the
power input to the average candle power.
It is expressed in watts per candela.
21. MEAN HORIZONTAL CANDLE POWER (M.H.C.P) It is defined as the mean of
candle powers in all directions in the horizontal plane containing the source of light.
22. MEAN SPHERICAL CANDLE POWER (M.S.C.P) It is defined as the mean of candle
powers in all directions and in all planes from the source of light.
MSCP = Total flux in lumens/4
23. MEAN HEMI-SPHERICAL CANDLE POWER (MHSCP) It is defined as the mean of
candle powers in all directions above or below the horizontal plane passing through
the source of light.

24. STERADIAN It is the unit of solid angle and is defined as the solid angle that
subtends a surface on the sphere equivalent to the square of the radius.
25. COLOUR The sensation of colour is due to the difference in wavelengths of the
light radiation.
IMPORTANT FACTORS AND RATIO
01. RELATIVE LUMINOSITY FACTOR The sensitivity of the eye to yellowish-green
radiation is taken as unity or 100% and the sensitivity to other wave lengths is
expressed at a fraction or percentage of it. The relative sensitivity at a wave length
is written k and is known as relative sensitivity.
02. REDUCTION FACTOR (RF) - This is the ratio of MSCP to MHSCP. i.e., MSCP/MHSCP
03. REFLECTION FACTOR (RF) This is the ratio of the reflected light to the total
incident light on a surface.
Reduction Factor = Amount of reflected light / Total incident light.
04. UTILISATION FACTOR (UF) The ratio of total lumens reaching the working plane
to total lumens given out by the lamp.
05. WASTE LIGHT FACTOR It is also called as coefficient of utilization. It is the ratio
of the light incident on the working surface to the total light emitted by the source.
It theoretical value of lumen required by 1.2 for rectangular areas and 1.5 for
irregular areas and objects such as statures, monuments etc.
06. MAINTENANCE FACTOR (MF) It is the ratio of illumination under normal working
conditions to the illumination when the things are perfectly clean.
07. DEPRECIATION FACTOR (DF) This is the reverse of maintenance factor and is
defined as the ratio of initial metre candles to the ultimate maintained metrecandles on the working plane. Its value is more than unity.
08. ABSORPTION FACTOR In places where atmosphere is full of smoke and fumes,
such as in foundries, there is a possibility of absorption of light.
The ratio of total lumens available after absorption to the total lumens emitted by
the source of light is called absorption factor.
09. BEAM FACTOR The ratio of lumens in the beam of a projector to the lumens
given out by lamp is called the beam factor. This factor takes into account the
absorption of light by reflector and front glass of the projector lamp.
Its value varies from 0.3 to 0.6
10. SPACE-HEIGHT RATIO (SHR) It is defined as the ratio of horizontal distance

between adjacent lamps and height of their mountings.

The value of the ratio, in practice is between 1 and 1.5.
ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING PART - 03
LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
JOHANN HEINRICH LAMBERT Born on 26th August 1728 in Switzerland.
Lambert was the first to introduce hyperbolic functions into trigonometry.
He was awarded in 1763 a position at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin.
Lambert invented the first practical hygrometer. [A hygrometer is an instrument
used for measuring the moisture content in the atmosphere]
He died on 25th September 1777. Forty Nine years Lambert lived in this planet,
even today he lives in the form of unit Lambert.
01. INVERSE SQUARE LAW The illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to
the square of the distance of the surface from the source of light. It is true only if
the source is a point source.
[OR]
The intensity of light observed from a source of constant intrinsic luminosity falls off
as the square of the distance from the object.
02. LAMBERTS COSINE LAW According to this law the illumination at any point on
a surface is proportional to the cosine of the angle between the normal at that point
and the direction of flux.
[OR]
The law states that the illumination of a surface by a light ray varies as the cosine of
the angle of incidence between the normal to the surface and the incident ray.
ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING - PART - 04
TEN SIMPLE PROBLEMS IN ILLUMINATION ENGINERING
ANDERS JONAS NGSTRM born in the year 13th August 1814.
Physicist, Astronomer and Professor of Uppsala University, Sweden.
Angstrom was one of the founders of the science of spectroscopy.
[Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic
radiation]
The unit is a letter in the Scandinavian alphabet. [SCANDINAVIAN The northern
family of Germanic languages that are spoken in Scandinavia and Iceland]
He died on 21st June 1874. He lived 59 years lived in this planet, even today he
lives in the form of unit Angstrom.
ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING PART 05
FIVE PROBLEMS IN ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING
PROBLEM 01 Two lamps A and B of 250 candela and 450 candela respectively
are situated 100 m apart. The height of A above the ground level is 10 m of that of
B is 20 m. If the photometer is placed at the centre of the line joining the two lamp

posts. Calculate its reading.

PROBLEM 02 A lamp of 500 W having M.S.C.P of 1000 is suspended 4 m above
the working plane. Calculate
(i) illumination directly below the lamp at the working plane
(ii) lamp efficiency and
(iii) illumination at a point 5 m away on the horizontal plane from vertically below
the lamp.
PROBLEM 03 A lamp of 500 C.P. is placed 2 m below a plane mirror which reflects
75% of the light falling on it. Determine illumination at a point 5 m away from the
foot of the lamp, which is hung 5 m above the ground.
PROBLEM 04 Two lamps of height of 10 m ground level. The distance between
the lamp is 2 m. Lamp One is 500 C.P. If the illumination of the floor vertically below
lamp is 50 lux, find the C.P. of the lamp Two.
PROBLEM 05 A lamp having uniform C.P of 400 in all direction is provided with a
reflector which directs 60% of the total light uniformly in a circular area of 10 m
diametre. The lamp is hung 5 m above the ground floor calculate the illumination
(i) at the center and
(ii) at the edge of the surface with and without reflector.
ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING PART 06
FIVE PROBLEMS IN ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING
PROBLEM 06 A light source having an intensity of 400 C.P. in all directions is
fitted with a reflector so that it directs 80% of its light along a beam having a
divergence of 20 degree.
Determine the total light flux emitted along the beam. Also determine the average
illumination produced on a surface normal to the beam direction at a distance of 8
metres.
PROBLEM 07 A lamp with reflector is mounted 10 m above the centre of a
circular area of 24 metre diametre. If the combination of the lamp and reflector
gives a uniform C.P. of 1500 over the circular area.
Determine the maximum and minimum illumination produced on the area.
PROBLEM 08 A lamp emitting 1000 lumens is placed inside a globe of frosted
glass having a diametre of 30.5 cm. The globe has a uniform brightness of 250
millilamberts in all directions.
Calculate the C.P. of the globe and estimate the percentage of light emitted by the
lamp that is absorbed by the globe.
PROBLEM 09 A corridor is lighted by a lamps spaced 10 m apart and suspended

at a height of 5 m above the centre line of the floor. If each lamp give 250 C.P. in all
directions below the horizontal, find the illumination at the point on the floor midway between the second and third lamps.
PROBLEM 10 The illumination at a point on a working plane directly below the
lamp is to be 100 lumens per square metre. The lamp gives 500 C.P. uniformly
below the horizontal plane. Determine the height at which the lamp is suspended.
Also find illumination at a point on the working table 1.5 metres away from the
vertical axis of the lamp.
ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING - PART-07
THREE PROBLEMS IN ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING
PROBLEM - 01 - Two similar, lamps having uniform intensity of 500 candle power in
all direction below the horizontal are mounted at a height of 4 metres. What must
be the maximum spacing between the lamps so that the illumination on the ground
midway between the lamps shall be at least one half the illumination directly under
the lamps.
PROBLEM - 02 - A 250 C.P. lamp is hung 4 metres above the centre of a circular area
of 5 metre diametre. Determine the illumination at the (i) Centre of area (ii)
Periphery of the area (iii) Average illumination. Also determine the average
illumination if reflector of 80% efficiency is used.
PROBLEM - 03 - A light is placed 3 metre above the ground and its candle power is
200 cos in any downward direction making an angle with the vertical. If P and Q
are two points on the ground, P being vertically under the light and the direction PQ
being 3 metre, calculate
(a) the illumination of the ground at P and at Q
(b) the total radiation sent down by the lamp.
ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING - PART-08
FIVE PROBLEMS USING VARIOUS FACTORS
PROBLEM 01 A room 10 m x 10 m is lighted by 15 lamps to provide a fairly
uniform illumination of 100 lumens per metre square. Calculate the coefficient of
utilization of the room, given that the output of each lamp is 1500 lumens.
PROBLEM 02 A workshop measuring 6 m x 30 m is illuminated by 10 lamps of
500 lumens per watt. Allowing depreciation factor of 0.7 and the coefficient of
utilization of 0.5, determine the illumination on the working plane.
PROBLEM 03 Determine the total lumens required and the wattage of lamps for a
room of size 10 m x 10 m having illumination of 150 lumens per metre square, total

number of lamps 10, utilization factor of 0.8 and depreciation factor of 1.2.
PROBLEM 04 An illumination on the working plane of 100 lux is required in a
room 72 m x 15 m in size. The utilization factor 0f 0.5 and lamp efficiency of 14
lumens per watt and candle power of depreciation of 20%. Determine, no of lamps
required.
PROBLEM 05 It is desired to flood light the front of a building 40 m wide and 15
m high. Illumination level = 75 lux, Assume U.F = 0.4 and D.F = 1.2 and waste light
factor (W.L.F) of 1.2. Calculate no of 1000 W lamp. A 1000 W lamp gives a luminous
efficiency of 20 lux.
ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING - PART-09
COLOUR TEMPERATURE AND COLOUR RENDERING
LIGHT SOURCES - The light we see can be divided into two categories: Light sources
and reflected light. The sources of light can then be looked at in two sub categories:
Natural light sources and artificial light sources. Both of these types of light sources
can either come from hot sources or from cool sources.
COLOR TEMPERATURE It describes the color appearance of the light source and
the light emitted from it. The color temperature of a light source is the temperature
of an ideal black-body radiator that radiates light of comparable hue to that of the
light source. The temperature is conventionally stated in units of absolute
temperature, known as Kelvin (K).
THE COLOR TEMPERATURE OF SUNLIGHT ABOVE THE ATMOSPHERE IS ABOUT 5,900
K.
Color temperatures over 5,000 K are called COOL COLORS (bluish white)
while lower color temperatures (2,7003,000 K) are called WARM COLORS (yellowish
white through red)]
WARM WHITE - Up to 3000 K, Produces calm, relaxing light for use in any room.
Perfect for use in bedrooms, living rooms, dining rooms and restaurants.
COOL WHITE - 3100 K-4500 K, Produces a friendly, inviting light for use in any room.
Ideal for use in basements, garages and work environments.
DAYLIGHT 4600 K-6500 K, Produces a crisp, vibrant light for use in any room.
Recommended for display areas, security lighting and garages.
COLOR RENDERING It describes how well the light renders colors in objects.
Color rendering, expressed as a rating from 0 to 100 on the Color Rendering Index
(CRI), describes how a light source makes the color of an object appear to human
eyes and how well subtle variations in color shades are revealed.

COLOR RENDERING INDEX The higher the CRI rating is, the better its color
rendering ability. Color rendering relates to the way objects appear under a given
light source. The measure is called the "color rendering index", or CRI.
A LOW CRI indicates than objects may appear unnatural under the source, while a
light with a HIGH CRI rating will allow an object's colors to appear more natural.
As for example, if a white light falls on a body of blue colour, it will absorb all
components of wavelengths of the white light except the wave length corresponding
to blue colour.
For lights with a "WARM" color temperature the reference point is an incandescent
light.
For lights with a COOL color temperature the reference is sunlight.
RESPONSIBILITY OF AN ILLUMINATION ENGINEER
1. Provide adequate visibility so that tasks can be performed with required
standards of speed and accuracy.
2. Provide lighting levels that will permit one to work with minimum effort.
3. Provide lighting conditions that will result in maximum safety and absence of
visual discomfort.
FACTORS GOVERNING THE ILLUMINANCE OF A VISUAL TASK
1. Kind of work: Very fine, fine, ordinary or rough
2. The period of time taken to carry out the work and the amount of artificial light.
3. Age of group of working person.
Indian Standards IS 3646 Part II 1966 have recommended the illuminance values
for various visual tasks.
TYPES OF LIGHTING
Lighting is one of the most flexible decorating tools, which can change a room for
different uses.
There are three main types of lighting, ambient, task, and accent.
AMBIENT LIGHTING
This type of lighting is sometimes called general lighting and is the bedrock of a
rooms lighting scheme. It is the lighting, which is used most of the time and
provides the overall level of light to a room.
Lamps, Ceiling Lights, Wall Lights, Track Lights and Recessed Lights are all types of
ambient light
TASK LIGHTING
This is lighting which enables you to complete various tasks safely and comfortably.
Kitchens and Bathrooms have clear requirements for task lighting. Also a study or
home office where you may want to read or write would require this type of lighting.
Lamps (e.g. angled lamps), track lights and spotlights are types of task light

ACCENT LIGHTING
This type of lighting is aimed to create drama and points of visual interest by
lighting features or objects in a room.
Spotlights, down lighters, track lights and lens type display lights are all types of
accent light.
ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING - PART-10
PRINCIPLE OF LIGHT CONTROL AND TYPES OF LIGHTING SCHEMES
When light falls on a surface, depending upon the nature of the surface, some
portion of light energy is reflected and the rest is absorbed.
TYPE OF REFLECTION
1. SPECULAR AND MIRROR REFLECTION In this reflection a beam of light is
reflected but not scattered, and unless the eye is placed in the path of the reflected
beam. The viewer unaware of the light. If his eye is placed in the path of the
reflected beam, he sees, not the illuminated surface but the light source.
EXAMPLES Highly polished metals and mirrors
2. DIFFUSE REFLECTION In this reflection the light is scattered in all directions, and
the viewer sees the illuminated surface, not the light source.
EXAMPLES Paper, frosted glass, chalk and plaster
PERFECTLY DIFFUSE If a surface that is uniformly illuminated by a beam of light
appears to be equally bright when viewed from all possible angles the reflection is
said to be perfectly diffuse.
MAT SURFACE A surface is almost free from specular or mirror reflection is called
as mat surface.
TYPES OF LIGHTING SCHEMES - The distribution of the light emitted by lamps
actually controlled to some extent by means of reflectors and translucent diffusing
screens, or even lenses.
[Translucent means allowing light to pass through diffusely]
1. DIRECT LIGHTING It is the most commonly used lighting. In this scheme 90% of
total flux is made to fall downward on the working plane with the help of deep
reflectors and the rest is fall upward.
It is mainly used in industrial and general lighting.
This method of lighting causes deep shadows and glare.
2. INDIRECT LIGHTING It is commonly used for decorative purposes. In this scheme
60 to 90% of total light flux is made to fall upward and the rest is fall downward with

the help of opaque reflectors fitted under the lamp.

It is mainly used in cinema theaters and hotels
This method lighting gives glare free light flux with only soft shadows.
3. SEMI-DIRECT LIGHTING In this scheme 60 to 90% of total light flux is made to
fall down wards directly with the help of semi-direct reflectors, and the rest is used
to illuminate the ceiling and walls.
This method glare is avoided by using diffusing globes, which is used to improve the
brightness towards the eye level and also to improve the lamp efficiency of the
system reference to the working surface.
It is mainly used to illuminate high ceilings where high level uniformly distributed
illumination is desirable.
4. SEMI-INDIRECT LIGHTING - In this scheme 60 to 90% of total light flux is thrown
upwards to the ceiling for diffuse reflection and the rest reaches the working plane.
This lighting scheme is with soft shadows and glare free.
It is mainly used in indoor decoration purposes.
5. GENERAL LIGHTING In this method bulb and its reflector are made of diffuse
glass, so as to give uniform illumination in all directions.
(a)WALL LIGHTS can provide a good General Light for the background illumination of
a room. As with Lamps and Ceiling Lights they can be sculptural, bold and
innovative and add to the overall decorative impact of a room.
Lampshades may suit certain fittings and reduce glare.
(b) CHANDELIERS, CEILING LIGHTS AND CEILING LANTERNS - These provide a good
General Light. Dimmers and lower-wattage bulbs can be used to reduce glare and
therefore enhance the decorative impact of the fitting.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD LIGHTING
1. The reflected used with the lamp should not be of a dark colour.
2. The source of light should not strike the eyes of the worker.
3. The light should come indirectly or by reflection.
4. The type and size of the lamp should be correct.
5. Locate the lamp at a proper place and then adjust it towards the job.
6. Keep the lamp clean as to maintain its efficiency.
ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING PART 11
LUMEN OR FLUX METHOD OF CALCULATION AND THREE PROBLEMS
LAMP EFFICIENCY - All electric energy applied to a lamp is not converted in luminous
flux. Some of energy is wasted in creation of heat and sound also. The ratio of
lamination energy to total applied energy is called illuminous efficiency of lamp.

LAMP EFFICACY The ratio of lumens emitted per watt of electricity connected by
the light source is different for different sources of lights which is given in
illumination engineers handbook. The ratio lumen/watt is called lamp efficacy.
LUMEN OR FLUX METHOD OF CALCULATIONS This method is widely used for
interior lighting design. This method is useful where the symmetry the layout of
light fittings ensures that the illumination at any point does not differ much from the
average value.
Average illumination E = Flux required on the working plane / Area of the working
plane
E = Flux output by each lamp x No. of lamps x U.F. x D.F / Area
STEPS OF LUMEN OR FLUX METHOD OF CALCULATIONS
1. Select a suitable type of lamp and fitting
2. Choose a mount-height above the working plane.
3. Layout of the lighting points is obtaining using suitable space-height ratio.
4. Choose suitable value of illumination for specific job.
5. Select multiplication factor (0.6 for dirty situation and 0.8 for dirty situation)
6. Calculate Room Index RI (RI for Rectangular area = (L x W) / [(l + W) x hm]
where, hm is the mounting height.
7. Calculate effective spacing height ratio.
8. Determine the required lamp flux.
9. Select a suitable size of lamp and number of lamp for each fitting.
PROBLEMS
1. A drawing hall 30 m x 15 m with a ceiling height of 5 m is to be provided with an
illumination of 120 lux. Taking the coefficient of utilization as 0.5 and the
depreciation factor as 1.4, determine the number of fluorescent tubes required,
their mounting height, spacing and disposition.
2. A drawing hall 36 m x 20 m is to be illuminated so as to get an illumination of 20
candles per square metre on a working plane. Assuming space-height ratio as 1.3,
mounting height as 3 m, utilization factor as 0.5, depreciation factor as 0.75 and 80
W tube light lamp efficacy as 40 lm/W. calculate the number of lamps, wattage of
each lamp and their disposition.
3. A reception hall 30 m long and 20 m wide is to be illuminated and illumination
required is 50 m-candle. Assume depreciation factor as 1.4 and utilization of
coefficient as 0.5, mounting height 5 m. Four types of lamps having lumens outputs
as given bellow are 100 W 1615 lm, 200 W 3650 lm, 300 W 4700 lm, 500 W
9950 lm. Calculate total number of lamps needed.

ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING - PART 12

FLOOD LIGHTING - IMPORTANT TERMS AND TWO PROBLEMS
FLOOD LIGHTING
An artificial light so directed or diffused as to give a comparatively uniform
illumination over a rather large given area.
Floodlights are broad-beamed, high-intensity artificial lights.
They are often used to illuminate outdoor playing fields while an outdoor sports
event is being held during low-light conditions.
More focused kinds are often used as a stage lighting instrument in live
performances such as concerts and plays.
Flood lighting is the use of high-powered light bulbs to illuminate a large, outdoor
space.
It is very common to use flood lighting to accentuate the architectural features of a
historical or impressive building.
The use of flood lights enhances the details of the building.
The dimensions of the building determine the physical size of the lighting unit.
To illuminate a very tall building, the lighting unit must be large enough to project
the level of light required.
In general, the unit should be placed at least 75% of the building height away from
the base of the building.
Sign lighting often requires more than one flood light.
These units should be installed equidistant from each other and centered on the
sign. A standard rule of thumb is that the lights should be less than half the distance
from the base of the sign apart from each other.
General area lighting is used for security and sporting events.
These lights are usually installed on the top of very tall poles to illuminate a large
area.
IMPORTANT TERMS IN FLOOD LIGHTING
BEAM LUMENS
The luminous flux contained within the beam as defined in beam angle.
It is usually taken as 25 to 30 percent of the lamp lumens.
No. of flood light required = Average illumination x Area / Beam angle
BEAM ANGLE
The angle within which the diversity of illumination produced on a surface or right
angles to the beam does not exceed 10 to 1.
For symmetric flood lights there will be two beam angles, one in elevation and
another in azimuth (The azimuth of a celestial body is the angle between the
vertical plane containing it and the plane of the meridian).
BEAM FACTOR (OR) COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION

It is defined as the ratio of beam lumens to the lamp lumens.

Its value is 0.3 and 0.5.
DEPRECIATION FACTOR
Due to dirt and dust on projector surface, the effectiveness of the projector produce
from 50% to 100% and hence more light should be provided than is theoretically
required so that illumination should be adequate.
WASTE LIGHT FACTOR
When several flood lights are illuminating a surface, there is bound to be some
amount of overlap and also some of the light will fall beyond the edge of the area to
be illuminated.
Waster light factor has a value of 1.2 for rectangular areas and 1.5 for irregular
areas such as monuments or statues.
FLOOD LIGHTING CALCULATIONS
STEP ONE The illumination level lux required - Depends upon the type of building,
the purpose of the flood lighting.
STEP TWO Selection of type of projector.
CLASSIFICATION OF PROJECTORS
1. Narrow beam projectors with beam spread between 12 and 25 degree
[Used for distance beyond 70 metres]
2. Medium angle Projectors with beam spread between 25 and 40 degree.
[Used for distance between 30 70 metres]
3. Wide angle Projectors with beam spread between 40 and 90 degree.
[Used for below 30 metres]
STEP THREE The number projectors required is obtained from the following
relation.
N = (Area of surface to be illuminated x Illumination x depreciation factor x waste
light factor)/( Beam factor x wattage of lamp x luminous efficacy of lamp)
PROBLEM 01 The front of a building 50m x 25m is to be illuminated by twenty
five thousand 1000W lamps are arranged so that uniform illumination is obtained.
Determine the illumination on the surface.
Assume - waste light factor = 1.2, Depreciation factor = 1.3, Utilization factor = 0.4
and luminous efficacy of 1000W lamp = 18 lumen per watt.
PROBLEM 02 The front of a building 100m x 15m is to be illuminated 100 lumens
per square metre on the surface by flood light projectors of 1000W lamps arranged
to get a uniform illumination. Determine the number of projectors required.
Assume - waste light factor = 1.2, Depreciation factor = 1.3, Utilization factor = 0.2
and luminous efficacy of 1000W lamp = 18 lumen per watt.

ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING - PART -13

THUMB RULES OF FACADE, SIGN, FLAG, GENERAL AREA AND MONUMENT LIGHTING
TYPES OF FLOOD LIGHTING APPLICATIONS
1. Facade (the face or front of a building) lighting
2. Sign (a public display of a message) lighting
3. Flag lighting
4. General area lighting and
5. Monument lighting
FACADE LIGHTING - When lighting building facades with ground-mounted
floodlights, three factors are to be considered.
1. Setback distance Distance between the building and the floodlight projector.
The recommended setback is 3/4 times the building height.
If a building is 40 feet tall, the recommended setback is 30 feet from the building.
2. Spacing Distance between floodlight projectors
The rule of thumb for spacing floodlights is not to exceed two times the setback
distance.
3. Aiming distance Distance aimed for flood lighting the front side of the building
The floodlight should be aimed at least 2/3 the height of the building.
After installation is complete, aiming can be adjusted to produce the best
appearance. Mounting a full or upper visor to the floodlight can reduce unwanted
spill light.
SIGN LIGHTING - When lighting a sign with ground-mounted floodlights, three
factors to be considered.
1. Setback distance - Distance between the building and the floodlight projector.
When using ground-mounted floodlights to light a sign, the recommended setback is
a distance equal to 3/4 the sign height.
Locating the floodlight closer will sacrifice uniformity while setting it farther back
will result in a loss of efficiency.
2. Spacing - Distance between floodlight projectors
The rule of thumb for spacing floodlights is not to exceed two times the setback
distance.
3. Aiming distance - Distance aimed for flood lighting the front side of the building
The floodlight should be aimed at least 2/3 up the sign.
After installation is complete, aiming can be adjusted to produce the best
appearance. Mounting a full or upper visor to the floodlight can reduce the
unwanted glare.
FLAG LIGHTING - Ground-mounted floodlights are often used to provide illumination
for flags.
The most important factors to be considered are: Wattage, Distribution, Setback,
Spacing, Aiming, Fixtures.
Depending on pole height, flag size, and ambient light levels, the wattage of lamp
used in the lighting fixture should be carefully considered when choosing the
appropriate fixture for your flag lighting application.
1. Setback distance - Distance between the building and the floodlight projector

The recommended setback for lighting a flag is 1/3 times the pole height.
GENERAL LIGHTING - Pole mounted floodlights are commonly used for general area
lighting applications such as parking lots and storage yards.
The factors to be considered are mounting height, spacing distance, vertical aiming
and horizontal aiming.
1. Mounting Height - It is the height of the lamp to be fixed at the top of the pole
The recommended mounting height is one half the distance across the area to be
lighted.
2. Spacing distance - Distance between the two poles
When more than one pole is added, pole placement is a concern.
The "4 times" rule of thumb for spacing indicates that a pole should be placed four
times the mounting height from the adjacent poles.
Pole Spacing = 4 x mounting height [4 (20 ft. pole) = 80 feet between poles]
3. Vertical Aiming
A single floodlight uses the two-thirds rule of thumb for vertical aiming.
The fixture is aimed 2/3 of the distance across the area to be lighted and at least 30
degrees below horizontal.
Additionally, to minimize glare, the recommended aiming point distance should
never exceed twice the mounting height.
4. Horizontal Aiming
When an additional floodlight is added to a single pole, horizontal aiming also must
be considered.
First, each floodlight should be vertically aimed according to the two-thirds rule
above.
ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING - PART 14
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ILLLUMINANCE AND LUMINANCE AND THREE PROBLEMS IN
FLOODLIGHTING DESIGN
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ILLUMINANCE AND LUMINANCE
ILLUMINANCE OR ILLUMINATION (E) is the measure of light falling on a surface
(lumens per square metre or lux)
E is measured by the units fc (lx) ; fc being the symbol for foot candles and (lx) the
symbol for lux in the International System (SI).
LUMINANCE OR BRIGHTNESS (B) is measured by the units fL(cd/m2); fL being the
symbol for foot Lamberts and (cd/m2) the symbol for candela per square meter.
Luminance refers to light reflected from it or emitted by it (candela per square
metre or alternatively a possible illuminance x reflection factor).
LUMINAIRE is the name given to a complete light source and the light fixture.
REFLECTION FACTOR
In case of diffused reflecting surface the brightness or luminance gets reduced by

an amount known as reflection factor.

Reflection Factor (R.F) is the ratio of reflected luminous flux to total incidental
luminous flux.
Brightness (B) = [Reflection factor x Illumination (E)]/ in cd/sq.metre.
Reflection factor = [ x B] / E
PROBLEM 01
A building measuring 40 m x 25 m is to be floodlit on the front side with brightness
of 25 lumens per sq. metre. Coefficient of reflection of building surface is 0.25.
Lamps of 500 W having lumens output of 8000 each are used. Assuming beam
factor as 0.6, waste light factor 1.2 and maintenance factor as 0.75, determine the
number of lamps required.
PROBLEM 02
It is desired to flood-light the front of the building 40 m wide and 15 m high.
Projector of 1000-W lamps giving 20 lumen/watt are available. If the desired level of
illumination is 75 lm/sq. metre and if the projectors are to be located at ground level
12 m away, design and show a suitable scheme.
Assume the following Coefficient of utilization is 0.4, depreciation factor is 1.3 and
waste light factor is 1.2.
PROBLEM 03
Estimate the number of 1000-W floodlight projectors required to illuminate the
upper 75 m of one face of the 95 m tower of width 15 m if approximate initial
average luminance is to be 6.85 cd/sq.metre. The projectors are mounted at ground
level 50 m away from base of the tower. Utilization factor is 0.2, reflection factor of
wall is 25% and efficacy of 1000-W lamp is 18 lm/watt.
ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING - PART 15 ROAD AND STREET LIGHTING
ROAD
A general term denoting any public way for purposes of vehicular traffic.
TYPES OF ROAD
1. Ring road A road an urban area enabling traffic to avoid going to urban centre.
2. Radial road A road providing direct communication between the centre of an
urban area and outer districts.
3. Collector Road A link between the radial or ring roads and the local distribution
access streets.
4. Trunk Road A main route in the through communication system of a country.
5. Express Road A road has no stopping and parking areas.
6. All-purpose Road Road usable by all traffic including pedestrians and cyclists.
Used for to distinguish other roads from motor ways.
STREET, ALLEY, AVENUE AND BOULEVARD ALL REFER TO PUBLIC WAYS OR ROADS

IN MUNICIPAL AREAS.
STREET is a round which has become partly or wholly defined by buildings along
one or both.
[OR]
A STREET is a road in a village, town, or city, especially a road lined with buildings.
ALLEY is a narrow street or foot way, especially at the rear of or between rows of
buildings or lots.
AVENUE is properly a prominent street, often one bordered by fine residences and
impressive buildings, or with a row of trees on each side.
(iii) A BOULEVARD is a beautiful, broad street, lined with rows of stately trees,
especially used as a promenade (a public area set aside as a pedestrian walk).
TYPES OF STREET
RESIDENTIAL STREET
Street with the majority of frontages comprising private houses.
SHOPPING STREET
Street with frontage comprising a high proportion of shops or other premises which
may be lit at night and with heavy pedestrian.
COMMERCIAL STREET
Street with frontage comprising a high proportion of commercial high proportion of
commercial premises usually unlit at night and with a high proportion of heavy
goods vehicles in the traffic stream.
WAY
A line leading to a place or point
TYPES OF WAYS
1. HIGH WAY A way for the passage of vehicular traffic over which such traffic way
may lawfully pass.
2. CARRIAGE WAY That portion of high way intended primarily for vehicular traffic.
3. DUAL CARRIAGE WAY A layout of the separated carriage ways, each reserved
for traffic in one direction only.
4. FOOT WAY The portion of a road reserved exclusively for pedestrians.
STREET LIGHTING
Street lighting is intended to create an environment at nighttime in which people
can see comfortably and can quickly and accurately identify objects on traveled
roadways. Street lighting can improve, safeguard, facilitate, and encourage
vehicular and pedestrian traffic.

OBJECTIVES OF STREET LIGHTING

1. Good outdoor lighting can create and encourage a pedestrian friendly
environment, which is especially beneficial to neighborhood business districts.
2. Pedestrian lighting improves walkway illumination for pedestrian traffic and
enhances community safety and business exposure.
3. Lighting for pedestrians is especially important along Main Streets, Mixed Use
Streets and Local Connectors, and in other locations where the land use supports
large volumes of pedestrians and vehicles.
AVERAGE RECOMMENDED ILLUMINANCE
Outdoor average sunlight ranges from 32 000 to 100 000 lux
Warehouse aisles (a long narrow passage) are lit to approximately 100-200 lux
A bright office requires about 400 lux of illumination
At sunset and sunrise (with a clear sky), ambient outdoor light is also about 400 lux
Building corridors can be lit adequately at around 100 lux
Moonlight represents about 1 lux.
TYPES LAMPS USED IN STREET LIGHTING
1. INCANDESCENT BULB
A 100 W Incandescent bulb for general task lighting applications: 1700 lumens
output
and its efficacy is 17 lumens/watt
2. FLUORESCENT LAMP
A 40 W Fluorescent tube for highly suitable for downtown areas and parking lots
and office ceiling lighting - 1600 lumens output and its and its lamp efficacy is 50
lumens/watt
3. HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LAMP
A 150 W High pressure sodium bulb for street/area lighting - 12000 lumens output
and its efficacy is 80 lumens/watt
4. HALIDE LAMP
A 400 W Metal Halide lamp - for high bay warehouse lighting: 38000 lumens output
and its efficacy is 95 lumens/watt
THE LIGHT OUTPUT RATIO OF A LIGHT FITTING
This term is defined as the ratio of the total amount of light output of a light fitting
(containing a lamp) to that of just the bare lamp.
When the lamp is placed in a fitting losses of light will occur this is because with
most artificial light sources on the market light is radiated in all directions.
LUMEN DEPRECIATION OF THE LIGHT SOURCE

Lumen depreciation is a process of the gradual decline in light output that is

observed from most light sources over time due to gradual filament or electrode
deterioration and blackening of the lamp.