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[1-2,17-19]
DHDS(35+bar
pressure)
DHDT(85+bar
pressure)
Hydrocracker
Purpose
Hydrotreating
[1-2]
Remove hetero atoms and saturate carboncarbon bonds Sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and
metals removedOlefinic & aromatic bonds
saturated
Minimal cracking
Hydrocracking
50%+ conversion
Products
gasoline
more
Hydroprocessing Trends
for
diesel
than
[1-2,17-18]
appropriate
increase dramatically
[17-20]
Catalystic Reformer
FCCU Offgas
Cryogenic
Membrane separation
Steam-Methane Reforming
Synthesis Gas
Sources of Hydrogen
[1-2,15-16]
Catalytic Reformer
FCCU Offgas
Cryogenic
Membrane separation
Steam-Methane Reforming
Synthesis Gas
Shift Conversion.Exothermic
reaction 650C
fixed
bed
catalystic
Table:6.6
[1-2,17-20]
Reformate Splitter
Separation
light
cut
reformate
Isomerisation
Continuos
catalystic
Reforming
Octane increase
FCC
Spiltter
of Benzene rich
from
rest
of
Selective
desulpurisation
Sulphur reduction
Hydroprocessing Catalysts
Hydrotreating
molybdenum:
saturation
removal
&
aromatic
Hydrocracking
Hydrodesulfurization
nitrogen
[1-2,31-33]
Sulfur
Hydrogen Consumption
[1-2,12-16]
cat
1 lb/bbl
Recycle hydrogen
Purge hydrogen
[1-2,12-16]
[1-2,12-16]
Bottom to reformer
Hyrdoprocessing Basics
[1-2,12-16,31-33]
What is Hydroprocessing
[1-2,31-35]
Hydrotreating
Hydrotreating
[1-2,30-35]
Catalystic
Hydrogenation
process
contaminats(S,N,O) to upgrade fuel
negligible effect on their boiling range
Hydrotreating
[1-2,30-35]
to
remove
quality with
Sulphur
sulfides
is
naphtha
Mercaptans(Thiols)
and
Pyridines and
componds
Pyyroles
are
[1-2,30-35]
nitrogen
containing
[1-2,30-35]
[1-2,30-35]
catalyst activity
Increasing
pressure
pressure
and
the
hydrogenation
increases
increases
hydrogen partial
the
severity
of
Recycle Hydrogen
Requires high concentration of hydrogen reactor outlet
Pure Hydrogen
Increases severity
Naphtha Hydrotreating
[1-2,24,30-35]
[1-2,30-35]
for
slurry
reaction
based
Table:6.7
Reaction Chemistry-Indicative
Quality Changes
Boili
Reacti Hydro Dens ng Cetan
on
gen
ity Poin
e
t
moles
kg/
m3
Num
ber
1-2
-40
16.5
+10
1-2-3
-110
-28
+45
1-2-4
-90
16.5
+30
Good Distributors
Leading to
Higher throughput
Increase conversion
[1-2,30-35]
[1-2,30-35]
Distillate Hydrotreating
[1-2,30-35]
Saturation of
improvement
diesel
for
cetane
number
[1-2,30-35]
[1-2,30-35]
Hydrocracking Trends
[1-2,30-35]
Hydrogen
reduced
aromatics(PNAs)
Feedstock selection is
determination of CCR
to
much
hydrogenate
more
polynuclear
sophisticated
Distribution of aromatic,naphthenic
structure is important
and
and
than
paraffinic
Hydrocracking Feeds
Typical Feeds
Aromatic
yield
of
jet
Residue Hydrotreating
[1-2,30-35]
[1-2,30-35]
Unionfining
Fixed bed catalysic process developed by UOP
Adopted for diesel Hydro-desulphurization
Key Features
Hydrogen is consumed
Heat is released
[1-2,30-35]
[1-2,30-35]
Reactor temperature
The reactor
parameter
temperature
is
most
vital
more
control
hetero
Higher
S
content
in
feed
requires
severity,H2 consumption and H2S reaction
H2 Partial Pressure
more
[1-2,30-35]
increases
rate
of
coke
Hazards of Hydrogen
Hydrogen gas is colorless and odorless and not detectable by
human senses
[1-2,13-16,30-35]
Properties of Hydrogen
What Is Hydrogen?
Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, flammable
nontoxic gas. It is the lightest of all gases, with a specific
gravity of 0.0695. The hydrogen content of atmospheric air
at sea level is 0.5 ppm. Hydrogen has two isomers (forms):
ortho-hydrogen, in which the two atomic nuclei spin in the
same direction; and para-hydrogen, in which they spin in
opposite directions. There is no difference in the chemical
properties of the two forms of hydrogen, but there are slight
differences in physical properties. Gaseous hydrogen is a
mixture of 75% ortho-hydrogen and 25% para-hydrogen at
room temperature; this mixture is called normal hydrogen
(CGA G5 1991).
Hydrogen Has Unique Properties
[1-2,13-16]
Hydrogen is flammable
concentrations.
over
wide
range
of
[13-16]
Flammability
Hydrogen burns with a nearly invisible bluish flame, unless it
is contaminated with impurities, in which case a pale-yellow
flame is easily visible in the dark. The temperature of burning
hydrogen in air is high 2050 oC (3,713 oF), as compared with
1250 oC (2,276 oF) for gasoline), and warm hydrogen gas
rises rapidly because of its buoyancy. Hydrogen forms a
flammable mixture over a wide range of concentrations in air
and requires a minimum ignition source, only one-tenth of
the energy required for gasoline vapors. It is the combination
of these factors that contributes to the flammability hazard
associated with hydrogen gas. (See the table below for a
summary of the physical properties of hydrogen.)
Embrittlement
Because of its small molecular size, hydrogen can easily pass
through porous materials and is capable of being absorbed
by some containment materials, which can result in loss of
ductility or embrittlement. At elevated temperatures, this
process is accelerated. Because of the possibility of hydrogen
embrittlement of some materials, piping and component
materials that are not subject to this form of degradation
should be selected.Recommended materials include 300-
and
Table:6.8
Physical Properties and Characteristics of Hydrogen
Property/Characteristic
Values(approximate)
Color
None
Odor
None
Toxicity
Nontoxic
Density/Liquid(boiling point)
Boiling Point(1atm)
-423.2 F (-252.9C)
-400.4 F(-240.2C)
29 vol %
4-75 vol %
18-60 vol %
20 uj
Autoignition temperature
1,085 F(585 C)
Volume Expansion
Liquid(-252.9C) to gas (-252.9C)
gas(from -252.9C to 20 C)
1:16
1:848
1:53
[13-16,36]
Flammability Limits
Hydrogen
Propane
LFL
4.1%
2.1%
UFL
75%
9.5%
Explosive Limits
LEF
18.3
UEL
59
Oxygen
39MPH
10MPH
Propane
400
450
References
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B.K.B.(1990).
Modern
Petroleum
Refining
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