S.E.

Exam Review
Timber Design

Mark McGinley
502.852.4068
m.mcginley@louisville.edu

Distribution of the webinar materials outside of your site is prohibited. Reproduction of the materials and pictures without a written
permission of the copyright holder is a violation of the U.S. law

Any timber design experience?

courses or design
Timber Experience-Via Chat-How
many at site have
A. Little or None
B. A Short course and/or a little design
C. Design simple buildings/elements
D. Design timber routinely
E. Design timber in sleep a timber wizetc.
2

NCEES GUIDE
1. Vertical Forces Exam Friday Breadth
Wood - 4 out of 40 questions - Sawn beams, Gluelaminated beams, Columns, Engineered lumber,
Bearing walls Trusses, Bolted, nailed, and screwed
connection.
2. Vertical Forces Exam Friday Depth
4-1 hour problems will include a Wood Structure.
3. Lateral Forces Exam- Sat. Breadth
Wood - 3 out of 40 -Shear Walls, Plywood Diaphragms
and Sub-diaphragms.
4. Lateral Forces Exam Sat. Depth
4-1 hour problems may include a Timber Structure.
Focus on the Red topics Use ASD
3

1.

Presentation Outline
Table of Contents

Review basics and Code Documents

Loads -Design Methods (Slides 4- 13)
2. Beams and Girder Design Timber and
Glulams (Slides 14- 65)
3. Wood Column design Timber Glulam
Beam Columns (Slides 66- 79)
4. Shear walls and Diaphragms (Slides
80- 91)
4

As Per NCEES use the NDS -2012

ASD/LRFD STANDARD
Assume you have
access to NDS and
Commentary

As Per NCEES use the NDS -2012

ASD/LRFD STANDARD
Assume you have
access to NDS
Supplement
By the away there
are addendums to
the Supplement
Southern Pine
Allowable Stress
and E adjusted Table 1 C and 1 D
are corrected

As Per NCEES use the AWCSDPWS 2008 STANDARD

Assume you have
access to AWC SDPWS

As Per NCEES use the NDS -2012

ASD/LRFD STANDARD
Also recommend
manual

Wood Design Methods

Generally 3 methods used
Prescriptive for conventional construction

limited to typical residential construction

span and height tables NOT ADDRESSED
Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Engineered
most common historically [f Adjusted F]In NDS (National Design Standard)
Load Resistance Factor Design- (LRFD) Newer What I normally teach but to keep
it simple I am presenting ASD.
9

ASD Load Combinations IBC 2012

/ASCE 7-10

D +F
D + H+ F+L
D + H +F+(Lr or S or R)
D +H+F+0.75(L) + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
D +H+F+(0.6W or 0.7E)
D +H+F+0.75(0.6W or 0.7E) + 0.75L+0.75(Lr or S or R)
D +H+F+0.75(0.7E) + 0.75L+0.75(S)
0.6D +0.6W + H
0.6(D+F) +H + 0.7E
10

11

12

13

WOOD SYSTEMS AND

ELEMENTS
TWO BASIC TYPES OF SYSTEMS
LIGHT TIMBER SYSTEMS

Plywood
Joists Sawn timber or EWP
Beams - Sawn timber or EWP
Stud Walls
Posts columns Pipe columns
14

LIGHT TIMBER SYSTEMS

Sawn Timber
Floor Joists

Sawn Timber
Stud Walls
15

LIGHT TIMBER SYSTEMS

Sawn Timber
Trusses and other
engineered products
substituted for
roof/floor joists and
beams Also HeavyUsually design using
load tables

16

WOOD SYSTEMS AND

ELEMENTS
HEAVY TIMBER SYSTEM
(POST AND BEAMS)
Planks
Glu-laminated beams and
girders (sometimes Sawn
Timber)
Glu-laminated columns or
posts
17

Wood Beams Flexural Design

General - Under flexure only
Check Bending Capacity (fbFbASD)
Under Service Level Loads
Check Shear Capacity (fvFvASD)
Under Service Level Loads
Check Deflections (max max allowed)
Under Service Level Live Loads
18

Wood Design Guess and Check

Get basic layout then
1. Determine span and spacing
2. Determine Load max unfactored
Shear and Moment.
3. Select size/species to ensure fbmax
and fvmax FbASD and FVASD. (adjusted
Allowables)

4. Check deflect. resize or reduce

spacing or span if needed.
19

Examples for Sawn Timber

5/8" Ply wood sheathing
2 x 10 wood joists @ 16" OC Assume braced by sheathing

12'-0"

12'-0"

48'-0"

12'-0"

12'-0"

(3) 2 x 10 Built up Beams ?

16'-0"
From Calculations -

16'-0"

16'-0"

16'-0"

16'-0"

Dead Load including joist weight and partitions

Live Load

= 12 psf
= 40 psf

20

Example Sawn Timber Beam

Design Joists max span 12 ft
Live Load = 40x 16/12= 53.3 lb/ft
Dead Load = 12 x 16/12 = 16 lb/ft
Max moment = 69.3(12)2/8= 1247.4 lb.ft
Now either guess at size of joist or wood
species and grade
Try a 2 x 10 S= 1.5(9.25)2/6= 21.4 in3
A = 1.5 x 9.25 = 13.9 in2
See Tables in NDS Supplement - Next
21

Look at the
NDS
Supplement

22

23

Check Bending - ASD

Sawn Timber Design Equation
fbmax = Mmax/S Fb

Fb = Fb CDCM Ct CL CF Cfu Ci Cr
Fb is from the Tables depending on
species, grades, size, grading rules
etc. - See Supplement

24

Bending
CM = Tables (4 A,B,C.D,E,F)- See Supplement
= 0.85 or 1.0 for visually graded sawn timber
4A (2or4) or 4D (5x5 or larger) (when EMC >19%
for extended time)
Note CM = 1.0 if (Fb CF) 1150 psi
o
Ct = 1.0 for T 100 F (2.3.3 in code)

25

26

Fb

CF= For SAWN TIMBER

27

Fb
Cfu = Flat use factor -When lumber is turned flat

Ci = Incising factor when dimension lumber is

grooved >0.4 & up to 3/8 long density 1100/ft2
Then Ci = 0.8 For Fb, Ft, Fc, Fv
For E and Emin Ci = .95 For all other cond. Ci = 1
28

Fb
Cr = repetitive member factor must have at least
three members, 2-4 thick member spaced up 2
apart and joined by other members such as floors
then = 1.15, other wise = 1.0.
CD = Duration
Factor - see
Appendix B
Use shortest
for a given
load combo.
29

Bending
CL = Stability factor (braced vs.unbraced beams)
See Spec 3.3.3 CL = 1.0 if braced, blocked, or
near square. See requirements of Section 4.4.1
for sawn timber only

1.2 E ' min

FbE =
RB2

30

31

Fb
Fb Values
listed in
Supplement
for varies
species and
grades of
lumber

32

Fb choose from table

33

For the Sawn Timber Beam (joist) Example

FbASD req=M/S=(1247.1/21.4 in3)12= 699 psi

FbASD = CDCM Ct CL CF Cfu Ci Cr Fb

Dry service, normal temps, no incisions Ct=Cm=Ci=1.0

Braced by sheathing so CL = 1.0,
on edge Cfu= 1.0,
(D+L) load CD=1.0
Multiple member so Cr = 1.15,
CF = 1.1 for #1-3 for 2 width
So Fb must be 699/1.15(1.1)
= 553 psi
Choose a species and grade with
Fb 553psi
34

Fb choose from Table 4A

35

Example Sawn Timber Beam

A No 1 or 2 SPF 2 x 10 would work
Fb= 875 psi > 533 (Fb required)
LOOK AT SHEAR DESIGN FOR SAWN
TIMBER BEAMS

36

Shear Design-Sawn timber

fv Fv

fv=VQ/Ib & For rectangular cross

sections
fvmax = 1.5 (V/A)

FvASD = CDCM Ct Ci Fv
CM = 0.97 for shear wet service= 1.0
for dry service
The rest is the same for bending
37

Shear Design
Can reduce
shear and
design for
shear at d
from supports
If notched - look to Section 3.4.3 for
certain conditions or use mechanics
38

For Sawn Timber Beam (joist)

Example
fvmax = 1.5 V/A = (1.5 (69.3)(12)/2)(1/13.9)= 44.9psi
Only CD, Cm and Ct - all = 1.0
SPF (any grade) has a FvASD = 135 psi

FvASD = CDCM Ct Ci Fv=1(1)1(1)(135) = 135

OK in Shear 135 > 44.9

Note should add the weight of the joist and recheck stresses by inspection OK
39

Deflections

Service Level Loads Deflection

Limit live load deflections to L/360 or L/240
-Long term effects creep-

40

Sawn Timber Joist Example

2 x 10 wood joists @ 16" OC Assume braced by sheathing

12'-0"

12'-0"

48'-0"

12'-0"

12'-0"

(3) 2 x 10 Built up Beams ?

16'-0"
From Calculations -

16'-0"

16'-0"

16'-0"

16'-0"

Dead Load including joist weight and partitions

Live Load

= 12 psf
= 40 psf

41

Example Sawn Timber Joist

Check Deflections-only short term (2 x 10)
I = 1.5(9.25)3/12= 98.9 in4 WL=1.33(40) = 53.3 lb/ft
max = 5(53.3)(12)4(12)3/[384(510,000)98.9]=0.49
= L/292 WHATS WRONG WITH THIS?
Use 2x10 x 16 OC SPF No 2 or better

42

E from Table 4A for light members

43

Example Sawn Timber Joist

Check Deflections-only short term
I = 1.5(9.25)3/12= 98.9 in4
max = 5(53.3)(12)4(12)3/[384(1400000)98.9]=0.17
= L/801 Less than L/360 or L/480 OK
Use 2x10 x 16 OC SPF No 2 or better

44

Heavy Timber Beam Design

The same design procedures as before for

Sawn Timber but use Table 4D for heavy

timbers to get some Factors and reference
stresses (Fb, Fv, etc.)
Heavy Timbers are usually Glulams Glulam
beams designed essentially the same but again
some Adjustment Factors are different from
sawn timber
Also reference stresses and sections are
different Tables 5A,B,C,D
45

Glued Laminated Timbers

Glued-Laminated Timbers are
made up of wood laminations,
or "lams" that are face
bonded (glued) together with
waterproof adhesives.
The grain of all laminations
run parallel with the length of
the member. Lams are
typically less than 2" inches
thick.
Glulam range in net widths
from 2 1/2 to 10 3/4 inches,
although nearly any member
width can be produced.
46

47

Design Properties of Glulam

Bending members are specified w.r.t.

maximum allowable bending stress.

For example, a 24F has allowable
bending stress of 2400 psi. & 26F an
allowable bending stress of 2600 psi.
Various layups are used -an
unbalanced 24F layup using visually
graded Douglas-fir lumber, - is a 24FV4. The "V" indicates visually graded
lumber. A 24F-E4 indicates
mechanical graded lumber.
48

Glulam Sizes for Western Species and Southern Pine

shown in Supplement (Addendum)

49

50

Cv = Volume factor

51

52

Table 5 A

53

54

55

GLUMLAMS

Table 5C is for Hardwood Glulams

loaded Primarily in Bending

Table 5D is for Hardwood Glulams
loaded Primarily in Axial Tension or
Compression

56

WOOD DESIGN EXAMPLE 2

From Previous Prelim. Design

20'-0"

20'-0"

Plan

HEAVY WOOD SYSTEM ALTERNATIVE 1

Glulam Girders 40 ft
Medium to heavy loads
span 24 " Deep pg 61

20'-0"

COLUMNS
10 x 10 posts

40'-0"

40'-0"

Glulam Beams @ 10' Centers

Light to Medium loads,
20' span ,13.5 " deep Pg61

Planks 10 ft span 3 or 4" thick

pg 51 light to medium loads
DESIGN LOAD =40 Live load psf and 20 psf Dead (not including girder wts.)

57

Example Exterior Glulam Girder

Use Trib. width and Uniform Load Analysis
Live Load = 40x 10= 400 lb/ft
Dead Load = 20 x 10 = 200 lb/ft
Max moment = 600(40)2/8= 120,000 lb.ft
Now either guess at size of Girder or wood
species and grade
Try a 6.75 x 39, Glulam S=1711 in3,
A = 263.3 in2 weight ~ 65 lb/ft
58

Example Glulam Girder

FbASD req=M/S=(133000/1711 in3)12= 932 psi
FbASD = CDCM Ct CL (or CV) Cfu Cc Fb
Dry service, normal temps, no curvature not on flat
Cfu=Ct=CM=Cc=1.0
UnBraced length Table 3.3.3
Simple span beam - Le =1.54 x (Lu= 10) = 15.4
concentrated loads and bracing at points or = 2.06
Le =20.6 for uniform loads braces at supports
Use Le=20.6 Check Slenderness Ratio=RB = [Led/b2]1/2
RB= [20.6(12) 39/6.752]1/2 = 14.55 < 50 (limit)
59

Example Glulam Beam

FbE=1.2Emin/RB2
Guess 16F-1.3 E (16F-V6) - From Table 5A Emin = 850,000
Fbx = 1600
so
F*b = 1600 psi
FbE = 1.2(850000)/(14.55)2 = 4818 psi
CL = (1+FbE/F*b)/1.9-[[(1+FbE/F*b)/1.9]2-(FbE/F*b)/0.95]1/2
= 0.977
Check Cv = (21/L)1/x(12/d)1/x(5.125/b)1/x <1.0
X = 10 for all but southern pine
L in ft and d an b in inches
Cv= (21/40)1/10(12/39)1/10(5.125/6.75)1/10 =.811 < CL Gov.
60

Table 5 A

61

Example Glulam Girder

FbASD = 0.811 x 1600 = 1297 > 932 psi
OK in bending
Check Shear
fvmax = 1.5(V/A) =(1.5)(665(40)/2)/263.3 = 75.8 psi
FvASD= Only CD, Cm and Ct = 1.0 all
16F-1.3 E (16FV6) Fv = 265(1x1x1) = 265 psi > 75.8
OK in Shear
62

Example Glulam Girder

Check Deflections-only short term
I = 33370 in4 (Table1C)
max =
5(400)(40)4(12)3/[384(1,600,000)33370]=0.43
= L/1112 OK for L/360

Use 6.75 x 39 16F-1.3 E (16FV6) Glulam

63

What would change in the girder

design if the deck was assumed to
fully brace the Girder?
Possible AnswersA. The CL factor would change and the girder
capacity would increase.
B. The CL factor would change and the girder
capacity would decrease.
C. The Cv factor would change and the girder
capacity would decrease.
D. The CL factor would change and the girder
capacity would not change.
64

Possible Breadth Exam Problems

a) Given a loading and span select grade of
lumber of a given size (or given grade select
size) to resist load. Beam Ex 1or2 just use
size given.
b) Given a beam what is the maximum load that
can be applied - smaller of that given by
moment, shear or deflection check. Beam Ex
1 or 2 -just use size given and check
flexure, etc.
c) Given a beam find max. moment capacity or
shear capacity, etc. Beam Ex 1 or 2 just use
size given and check flexure, etc.
65

Compression Loading

Compression parallel to
grain usually columns
Compression
perpendicular to the
grain usually bearing

66

Compression Parallel to Grain

fc=Pcap/An FcASD
FcASD = Fc x CD x Cm x Ct x Cp x *
CD, Cm , Ct as with bending
*Ci, and CF are also applied for

sawn timber as with bending

67

Compression Parallel to Grain

Code classifies three column

types Solid, Spaced or Built-up

68

Compression Parallel to Grain

(

1
/
/
+
F
F
F
F
c
c
c
cE
cE

2c
c

F *c = Adjusted allowable except C p

1 + FcE / F
Cp =
2c

0.822 E 'min
FcE =
2
(le / d )

c = .8 sawn timber, .9 for glulams

largest l e /d governs = and must not exceed 50 , l e = K e l

App. G Suggests
Ke pin-pin = 1.0 And Ke Fixed -fixed = 0.65

69

Spaced Columns
FcE =

0.822 K X E 'min
(le / d )2

c = .8 sawn timber, .9 for glulams

largest l/d governs = and must not exceed 50 or 40 see Section 15.2,
k x = 2.5 for condition a and 3.0 for condition b
le = K l
Note that split ring systems must provide capacity as defined in 15.2

70

Built-up
Columns
(

*
1 + FcE / F *c
FcE / F *c
1 + FcE / F c
Cp = K f


2c
2
c
c

FcE =

0.822 E 'min
(le / d )2

71

Example Sawn Timber Column

Assume Column as Shown PinPin supports
P = 5760 lb dead + 24000 lb live= 29760 lb

9 ft

Dry service, normal temps, no incising

Cm=Ct=CD=1.0 Guess Cp = .8
Guess larger than 2-4 use Table 4D post and
timber SPF#1
Fc = 700 psi = F*c since factors except Cp are=1.0
(including CF)

Then Area required = 29760/700x.8 = 53.1 in2

try an 8 x 8 in Area = 7.52= 56.25 in2
72

Example Sawn Timber Column

73

Example Sawn Timber Column

FcE = 0.822(Emin)/(Le/d)2=.822(470000)/(9x12/7.5)2= 1863
psi
Cp = (1+(FcE/F*c))/2c-[[(1+(FcE/F*c))/2c)]2-(FCE/F*c)/c]1/2
= 0.906 (note c = 0.8- sawn timber and CF = 1.)
Fc= 700 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 0.906 = 634 psi
fc = 29760/56.25 = 529 psi < 634 - OK
Use a 8x8 SPF #1 Post
74

Example Built-up Sawn Timber

Column

9 ft

Similar to previous Example Pinned Pinned

supports - Find capacity of the column
Assume (5) 2 x 6, SPF#2 Built-up Column
Dry service, normal temps, no incising
Cm=Ct=CD=1.0
use Table 4 A and CF = 1.1 ,SPF#1&2 Fc=1150 psi
Assume nailed to meet 15.3.3 Kf2= 0.6 for
buckling about nailed axis and Kf1=1.0 for
buckling about solid axis
Area= 5 x 1.5 x 5.5 = 7.5 x 5.5 =41.25 in2
75

Example Built-up Timber Column

FcE1 = 0.822(Emin)/(Le1/d1)2=.822(510000)/(9x12/5.5)2= 1087 psi
FcE2 = 0.822(Emin)/(Le2/d2)2=.822(510000)/(9x12/7.5)2= 2022 psi
F*c=1.1 x 1150 = 1265 psi
CP1 = Kf1((1+(FcE1/F*c))/2c-[[(1+(FcE1/F*c))/2c)]2-(FCE1/F*c)/c]1/2)
= 0.636 for Kf1=1.0
CP = Kf2((1+(FcE2/F*c))/2c-[[(1+(FcE2/F*c))/2c)]2-(FCE2/F*c)/c]1/2)
= 0.495 Kf2=0.6 governs

(note c = 0.8- sawn timber)

Fc= 1265 x0.495 = 626 psi

Capacity = 41.25 x 626 = 25,830 lb

76

Possible Breadth Exam Problems

a) Given a loading and height select grade of
lumber of a given size (or given grade select
size) to resist load. Column Ex 1 or 2 just
use size given.
b) Given a column what is the maximum load
that can be applied. Column Ex 1 or 2 just
use size given and back calculate load from
stress.
c) Truss compression members design as a
column after load is determined usually pinpin supports.
77

Combined Axial Load and Bending

For truss tension

members - no bending
just limit ft =T/An Ft
78

CH 15.4 NDS Columns with eccentric axial loads and side loads
79
slightly different formula

Shear Walls and Diaphragms

Reaction from Diaphragm

to top of Shear wall
Shear Wall
Shear
Moment

Chord Elements -SW

Chord Elements -SW

Length Shear Wall

Wall

Design sheathing and framing to take

shear and
End/edge elements to take cord forces
(columns)
Chord force = M/d
Design Chord elements for extra axial
force Beam Column Be careful with
bearing on plates at base of shear walls
and anchors
d distance between centerline of
chords

Wood Diaphragms are almost always flexible

Lat. load distribution w.r.t. trib. width 80

Shear Walls and Diaphragms

Reaction from Diaphragm

to top of Shear wall
Shear Wall
Shear
Moment

Cord Elements -SW

Cord Elements -SW

Length Shear Wall

Wall

Get Shear per unit length

=Shear/ Net length of shear wall

or depth of Diaphragm from:

AWC SDPW&S

- I will use this

since it is specifically referenced
by the NCEES Materials.

IBC Section 2306 can also be

used.

Aspect rations of Diaphragm

limited to 3:1 (no Blocking) or 4:1

in NDS SDPW&S for Structural
panels
81

Shear Walls and Diaphragms

For Segmented Shear Walls 3
Methods of design are used
The simplest is to design full
height segments to have a sum
of resistances that is greater
that the total diaphragm
reaction. OK as long as same
materials
Must have chord elements at
edge of each segment.
Segments must meet SDPWS
Section 4.3.4 aspect ratios

& Shear walls 3.5:1 to 1:1

82

Use the AWC-SDPWS 2008

STANDARD

83

84

Also have tables fof high load diaphragms and lumber diaphragms
Allowable values = nominal resistance /2

85

Shear Walls Also have tables for Gyp. board

86
86

Example Shear Wall

Reaction from Diaphragm

9 ft

8 ft

A Stud Shear Wall

Assume 2x4 SPF #2
Studs, 16 OC, with
7/16 Structural I
sheathing and 8d nails
at 6 O.C. at panel on
edges and 12 OC inter.
Fastn.
What is the shear
(seismic) diaphragm
reaction allowed and the
chord forces on the
wall?

87

Example Shear Wall

The aspect ratio= h/l = 9/8 =1.125 < 2 allowed for
structural sheathing and seismic (Slide 84)
Check Max Shear allowed in Table (TABLE 4.3A)
= nominal shear/2.

88

Shear Walls Also have Gyp. board

Note 2 States
That if 16 OC studs
Use 15/32 values

89
89

Example Shear Wall

Nominal shear per unit length= 560 lb/ft (seismic)

Allowable Shear per unit length = 560/2=280 lb/ft
Adjust for Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor =
[1-(0.5 - SG)]
Table 11.3.2A NDS SG SPF = 0.42
Allowable diaphragm reaction = 280 x 8 x [1-(0.5 .42)] = 2061 lb
For this reaction the Chord forces are:
Assume (2) 2x4 on each edge d = 96-3 = 93=7.75
Chord forces = 2061 x 9/7.75 = 2400 lb
Note IBC tables would give same numbers
90

Thank you for your attention!

Any questions?
m.mcginley@louisville.edu
See www.awc.org
For free Education modules and info

91