Composite Structures 63 (2004) 263270

www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Multi-layer higher-order nite elements for the analysis

of free-edge stresses in piezoelectric actuated laminates
Alessandro Mannini, Paolo Gaudenzi

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Aerospaziale e Astronautica, Universita
di Roma La Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 16, 00184 Roma, Italy

Abstract
The static interaction between a laminate and distributed piezoelectric actuators is considered. In particular the problem of the
stress concentration at the free edge of the active elements of a piezoelectric composite is investigated. A nite element model for the
laminated composite plate is developed using a multi-layer higher-order nite element approach. A typical conguration is considered, in which two active layers are bonded on the top and bottom of a passive substructure. A pure bending case is investigated.
The obtained results provide useful information of the typical static response. A parametric study is also performed on the eects of
the main geometrical characteristics on the intensity and the extension of edge eect.

2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Active composites; Piezoelectric materials; Edge eects; Laminated structures; Smart structures

1. Introduction
During the last few years studies relevant to the use of
distributed sensors and actuators integrated with the
structures have focused on the possibility of building
structures capable of changing their shape according to
the environmental conditions and on the reduction of
their dynamic response [1]. There are two characteristics
of piezoelectric materials which allow them to be used as
sensors or actuators. The rst one is their direct piezoelectric eect which implies that the materials induce
electric charge or potential when they are subjected to
mechanical deformations. Conversely they are deformed
if some electric charge or potential is imposed to them.
Among the materials able to generate such eect, there
are the piezoceramics (PZT). They are easily bonded to
the surfaces or embedded within the structure.
Structures with distributed piezoelectric sensors and
actuators have been investigated by many researchers.
Crawley and de Luis [2] proposed an analytical model
for the static interaction between a beam and segmented
piezoelectric actuators symmetrically bonded to the top
and bottom surfaces. In their model a pure bending

Corresponding author. Tel.: +39-6-4458-5304; fax: +39-6-44585670.

E-mail address: paolo.gaudenzi@uniroma1.it (P. Gaudenzi).
0263-8223/$ - see front matter
2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/S0263-8223(03)00173-9

moment is considered; however the eects of the transverse shear and the axial force are neglected.
Ray et al. [3] present an exact static analysis of simply
supported rectangular-type plate. The intelligent structure proposed is treated as a laminated plate and the
distributed piezoelectric sensor and actuator layers are
considered to be as plies of the laminate intelligent
structure and to be bonded perfectly to the surface of the
substrate. The substrate is a laminate of graphiteepoxy
composite. This study shows the capability of the actuator and sensor layers to cause and sense deformations
of the substrate. The eectiveness of this control system
signicantly increases with the decrease in the length to
the thickness ratio of the substrate. The same authors [4]
developed a nite element model for the static analysis
of a simply supported rectangular intelligent plate using
the higher order shear deformable displacement theory.
The distributed actuator and sensor layer are bonded to
the top and bottom surfaces of substrate. A twodimensional eight-node isoparametric nite element is
derived for modeling the structure.
The static and dynamic interaction between a bonded
piezoelectric actuator and an underlying beam structure
is investigated by Robbins and Reddy [5], using an
higher-order layer-wise displacement theory. A comparison between the layer-wise model and models based
on the classical beam theory and shear deformation
theory has been carried out. They concluded that the

264

A. Mannini, P. Gaudenzi / Composite Structures 63 (2004) 263270

layer-wise model is more ecient and appropriate for

thick composite beams than the other two models.
However due to a substantial increase in the degrees of
freedom, the layer-wise model becomes large and dicult to apply.
An analysis of laminated composite plates forced into
cylindrical bending by the application of voltages to
piezoelectric actuators attached to the top and bottom
surfaces is performed by Zhou and Tiersen [6] using the
equation of linear elasticity. The piezoelectric actuator is
modeled as a two-dimensional surface lm. The twodimensional equations for the laminated composite
plate are obtained using the variational procedure of
Mindlin. A fully non-linear theory for the dynamics and
active control of elastic laminated plates with integrated
piezoelectric actuators and sensors undergoing large
rotation and small strain vibrations has been shown by
Pai et al. [7].
An exact solution methodology for composite piezoelectric composite laminate in cylindrical bending
has been used by Brooks and Heyliger [8], to consider
several representative cases in which the laminate
changes shape using distributed and patched actuators.
Also embedded piezoelectric layers are taken into account. Heyliger [9] presented an exact solution for a
hybrid laminate containing both piezoelectric and elastic
layers under applied surface traction and surface potential.
Alurajid et al. [10] developed a modied classical
lamination theory to account for piezoelectric coupling
terms under applied electric eld. CLT was applied to
predict the stress eld and out-of-plane displacement of
dierent types of piezoelectric actuators. The CLT results were veried using the nite element method. A
rst attempt to survey and discuss the advances and
trends in the formulations and applications of the nite
element modeling of adaptive structural elements was
made by Benjeddou [11].
Gaudenzi [12] proposed the analysis of an adaptive
beam composed by a passive layer and two surfaces
bonded induced strain actuators by using a simple
higher-order beam model. Exact solutions are obtained
for a case of membrane actuation and for a pure bending
case. The obtained solutions are then discussed in terms
of the main geometrical parameters of the system and
compared with the classical closed form solution based
on EulerBernoulli models. Moreover this model allows
the description of the edge eect which occurs close to
the free boundary of the considered structure.
An important aspect of the analysis of the active
laminated structures concerns the stress determination
of the 3D eld stress, in particular the interlaminar
components. The interlaminar stresses are the main responsible of the delamination and consequently possible
detachment of the piezoelectric layers. For this reason
the existence of interlaminar stresses, although small

with respect to the axial component, must be evaluated

in the study of the laminated structures. In the present
study, in order to evaluate those stresses, higher order
theories have been developed in which the strain and the
stresses can be evaluated as well as the global response
of the structure.
The evaluation of the 3D eld stress becomes of
particular interest when the stress concentration at the
boundary of the active layers of the system is required.
The numerical procedure here proposed to address this
topic is based on the use of the above mentioned higherorder theories which results by a compromise between a
fully 3D nite element solution and a bidimensional
reduced model that has been developed by the authors
in previous studies [13,14]. Several numerical applications and results are presented for the case of cylindrical
bending. In particular the analysis of an active structure
composed by a passive layer and two surface bonded
induced strain actuators is considered.

2. Kinematic assumptions
The basic assumption of higher-order theories is that
each layer of the laminate can be rst considered as a
separate elastic body and its displacement eld can be
expressed in terms of a power series expansion along the
thickness direction.
By considering the most general formulation a rectangular laminated plate made of an arbitrary number of
layers in a 3D Xx; yZ
h=2 6 z 6 h=2 of an Euclidean
space (0; x; y; z) is taken into account. Each layer is assumed to be transversally isotropic elastic continuum
and all the layers are considered to be perfectly bonded
to each other.
The displacements of the qth layer are expressed as a
series expansion along the thickness:
uq x; y; z

M
X

zmq uq;m x; y

m0

vq x; y; z

N
X

znq vq;n x; y

n0

wq x; y; z

L
X

zlq uq;l x; y

l0

where zq represents the axis normal to the middle plane

of qth layer in the local reference system. In that way the
unknowns will depend only on the x and y variables.
The layers can the be thought of as bonded along the
top and bottom surfaces together with the other layers
whose displacements have been treated in the same way.
By enforcing the continuity of the displacements at
some interfaces we may obtain in a global reference
system a general expression for displacements valid
throughout the thickness:

A. Mannini, P. Gaudenzi / Composite Structures 63 (2004) 263270

M
X

ux; y; z

label 0. R represents the number of macrolayers placed

on the positive side of the z-axis, P the number of
macrolayers placed on the negative one. The expressions
r
of umr x; y, vr
n x; y and wl x; y are in general dierent
from those uq;m x; y, vq;n x; y and wq;l x; y as they are
dened before, but can be easily derived from them.
Such assumed displacement expressions are clearly
continuous functions with respect of z, but their partial
derivatives with respect to z, and consequently the interlaminar strains are not continuous. Therefore the
equilibrium conditions on the interfaces can be satised
also in presence of a mismatch of elastic properties of
adjacent layers. For the details of the present kinematic
approach see also [14].

zm um0 x; y

m0
R
X

F0
F0

Fr

r1

m1
M
X

Fp

p1
N
X

vx; y; z

M
X
m
z
hr ur
m x; y

P
X

m p

z
hp um x; y

m1

zn vn0 x; y

n0

F0
F0

R
X

Fr

r1

n1
N
X

Fp

p1

wx; y; z

L
X

N
X
z
hr n vnr x; y

P
X

z
hp n vn x; y

3. Finite element formulation

n1

Based on the kinematic assumptions described on the

previous paragraph, a nite element approach has been
consequently developed. The unknowns displacements
ux; y; z, vx; y; z, wx; y; z and the generalized disr
r
placements ur
m x; y, vn x; y, wl x; y can be rearranged as vectors, so that symbolically we may write as
follows:

zl wl x; y

l0

F0

R
X
r1

F0

P
X
p1

Fr

L
X

z
hr l wl x; y

l1
L
X
p
Fp
z
hp l wl x; y
l1

fSx; y; zg fux; y; z; vx; y; z; wx; y; zg

n
o
1
p
P T
fsx; yg s0 ; s1 ; . . . ; sr ; . . . ; sR ; s ; . . . ; s ; . . . ; s

where
F 0 1 when R 6 0, F 0 0 when R 0
F r 1 for z > hr , F r 0 for z 6 hr
F 0 1 when P 6 0, F 0 0 when P 0
F p 1 for z < hp , F p 0 for z P hp

where

hr represents the z coordinates of the interfaces on the

positive side of the z-axis, where the continuity of displacements are enforced, hp are the z coordinates of the
interfaces on the negative side of the z-axis (Fig. 1). The
group of layers situated between two of such interfaces
can be thought as macrolayer. In an analogous way ur
m ,
r
r
r
r
vr
,
w
,
u
,
v
,
w
represent
the
additional
unknowns
l
n
m
l
n
relevant to the upper and lower macrolayers. The macrolayer containing the reference system is denoted by the

T
fs0 g u0 ; v0 ; w0


T
fsr g ur ; vr ; wr ; r 1; 2; . . . ; R
n
o
p
p p
p T
fs g u ; v ; w
; p 1; 2; . . . ; P
the displacement u can be written as:
n
oT
0
0
0
fu0 g u1 ; u2 ; . . . ; um0 ; . . . ; uM
n
oT
r
r
r
fur g u1 ; u2 ; . . . ; ur
; r 1; 2; . . . ; R
m ; . . . ; uM
n
oT
p
p
p
p
p
fu g u1 ; u2 ; . . . ; um ; . . . ; uM ; p 1; 2; . . . ; P
Similar expressions can be written for v and w.
In general it is possible to write:

fSx; y; zg Zzfsx; yg
where Zz can be expressed as:

h/2

active layer

Zz Z 0 ; Z; Z

_
0

q-th layer

=
h

-h/2

265

active layer

layers

Fig. 1. Three layers model.

in which
h
i
1
2
r
R
Z F 0 Z ; Z ; . . . ; Z . . . ; Z
h 1 2
p
P i
Z F 0 Z ; Z ; . . . ; Z ; . . . ; Z

266

A. Mannini, P. Gaudenzi / Composite Structures 63 (2004) 263270

p

The matrices Z 0 , Z  and Z  read:

2

1 z
Z 0  4 0 0
0 0

z2
0
0


0
0

zM
0
0

0 0
1 z
0 0

0
z2
0

0

0

0
zN
0

0
0
1

0 0
0 0
z z2

0
0


0
05
zL

8 9
< E1 =
fEg E2
: ;
E3

z
hr 2
0
0


0
0

z
hr M
0
0

0
z
hr
0

0
z
hr 2
0

0

0

0
z
hr N
0

0
0
z
hr

0
0
z
hr 2

0
0


3
0
5
0
L
z
hr

z
hp z
hp 2
6
Z  F p 4
0
0
0
0


0
0

z
hp M
0
0

0
0
2
z
hp z
hp
0
0

0

0

0
N
z
hp
0

0
0
0
0
z
hp z
hp 2

0
0


3
0
7
5
0
L
z
hp

z
hr
Z  F r 4
0
0
r

Being [D] the partial dierential operator which denes

the strain components as a function of the displacements:
3
2
o
0
0
7
6 ox
7
6
7
6
o
7
6 0
0
7
6
oy
7
6
7
6
6
o7
7
6 0
0
6
oz 7
7
D 6
6
o
o7
7
6 0
6
oz oy 7
7
6
7
6
6 o
o7
7
6
0
6 oz
ox 7
7
6
5
4 o
o
0
oy ox
the expression for the strain components is ordered in
general:

and

 0

d  0
 d13

frgq Qq fegq
fega

in which Qq represents the elastic matrix of the qth
layer and in which the second term at the right side is
present when the qth layer is an active element. This last
term represents the converse piezoelectric eect.
In fact, for an the active layer we have:
fega dT fEg
where fEg is the vector of the electric eld applied to the
piezoelectric element, and d is the piezoelectric constant matrix. Their expressions are:

0
0
0

0
d25
0

d15
0
0


0 
0 
0

In the present formulation we assume fEg as a given

quantity. In this way also the active strain will be given.
For each unknown variable the shape function dened for the considered element can be used:
fsx; yg N x; yfdg
Since we consider the response of the structure to the
piezoelectric action only, the nite element load vector
will be generated by the actuation stress only. The
stiness matrix and the load vector due to the presence
of the active layers can be consequently expressed as
follows:
Z
Ke fDZN x; ygT Qe DZN x; y dV
Ve

fegq DfSx; y; zg DZfsx; yg

When some active layers are present in the laminate, the
constitutive equations for the qth piezoelectric layer are
in general:

0
0
d23

ffp ge

fZN x; yg frgp dV

Ve

where
T

frgp Qd fEg

By setting a convenient order for each series expansion
together with a sucient number of elements, dierent
orders of approximation can be obtained for the relevant element. In an analogous way, the laminate can be
subdivided in a certain number of sub laminates (that
will be dened as macrolayers). In this paper each
sublaminate represents either an active (piezoelectric)
layer or a passive one. In Appendix A a simple multilayer higher-order model used for the numerical simulations is explained in detail.

A. Mannini, P. Gaudenzi / Composite Structures 63 (2004) 263270

4. Numerical results
In order to investigate about the numerical performance of the model here proposed for the purpose of
evaluating the interlaminar stresses, a typical conguration has been considered, in which two active layers
are bonded on the top and bottom of the laminate.
The considered structure is composed by an aluminium substrate coupled with distributed actuators. In
particular, the structure is a cantilever beam in which
two actuating piezoelectric layers perfectly bonded to
the surfaces of a passive substructure are present (Fig.
1).
The following elastic parameters have been chosen:
for the passive layer (aluminium): E 70 GPa,
m 0:3, G 35 GPa,
for the piezoelectric layers: E1 E2 66 GPa, E3
E3 26 GPa, m 0:3, G1 G2 33 GPa, G3 26
GPa.
The piezoelectric constants have been assumed as:
d13
180 m=pV;

d15 540 m=pV

The value of the electric eld between the upper and

lower surfaces of the piezoelectric layer has been stated
as:
E3 200 kV=m
The following congurations of three layers (active/
passive/active) have been investigated:
(a) Same thickness for each layer.
(b) Piezoelectric layers with a thickness ratio related to
the whole thickness of the beam of 1/10; the substructure layer has then a thickness ratio equal to
8/10.
(c) Piezoelectric layers with a thickness ratio of 1/7.
In all cases an electrical eld of opposite sign for each
piezoelectric layer has been applied, so a bending eect
is obtained.
For each conguration the response variables (displacements, strains and stresses) have been calculated
and the distribution both throughout the thickness and
along the span have been evaluated; in this case the
lower interface has been considered. The lengthto-thickness ratio of the whole structure has been assumed to be 64. Three-node C 0 elements with a mesh
renement of 20 elements with 41 total nodes have been
used for the numerical simulation. Due to the nature of
the stress eld, the mesh was more rened close to the
free end of the beam and less rened close to the xed
end. In this way a more accurate analysis is performed
where high stress concentration is expected.

267

By expanding the transverse displacement w at an

order less than in-plane displacements u and v, that is
the usual approach in the theory of bidimensional
structures such as plates and shells, three sets of order of
expansion were rst tested:
M N 3; L 2;

M N 4; L 3;

M N 5; L 4
The same order of expansion was adopted for each
macrolayer.
Fig. 2 shows the jump of the interlaminar normal
stress component evaluated at the top and bottom layer
of the lower piezoelectric/structure interface. As expected the value of Drz % decreases as the order of expansion increases. A good convergence is reached for
higher expansion order. The results have been obtained
corresponding to an abscissa x 63:9925, and with a 20
elements model. A reasonable convergence is obtained
with an expansion M N 4, L 3. Accordingly this
last model for all macrolayers has been chosen in all
simulation.
The stresses have been non-dimensionalized according to:
r

rt
EtAl EtPZT

s

st
GtAl GtPZT

where t is the thickness ratio of the macrolayer (respectively passive or active) to that of the beam. The
stress elds predicted by the model are reported in Figs.
39.
First the bending stresses rx are illustrated for several
conditions.
Fig. 3 shows respectively the distribution of the
stresses at the top and bottom of the lower interface of
the active/passive interface. These results have been
obtained in the case of three equal layers. The stresses
tend to zero when the free edge is reached.
20

18

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2

d.o.f.

0
20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Fig. 2. Jump in percentage of interlaminar stress component evaluate

at active/passive interface and x 63:9925, for a laminate of type (b).

268
2

A. Mannini, P. Gaudenzi / Composite Structures 63 (2004) 263270

1

1.5

0.8

active layer

0.6

0.4
0.5

0.2

interface z / h = -0.167
0
63.75
-0.5

63.8

63.85

63.9

63.95

64

-0.5

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1
0
-0.2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

z/h

-0.4

-1

-0.6

-1.5

passive layer

-0.8

-2

-1

Fig. 3. rx Distribution along the active/passive interface, z=h
0:167

for the laminate of type (a).

Fig. 6. A comparison of through thickness distribution of longitudinal

stresses with the analytical model [12] for dierent values of x. Analytical solution: ( ) x 0:95, () x 1:00; present solution: (r)
x 0:95, (n) x 1:00.

0.8
0.6

0.7

0.4
x = 63.935
-0.5

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

x = 62.5

0.2
0
-0.1
0
-0.2

0.1

0.2

0.6

0.3
0.4
z/h

0.5

xz
interface z / h = -0.167

0.5

-0.4

0.4

-0.6

0.3
passive layer

-0.8
0.2
-1

Fig. 4. Through thickness distribution of longitudinal stresses for

dierent values of x and for the laminate of type (b): (r) x 62:5, ( )
x 63:935.

active layer

0.1

0
63.25
-0.1

63.5

0.5
xz

0.5

0.4

multi layer

x = 64

0.3

0
-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0
-0.5

interface,

x = 63.935

-0.4

64

Fig. 7. sxz Distribution along the active/passive

z=h
0:167 for the laminate of type (a).

1.5

-0.5

63.75

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

z/h

0.2

x = 62.5
0.1

-1
single layer

z/ h
0

-1.5
-0.5

-2

Fig. 5. Through thickness distribution of longitudinal stresses for

dierent values of x (three equal layers model): ( ) x 63:935, (r)
x 62:5, (n) x 64:0.

Figs. 4 and 5 show the through thickness distribution

of stresses for dierent abscissas respectively in the case
of structure with three equal layers and the one with a
thickness ratio of 1/10. In both cases the removal of
plane section hypothesis is evident in the area close to
the edge.

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0
-0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

-0.2

Fig. 8. Through-thickness distribution of sxz for the laminate of type

(a) at the point x 63:9875.

Fig. 6 illustrates a comparison of the results obtained

for the structure of type (c) (thickness ratio of 1/7) with
those obtained with an analytical model by Gaudenzi
[12]. The solutions predicted at dierent value of x are in
good agreement, in particular the ones corresponding to
the passive structure.

A. Mannini, P. Gaudenzi / Composite Structures 63 (2004) 263270

269

the following 11 are relative to the lower layer

1.5
z

u1 ; u2 ; u3 ; u4 ; v1 ; v2 ; v3 ; v4 ; w1 ; w2 ; w3

interface z / h = -0.4

and the last 11 are relative to the upper layer

passive layer
0.5

0
63.5

u1 ; u2 ; u3 ; u4 ; v1 ; v2 ; v3 ; v4 ; w1 ; w2 ; w3
63.6

63.7

63.8

63.9

x
64

-0.5

-1

Fig. 9. rz Distribution along the active/passive interface, z=h
0:4

for the laminate of type (b).

The shear stresses distributions have also been evaluated. Fig. 7 illustrates the interlaminar stresses for a
structure of type (a) (three equal layers) at the lower
interface of the active/passive layers. Fig. 8 shows the
through thickness distribution of the s stresses for a
laminate of type (a). In the same gure the distribution
of the interlaminar stresses predicted by the one layer
model is reported.
Finally the rz distribution along the interface of the
passive substructure for the laminate of type (b) is reported in Fig. 9.
5. Conclusions

In matrix form the generalized displacements reads as

follows:
n
o
1 T
fsx; yg s0 ; s1 ; s
with


T
fs0 g u0 ; v0 ; w0


T
fs1 g u1 ; v1 ; w1
n
o
1
1 1
1 T
fs g u ; v ; w
and
n
oT
0
0
0
0
0
fu0 g u0 ; u1 ; u2 ; u3 ; u4
n
oT
1
1
1
1
fu1 g u1 ; u2 ; u3 ; u4
n
o
1
1
1
1
1 T
fu g u1 ; u2 ; u3 ; u4
Similar expression can be obtained for v and w:
n
oT
0 0 0 0 0
fv0 g v0 ; v1 ; v2 ; v3 ; v4

An investigation that illustrates the behaviour of piezoelectric composite laminates in cylindrical bending
under distributed forcing functions has been carried out.
The stress and displacement distribution are presented.
In particular the stress concentration at the free edge of
the active elements has been calculated. A multi-layer
higher-order nite element model has been formulated.
The model, quite general, allows evaluating the presence
of active layers, both bonded at the surface and embedded. The eectiveness of the approach has been
evaluated referring to some typical cases, and a good
agreement with similar other results has been obtained.

n
oT
1 1 1 1
fv1 g v1 ; v2 ; v3 ; v4

Appendix A

Zz Z 0 ; F 0 Z ; F 0 Z 

In the following the detailed expressions of the generalized displacements which are used for the implementation of a simple multi-layer model based on the
general procedure are shown. The model consists of
three layers; two interfaces are assumed for fulll the
discontinuity condition. As regards the power series
expression, we assume M N 4 and L 3; consequently the degrees of freedom per node are 36.

where:

n
o
1
1 1 1 1 T
fv g v1 ; v2 ; v3 ; v4
n
oT
0
0
0
0
fw0 g w0 ; w1 ; w2 ; w3
n
oT
1
1
1
fw1 g w1 ; w2 ; w3
n
o
1
1
1
1 T
fw g w1 ; w2 ; w3
For the expression of Z we have:
1

1
Z  4 0
0
0

z
0
0

z2
0
0

z3
0
0

z4
0
0

0
1
0

Dz4
0
0

0
Dz
0

0
z
0

0
z2
0

0
z3
0

the rst 14 are relative to the central layer:

2
Dz Dz2
1
Z  4 0
0
0
0
2
2
Dz Dz
1
Z  4 0
0
0
0

u0 ; u1 ; u2 ; u3 ; u4 ; v0 ; v1 ; v2 ; v3 ; v4 ; w0 ; w1 ; w2 ; w3

being Dz z
h1 and Dz z
h1 .

Dz3
0
0
3

Dz
0
0

Dz
0
0

0
z4
0

0
0
1

0
0
z

0
0
z2

0
Dz2
0

0
Dz3
0

0
Dz4
0

0
0
0
0
Dz Dz2

0
0
2
Dz Dz
0
0

0
3
Dz
0

0
4
Dz
0

0
0
0
0
2
Dz Dz

3
0
05
z3
3
0
0 5
Dz3
3
0
0 5
3
Dz

270

A. Mannini, P. Gaudenzi / Composite Structures 63 (2004) 263270

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